Sport / Private Ground School. Lesson 7 Weather Products

Transcription

1 Sport / Private Ground School Lesson 7 Weather Products

2 Weather Types Text Weather Actual Condi=ons Forecasts Graphical Weather Current Condi=ons Forecasts

3 Text Weather Notes Winds are reported in reference to true north 30015G24 15 knots with Gusts to 24 knots) Visibility reported in statute miles (SM) 6SM (6 Statute Miles) P6SM (greater than 6 SM) Ceiling is the lowest broken or overcast layer (50% or more) Clear: < 1/8 Few: 1/8 to 2/8 ScaWered: 3/8 to 4/8 Broken: 5/8 to 7/8 Overcast: > 7/8 In controlled airspace, VFR condi=ons exist with a visibility of at least 3sm and a ceiling of 1,000 or more

4 Current Condi=ons METAR MEteorological Terminal Avia=on Rou=ne Weather Report or METeorological Aerodrome Report. Avia=on Rou=ne Weather Report Updated at least once per hour, normally at 55 minutes past the hour PIREP Produced by Pilots Actual condi=ons Normal Pilot Reports (UA) Urgent Pilot Reports (UUA) Disseminated by ATC

5 METAR METAR KAPA Z 04008KT 10SM SCT060 BKN070 07/M03 A3007 RMK AO2 SLP188 T Condi>ons at KAPA: Observed 0153 UTC 27 th of the month Winds: From the NE (40 degrees) at 8 knots Visibility: 10 or more miles Clouds: ScaWered clouds at 6000 feet AGL; broken clouds at 7000 feet AGL Temperature: 7 C Dewpoint: - 3 C Al>meter: inches Hg Remarks: A02: Automated sta=on with precipita=on discriminator SLP188: Sea level pressure in millibars mb T : Temperature/dewpoint in tenths C 6.7/- 2.8

6 Pilot Report (PIREP) PUB UA /OV PUB/TM 0114/FL400/TP B737/TB OCNL MOD CHOP 400/RM CONT LGT CHOP AWC- WEBWNCO PUB UA: Pueblo rou=ne report OV PUB: Loca=on in rela=on to Pueblo TM 0114: Time 0114Z FL400: Flight level 400 (40,000 ) TP B737: Type Boeing 737 TB OCNL MOD CHOP 400: Turbulence, occasional moderate chop at 40,000 RM CONT LGT CHOP AWC- WEBWNCO: Reported via Avia=on Weather Center s web- based PIREP system

7 Printed Weather Forecasts TAF: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast Published 4 =mes per day FA: Area Forecast Published 3 =mes per day FD: Winds & Temp Aloh Forecast Published 2 =mes per day AIRMET: Airman s Meteorological Informa=on Published every 6 hours SIGMET: Significant Meteorological Informa=on Published when a pilot makes a report Convec>ve SIGMET Published As- Needed

8 Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) Usually valid for 24hr period Updated four =mes a day Cumulonimbus (CB) are the only type of cloud included on a TAF Max visibility reported as P6SM (greater than 6 SM)

9 TAF Forecast Modifiers (sample) FM KT P6SM SCT012 BKN020 Rapid change in weather (within 1 hour) BECMG 0610 P6SM NSW Gradual change in weather (over 2 hours) TEMPO 1923 VRB08G18KT 3SM TSRA Temporary change in weather PROB SM TSRA OVC010CB Probability Forecast when probability is 30-49%

10 TAF Example KAPA Z 0121/ KT P6SM SCT010 OVC020 TEMPO 0121/0201 3SM - SN BR BKN010 OVC020 FM KT 5SM - SN BR SCT008 BKN015 OVC025 TEMPO 0201/0205 2SM - SN BR BKN007 FM VRB05KT P6SM VCFG SCT015 BKN050 FM KT P6SM FEW030 SCT060 FM KT P6SM FEW060 SCT120

11 Avia=on Area Forecast (FA) Use to determine wx condi=ons between repor=ng sta=ons and over several states. Helpful in determining wx at airports w/o TAFs

12 FA Notes Four Sec=ons Heading (valid =mes) Synopsis: 18 hours VFR Clouds and Weather: 12 hours Outlook: 6 hours Precau=onary Statements Synopsis VFR Clouds and Weather

13 FA Sample 000 FAUS45 KKCI FA5W SLCC FA SYNOPSIS AND VFR CLDS/WX SYNOPSIS VALID UNTIL CLDS/WX VALID UNTIL OTLK VALID ID MT WY NV UT CO AZ NM. SEE AIRMET SIERRA FOR IFR CONDS AND MTN OBSCN. TS IMPLY SEV OR GTR TURB SEV ICE LLWS AND IFR CONDS. NON MSL HGTS DENOTED BY AGL OR CIG.

14 FA Sample SYNOPSIS...BROAD UPR LVL TROF WILL CONT OVR WRN US DURG FCST PD WITH MOIST FLOW FROM PAC ESEWD ACRS AREA. UPR LVL LOW PRES SYS OVR ERN PAC NR 45N/140W WILL MOVE SEWD TOWARDS AREA. BY 15Z UPR LVL LOW PRES SYS WILL OVR CSTL SXNS OF NRN CA.

15 FA Sample CO MTNS AND WEST... SERN PTNS...OVC TOPS FL180. WDLY SCT - SHSN LWRG VIS 3-5SM. BECMG 0609 SCT100 SCT150. OTLK...VFR. REST OF AREA BKN- SCT080 TOPS ISOL - SHSN. BECMG 0306 SCT100 SCT150. OTLK...VFR. ERN PLNS/FOOTHILLS...OVC LYRD FL200. OCNL - SN BR LWRG VIS 3SM. OTLK...MVFR CIGS BR.

16 Winds Aloh Forecast (FD) Winds given in true direc=on; speed shown in knots First 2 digits: wind direc=on Next 2 digits: wind speed * Last 2 digits: temp C (neg above 24k ) 9900 = light and variable No winds are forecast within 1,500 h AGL No temperatures are forecast within 3,000 h AGL No temperatures within 2,500 h AGL

17 Winds Aloh Forecast (FD) ** Winds between 100 and 199kts are displayed by subtrac=ng 50 to the two- digit wind direc=on and adding 100 from the 2- digit velocity. So 7701 = winds 270@101 (subtract 50 from direc1on, add 100 to velocity)

18 AIRMET: In- flight Avia=on WX Advisories Warn of weather condi=ons which are par=cularly hazardous to small, single- engine aircrah (moderate icing, moderate turbulence, sfc winds 30kts, ceiling < 1,000, vis < 3sm) Sierra: IFR, Mountain obscura=on Tango: Turbulence, winds, LLWS Zulu: Icing and freezing levels

19 AIRMET: In- flight Avia=on WX Advisories AIRMET ICE...WY UT CO AZ NM FROM CYS TO SNY TO GLD TO 50W LBL TO 30ESE TBE TO 60WSW LBB TO 50N ELP TO 50N SSO TO 40NE PHX TO 30NE DRK TO 50ESE JNC TO 20W CHE TO CYS MOD ICE BTN FRZLVL AND FL180. FRZLVL SFC CONDS CONTG BYD 03Z ENDG 06-09Z. 19

20 SIGMET Warn of weather hazards such as severe icing, which concern all aircrah Severe turbulence Dust storms Sand storms Volcanic Erup=ons

21 Convec=ve SIGMET Warn of convec=ve weather hazards Tornadoes Embedded thunderstorms Hail ¾ or greater in diameter

22 Convec=ve SIGMET CONVECTIVE SIGMET 5C VALID UNTIL 0555Z LA AR TX FROM 20SE ELD- MLU- 20N LFK- 30W GGG- 20SE ELD AREA TS MOV FROM 29035KT. TOPS TO FL230. OUTLOOK VALID FROM 30NE JAN- 40ENE MCB- 40SE LFK- 60WSW GGG- 30NE JAN WST ISSUANCES POSS. REFER TO MOST RECENT ACUS01 KWNS FROM STORM PREDICTION CENTER FOR SYNOPSIS AND METEOROLOGICAL DETAILS.

23 Convec=ve SIGMET 23

24 Graphic Reports Surface analysis chart Weather depic=on chart Radar summary chart

25 Surface Analysis Charts Shows areas of high and low pressure Shows Temperatures and Dew Points Published every 3 hours Cold Front Warm Front Sta=onary Front Occluded Front

26 Weather Depic=on Chart A sta=on circle shows the visibility, cloud height or ceiling, and weather and/or obstruc=ons to vision For flight planning, the weather depic=on chart is most useful for determining general weather condi=ons and quickly loca=ng areas of adverse weather

27 Sta=on Model

28 Weather Depic=on Chart Published every 3 hours

29 Radar Summary Chart Depicts the loca=on of precipita=on, as well as direc=on and speed of movement of radar returns Individual t- storm cells as well as lines of thunderstorms are depicted on radar summary charts Since radar only reflects precipita=on, it does not detect cloud forma=ons Published once per hour

30 Radar Summary Chart

31 Graphic Forecasts Low- level prog. chart Severe weather outlook chart Winds and temperature aloh chart

32 Low Level Significant Weather Prog Chart Low- level = below 24,000 Helps you avoid areas of: Low visibility Low ceilings Significant turbulence Icing condi=ons

33 4 Panel Prog Chart 12 hour forecast 24 hour forecast Turbulence, Freezing levels, IFR/MVFR Surface Prognos=cs Legend

34 Significant WX Panels Freezing level MSL Ceiling < 1,000 and/or vis < 3sm Moderate or greater turbulence Ceiling 1-8k and/or vis 3-5sm

35 Surface Prog Panel

36 Severe Weather Outlook Chart

37 Winds and Temperatures Aloh Chart

38 Pre- Flight Weather Services WX- BRIEF DUATS Internet/Commercial services

39 WX Brief Standard Briefing: provides the most complete info concerning weather for your flight. Briefer assumes you have not received any preliminary info Abbreviated Briefing: update informa=on from other sources or an earlier briefing Outlook Briefing: for departures six or more hours in the future

40 WX Brief Standard Briefing Info Needed Type flight: VFR Aircrah ID: 1277K Aircrah Type: AAT4 Departure: Centennial Airport (APA) Departure Time: 1600Z; or in 30 minutes Cruising al=tude: 8,000 Route of Flight: 15nm to the southeast Des=na=on: Returning to APA Est =me en route: 1 ½ hours

41 DUATS Direct User Access Terminal Online method of receiving wx briefings and filing flight plans Free service (pilot cer=ficate req)

42 Internet / Commercial Sources

43 In- Flight Weather Sources Flight Watch (EFAS) Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) Hazardous In- flight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS) Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) Automated Surface Observa=on System (ASOS)

44 Flight Watch Enroute Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) EFAS provides actual wx info, including thunderstorms which might affect your route between 5,000 AGL and 18,000 MSL Denver Flight Watch, Gobosh 1277K, Falcon VOR

45 TWEB Transcribed Weather Broadcast Con=nuous broadcast of local area weather condi=ons and forecasts, advisories, winds aloh, NOTAMS, etc Broadcast over select VORs A T in the upper right corner indicates NAVAID with TWEB

46 HIWAS Hazardous In- flight Weather Advisory Service AIRMETs, SIGMETs, Convec=ve SIGMETs, Urgent PIREPs

47 AWOS / ASOS Automated Weather Observing System/Automated Surface Observa=on System Provide real- =me weather info: Al=meter, wind, temp/dewpoint, visibility, cloud, ceiling ASOS adds even more data including precip type and intensity

48 Addi=onal Resources Avia=on Weather (AC 00-6A): hwp:// Advisory_Circular/AC%2000-6A%20Chap%201-3.pdf Avia=on Weather Services (AC 00-45G): hwp:// Advisory_Circular/AC- 0045G_chg1_fullDocument.pdf

49 Test Time!