6b. What does ozone absorb in the upper atmosphere? 7. The atmosphere also contains particulates. 8a. Define atmospheric pressure:

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1 Packet #10 Reading Guide: Chapter 22.1 (Read and study text pages ) Characteristics of the Atmosphere 5c Students know the origin & effects of temperature inversions. 8a. Students know the thermal structure & chemical composition of Earth s atmosphere. 8c Students know the location of the ozone layer, its role in absorbing ultraviolet radiation, & the way this layer varies both naturally & in response to humans. 1. Define Atmosphere: 2. List the 4 most abundant elements in the atmosphere & their % s = % = % = % = % 4a. How is nitrogen removed from the air? 3. During the nitrogen cycle nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from to the & then to & eventually returns to the 5a. List 3 ways that oxygen is removed from the air? 4b. How do animals get nitrogen in their bodies? 5b. How does oxygen get put back into the air? 4c How is the nitrogen returned to the soil? 5c. Where does the water come from that makes up the water vapor in the air? 6a. Define Ozone: 6b. What does ozone absorb in the upper atmosphere? 7. The atmosphere also contains particulates. 8a. Define atmospheric pressure: What are particulates? 8b. What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases? 9. What 2 other factors change atmospheric pressure? & 10. What are the 2 types of barometers used to measure atmospheric pressure? & 11. Earth s atmosphere has a distinctive pattern of changes with increasing. The temperature differences mainly result from how as it moves through the atmosphere. Scientists identify main of the atmosphere. 12a. Define troposphere: 12b. Define stratosphere: 12c. Define mesosphere: 12d. Define thermosphere: 13a. What is the ionosphere? 13b. Where is the ionosphere located? 13c. Why do auroras happen in the ionosphere? 14. Define air pollution: 15a. What is a temperature inversion? 15b. What does it cause? 1

2 Reading Guide: Chapter 22.2 (Read and study text pages ) Solar Energy and the Atmosphere 4b Students know the fate of incoming solar radiation in terms of reflections, absorption, & photosynthesis. 4c They know the atmospheric gases that absorb the Earth s thermal radiation, & the mechanism & significance of the greenhouse effect. 8a They know the thermal structure & composition of the atmosphere. 1a. How is earth s atmosphere heated? 2a. Define Radiation: 1b. Some of the heat in the atmosphere comes from the of the by gasses in the. 1c. Some of the heat enters the atmosphere as and surfaces solar energy & then give off that energy as. 2b. What does radiation include? 2c. Define Electromagnetic Spectrum: 3a. As solar radiation passes through the Earths atmosphere, what do the molecules of oxygen and nitrogen absorb in the upper atmosphere? 3b. What does the stratosphere absorb? 5a. What causes scattering? 5b. What is scattering? 4a. What type of radiation reaches the lower atmosphere? USE FIGURE 2: -pg 556 4b. What % of the solar energy is absorbed by clouds, dust & gas? 4c. What % of the solar energy is reflected by clouds, dust, air & earths surface? 4d. What % of the solar energy is absorbed by earth s surface? 6a. When solar energy reaches Earth s surface, the surface either or the energy. This is important because some parts of earth REFLECT a lot of solar energy! And this keeps earth cool. Look at Table 1, What % of the solar radiation is reflected by Snow? Absorbed by Snow? Reflected by Soils? Absorbed by soils? 7. What causes a mirage (see figure 3)? 8. Define Greenhouse effect: 9. Explain how are humans effecting the greenhouse effect: 10a. Does radiation from the sun heat the earth equally? 10b.Why are the warmest hours of the day usually mid to late afternoon? 11a. is the primary factor that affects the amount of that reaches earth s surface. Because earth is a sphere, the do not strike all areas at the same. 11b. Rays strike the equator at an angle near o. Thus the energy that reaches the equator is more than the energy that strikes the, 11c. What causes our seasons? tilt. 12. Define conduction: 13. Define convection: Give an example: Give an example: 2

3 Reading Guide: Chapter 22.3 (Read and study text pages ) Atmospheric Circulation 4b Students know the fate of incoming solar radiation in terms of reflections, absorption, & photosynthesis. 4c They know the atmospheric gases that absorb the Earth s thermal radiation, & the mechanism & significance of the greenhouse effect. 8a They know the thermal structure & composition of the atmosphere. 1. Define the Coriolis Effect? 2. What does the Coriolis effect due to the Winds? 3. The air flowing from the poles toward the equator gets broken into 3 looping patterns called. Each of these convection cells correlate to an area of earth called a belt, and the wind in each belt flows in one main. These winds are called. 4. Describe each of the prevailing winds listed below: Trade winds: Westerlies: Polar Easterlies: Doldrums & horse latitudes: 5a. What are local winds? 6a. Describe what causes a sea breeze: 5b. What causes them? 7a. What are Valley breezes? 7b. What causes them? 8a. What are mountain breezes? 8b. What causes them? Reading Guide: Chapter 23.1 (Read and study text pages ) Atmospheric Moisture 7a Students know the carbon cycle of photosynthesis and respiration of the nitrogen cycle. 7c Students know the movements of matter among reservoirs is driven by Earth s internal and external sources of energy. 1a. List the 3 states/phases of water: 2. When energy is absorbed by ice, the molecules move more. They break from their fixed 1b. What does water have to absorb or release to positions and past each other in the liquid. change phases? The molecules are moving (faster/slower). circle one 3. Define latent heat: 4a. How does most water enter the atmosphere? 4b. Describe evaporation: 5. Define Sublimation: 6a. Water vapor in the atmosphere is known as 6b. What 2 things control humidity? & 7. Define Dew point: 8. Write the formula for absolute humidity: 9. Define Relative humidity: 10. Why are meteorologists interested in measuring humidity? 3

4 Just Dew It Background If you watch the local news, you've probably heard the meteorologist talk about the "dew point temperature" or simply the "dew point." The dew point tells us something about how much moisture (water vapor) is in the air. There is always some moisture in the air, but the amount varies. The maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold depends on the temperature of the air. Most of the water in the atmosphere got there by evaporation, largely from the ocean but also from lakes, rivers, ponds, and even puddles. Temperature is a major factor in determining how much and how rapidly water will evaporate from these places. When the air is cool, it cannot hold as much water vapor as when the air is warm, and therefore, less water will evaporate. Because of this, at any location, there will probably be more water vapor in the air during warm weather than during cold weather. Now imagine that some warm air with a lot of water vapor in it begins to cool. When the air has been cooled to the point that the water vapor in it begins to form water droplets, we say that the air is "saturated" with water vapor. The temperature at which this happens is called the "dew point" temperature. As air becomes saturated, the less it needs to cool for the vapor to condense. And likewise, the less water vapor there is in the air at a certain temperature, the more it has to be cooled to make the water vapor condense. Because of this, the dew point is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. On days when the air temperature and the dew point are very close to each other, we say that the air is "humid." If, for example, the air temperature is 31 C and the dew point is 29 C, this means that there is much more water vapor in the air than a day when the air temperature is the same, but the dew point is 7 C. We are most likely to notice water vapor on very humid, warm days, when we feel clammy or sticky because all the water vapor surrounding us prevents our perspiration from evaporating easily. Procedure 1. Measure the air temperature with your thermometer. Record this value in the Data Table under the column "Air Temp. ( C)". 2. Fill the beaker half full with water. Let the beaker sit for one minute. If condensation forms on the outside of the beaker, replace the water with warmer water until no condensation forms. 3. Place the thermometer in the beaker with the water. 4. Slowly, add small pieces of ice to the beaker while carefully stirring (constantly, but slowly) with the thermometer. Watch the outside of the can closely for the first sign of condensation. 5. When condensation begins, immediately record the temperature of the water in the can under the column "Dew Point ( C)" in the Data Table. 6. If the temperature in the room is fairly constant, repeat steps 2 through 5 twice more, recording your data beside Trial 2 and Trial 3. Find the average dew point by adding the three individual dew points and dividing the sum by three. Record the result in the Data Table. Data Table Air Temp. ( o C) Trial Dew Point ( o C) Average dew point ( o C) Questions/Conclusions 1. By how many degrees would the air have to cool in order to reach the dew point you just determined? (subtract air temp) 2. If you did this activity again tomorrow and found that the dew point had increased, would this indicate that there was more moisture (water vapor) in the air or less? Why? (Assume the air temperature is the same.) 3. Under what conditions would the air temperature and the dew point be the same? 4. At what time of day are you most likely to find dew? Why? 5. Where do you normally see dew? 4

5 The Greenhouse Effect 1. Draw the picture of the greenhouse effect that is shown on page 558 in the book. Use your colored pencils & do a nice job. 2. Write the 3 sentences in the same places on or near your picture. Questions: 1. Describe the greenhouse effect in 3 short sentences. 2. Why do we need the greenhouse effect? 3. What are the greenhouse gasses? 5

6 Why is it Hotter at the Equator? Objective The objective of this activity is to investigate the different heating effects of sunlight. Background Information B C A 1. Insert your 3 thermometers into 3 black construction paper covers labeled A, B, & C. Slanted light does not heat objects as quickly as direct light. Because the earth is nearly round, the equatorial region receives more direct light, and the poles receive slanted light, with a gradation in between. Due to the differential heating of the earth's surface, it is always warmer in the equatorial regions and cooler in the polar regions. Procedure ** the heat lamps are HOT!! & be gentle with the thermometers. 2. Use your books and binders to prop the thermometers as shown in Figure B. One thermometer should be vertical (A), one slanted at about a 45-degree angle (B), and one horizontal (C). Make sure you can easily read the scales without touching them during the experiment. 3. Attach the lamp to a ring stand, being sure it will not move during your experiment. Adjust the lamp on the stand so that the light globe is centered 10 centimeters above the bulbs of the thermometers. 4. Before turning on the lamp, record the temperature of all three thermometers in the table under the "0 minutes," column. 5. Turn on the lamp and record temperatures for each thermometer every 1-minute for 15 minutes. Do not move the thermometers when reading the temperatures. Record all temperatures in the table. 6. Using the graph paper, make a graph of temperature vs. time for each thermometer. To make comparison easier, plot the results for all three on the same graph paper, with different colored lines A= black, B= green, C= blue. 7. Answer the questions

7 Why is it Hotter at the Equator? State the Objective Background Information Questions 1. The equatorial region receives light and the polar region receives light. 2. Due to the differential heating of the earth's surface, it is always warmer in the and cooler in the. 3. What other factor could effect the earth s temperature? DATA TABLE Time (min.) Temp. Change Thermometer A Thermometer B Thermometer C Graph Temperature ( o C ) Questions Time (minutes) 1. Which thermometer showed the greatest temperature increase? 2. Which thermometer showed the smallest temperature change? 3. Which thermometer(s) best represents the way sunlight strikes the equator? the poles? 4. What parts of the globe would the third thermometer represents? 5. Using what you learned in this activity, how can you explain the fact that the equator is always hotter than the poles? 6. If you were given a data table that listed the average yearly temperatures for cities as you go away from the equator what trend would you expect see? 7

8 Bill Nye Heat 1. What are the 3 ways heat can be transferred? 2. Pancakes were cooked by (radiation/ conduction/ convection) 3. Warm Breeze (radiation/ conduction/ convection) 4. Oven (radiation/ conduction/ convection) 5. Anything with molecules contains 6. Hot air/water (rises /sinks) while cool air/water (rises/sinks) 7. Infrared is a type of. 8. How do you keep the cold out? 9. The farther apart the molecules are the harder it is for to transfer. States of Matter 1. Water exists in all 3 states in our atmosphere. What are the 3 states of matter? 2. Why do water molecules move faster in gas form than in solid form? 3. What is sublimation? Explain & give an example. 4. What is deposition? Explain and give an example. 5. How does most of the water vapor enter the atmosphere? Explain where this happens & why. 6. What is latent heat? 7. When liquid water condenses and turns into a gas does it absorb or release heat? 8. When solid ice melts into water does it absorb or release heat? Atmospheric Gases Percent of Gas in Air Type of Gas Early Atmosphere Present Atmosphere Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen Sulfide Ammonia Methane Oxygen Argon What three gases made up about 99 percent of the early atmosphere? 2. What two gases make up about 99 percent of today s atmosphere? 3. What gases present in the early atmosphere are not present in today s atmosphere? 4. What gases present in today s atmosphere were not present in the earth s early atmosphere? 5. a. How has the amount of carbon dioxide in the air changed over time? b. What caused the change in the amount of carbon dioxide? 6. a. How does the amount of oxygen in today s atmosphere compare to the early atmosphere? b. What caused the change in the amount of oxygen? 8

9 Moisture in the Atmosphere Hot air holds more water vapor Cool air holds less water vapor So, the of the air determines how much water vapor is in the air! Saturated Air When the air is & it can t hold anymore water vapor. How does the air become saturated? 1. Water vapor is added to the air by. 2. Air is to the dew point (cool air holds less water= contracts) Dew point = the temperature at which the air would be completely saturated (100% humidity). Air can be cooled to its dew point by, when air contacts a cool surface, such as grass or car, etc. Humidity When air is saturated, the humidity is equal to %. (rain or dew forms) 50 % humidity means the air could hold. = the actual amount of water vapor in the air. (formula below) Relative humidity = amt. of water vapor in the air X 100 amt. of water vapor in the air at saturation Bill Nye Atmosphere 1. How thick is our atmosphere? 2. What is air? 3. Why is it cooler in the mountains? 4. Why is it warmer in the city? 5. What keeps earth warm and wet? 6. List the 5 layers of the atmosphere:,, 7.,, 9

10 The Green house effect notes sheet Solar energy passes through the atmosphere Some of the sun s energy is in the atmosphere trap some of the heat. 1. radiation from the sun easily pass through the earth s atmosphere. 2. The shortwave radiation. Heat waves have, and some can escape back into space, but others are trapped by the earth s greenhouse gasses. This earth. Greenhouse Gasses: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), (N2), (H2O), CFC s Carbon dioxide is the biggest problem: produced by burning trees ( ) - driving using electricity (house, school) using natural gas (oven, stove, heater) for showers, clothes, etc What can YOU do TODAY? 1. Use energy-saving light bulbs. Buy energy-efficient fluorescent bulbs for your lights. (CO 2 reduction by replacing one frequently used bulb = 500 lbs/year) 2. Unplug Cell phone charger, turn off VCRs and other unused appliances. (CO 2 reduction =200 lbs/year) 3. Shop smart Buy products that use less packaging. Buy items made from recycled materials. Purchase only what you really need. (CO 2 reduction = 230 lbs/year) 4. Wash clothes in cold water, not hot. (CO 2 reduction (for two loads a week) = 500 lbs/year) 5. Hang 1 load of clothes a week on a rack or clothes line (CO 2 reduction (for 1 loads a week) = 500 lbs/year) 6. Recycle all of your home's waste newsprint, cardboard, glass, & metal. (CO 2 reduction = 850 lbs/yr) 7. Leave your car at home two days a week, walk, bike or take public transportation to work instead. (CO 2 reduction = 1,590 lbs/year) Five things your parents can do!!! 1. Turn down your water heater thermostat; 120 degrees is usually hot enough. (CO 2 reduction (for each 10-degree adjustment) = 500 lbs/yr) 2. Drive a fuel-efficient car or buy a new hybrid gasoline electric vehicle which gets 50 to 70 mpg (rated up to 32 mpg or more). (CO 2 reduction (fuel-efficient car)= 5,600 lbs/year) 3. Replace your current washing machine with a low-energy, low-water-use machine. CO 2 reduction = 440 lbs/year 4. Put in solar pannels at no cost to you!! 5. Contact your Senators. Tell them climate protection is important to you. Your elected officials make critical decisions in your name that either hurt or help the fight against global warming. To find your state senator and state representatives contact information, go to: 10

11 Heating the Atmosphere Note sheet Name: Per: The earth & atmosphere are heated by the (solar radiation-sun rays) Approximately: of the solar radiation reaches earth is absorbed by the atmosphere (clouds, etc) is reflected back into space 1. radiation from the sun easily pass through the earth s atmosphere. 2. The shortwave radiation the earth. Heat waves have, and some can escape back into space, but others are by the earth s greenhouse gasses. This warms earth. The earth & atmosphere are heated by the by (heat) that reflects back off the surface of the earth. Why is it hotter in some places on earth? This suns energy is across the planet because: 1) the curvature of the. 2) the earth s tilt on it s 1) The curvature of the earth s surface affects the distribution of solar energy. the rays hit at a angle & have more atmosphere to travel throughthis gives energy. 2) The tilt of the earth on it s Axis Tilt of the Earth s axis towards or away from the sun creates the seasons When the north pole tilts toward the sun, it gets more radiation more warmth during the summer SUMMER (Northern Hemisphere) North Pole - the rays hit perpendicular & have atmosphere to travel through- this gives the energy. When the north pole tilts toward the sun, the south pole tilts away So when it s summer in the north, it s winter in the south Equator Earth South Pole WINTER (Southern Hemisphere) Earth s Seasons Tilt of the Earth s axis towards or away from the sun creates the seasons When the north pole tilts away from the sun, it gets less radiation So it s colder during the winter WINTER (Northern Hemisphere) North Pole Equator Earth When the north pole tilts away from the sun, the south pole tilts toward it When it s winter in the north, it s summer in the south South Pole SUMMER (Southern Hemisphere) 11

12 The Ozone Layer What is it? 0 3 molecules ( ) km thick at the top of the Why is it important? It harmful ultraviolet radiation What is happening to the Ozone Layer? It is disappearing ( ) The is the area that is most effected Why is it disappearing? chlorofluorocarbons ( ) destroy the ozone CFC s are chlorine & fluorine attached to Ultraviolet light breaks apart the CFC s chlorine atoms attack the ozone: Cl ClO + O 2 Chlorine ozone chlorine monoxide oxygen gas How much damage can one Cl atom do? One Cl atom can break apart molecules This happens because the oxygen in the ClO molecule. The oxygen atoms break away from the Cl atoms & this frees the Cl atom to attack over & over again! ClO + ClO O 2 + Cl + Cl chlorine monoxide chlorine monoxide oxygen gas Chlorine Chlorine Where do CFC s come from? Propellants from Production of plastics & refrigerant equipment Why is the hole over Antarctica? CFC s concentrate over Antarctica due to Cold weather ( ) & lack of light allows the Chlorine to break off of CFC s. What are the consequences from UV radiation? Genetic damage Eye damage Damage to 12

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