4.3.8 Hurricane, Tropical Storm, Nor Easter

Transcription

1 4.3.8 Hurricane, Tropical Storm, r Easter The following section provides the hazard profile (hazard description, location, extent, previous occurrences and losses, probability of future occurrences, and impact of climate change) and vulnerability assessment for the hurricane, tropical storm and r Easter hazard in Pike County. Hurricanes and Tropical Storm A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise around the center in the northern hemisphere and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (NWS 213a). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and vember 3 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development (NOAA 213a). Over a two-year period, the U.S. coastline is struck by an average of three hurricanes, one of which is classified as a major hurricane. Hurricanes, tropical storms, and tropical depressions pose a threat to life and property. These storms bring heavy rain, storm surge, and flooding (NOAA 213b). A tropical storm system is characterized by a low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain (winds are at a lower speed than hurricane-force winds, therefore categorized as a tropical storm instead of a hurricane). Tropical storms strengthen when water evaporated from the ocean is released as the saturated air rises, resulting in condensation of water vapor contained in the moist air. They are fueled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as r Easters and polar lows. The characteristic that separates tropical cyclones from other cyclonic systems is that at any height in the atmosphere, the center of a tropical cyclone will be warmer than its surroundings; a phenomenon called warm core storm systems (NOAA 213b). A hurricane is a tropical storm that attains hurricane status when its wind speed reaches 74 or more miles per hour (mph). Tropical systems may develop in the Atlantic between the Lesser Antilles and the African coast, or may develop in the warm tropical waters of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. These storms may move up the Atlantic Coast of the United States and impact the Eastern Seaboard, or move into the United States through the states along the Gulf Coast, bringing wind and rain as far north as New England, before moving offshore and heading east. r Easters A r Easter is a cyclonic storm that moves along the East Coast of rth America. It is called a r Easter because the damaging winds over coastal areas blow from a northeasterly direction. r Easters can occur any time of the year, but are most frequent and strongest between September and April. These storms usually develop between Georgia and New Jersey within 1 miles of the coastline and typically move from southwest to northeast along the Atlantic Coast of the United States (NOAA 213b). In order to be called a r Easter, a storm must have the following conditions, as per the rtheast Regional Climate Center (NRCC): Must persist for at least a 12-hour period Have a closed circulation Be located within the quadrilateral bounded at 45 N by 65 W and 7 W and at 3 N by 85 W and 75 W Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

2 Show general movement from the south-southwest to the north-northeast Contain wind speeds greater than 23 miles per hour (mph) A r Easter event can cause storm surges, waves, heavy rain, heavy snow, wind, and coastal flooding. r Easters have diameters that can span 1,2 miles, impacting large areas of coastline. The forward speed of a r Easter is usually much slower than a hurricane, so with the slower speed, a r Easter can linger for days and cause tremendous damage to those areas impacted. Approximately 2 to 4 r Easters occur in the northeastern United States every year, with at least two considered severe (Storm Solution, 214). The intensity of a r Easter can rival that of a tropical cyclone in that, on occasion, it may flow or stall off the mid-atlantic coast resulting in prolonged episodes of precipitation, coastal flooding, and high winds. Location and Extent While Pike County is not located along the Atlantic Coast, hurricanes, tropical storms and r Easters can track inland, bringing heavy rainfall, snow and strong winds. These storms are regional events that can impact very large areas hundreds to thousands of miles across over the life the storm. Therefore, all communities within Pike County are equally subject to the impacts of hurricanes, tropical storms, and r Easters. Areas in Pike County which are subject to flooding, wind, and winter storm damage are particularly vulnerable. Tropical Storm and Hurricane Tracks NOAA s Historical Hurricane Tracks tool is a public interactive mapping application that displays Atlantic Basin and East-Central Pacific Basin tropical cyclone data. This interactive tool catalogs tropical cyclones that have occurred from 1842 to 215 (latest date available from data source). Between 1842 and 215, 19 events classified as either a hurricane, tropical storm, or tropical depression tracked within 65 nautical miles of Pike County. Figure displays tropical cyclone tracks for Pike County that tracked with 65 nautical miles between 199 and 215 (only one event Tropical Depression Beryl in 1994). Please note that this figure does not show Tropical Storm Irene or Lee because those storms did not pass within 65 nautical miles of Pike County. r does it show Hurricane Sandy, as that storm system was classified as an Extratropical system, not as a tropical depression, tropical storm, or hurricane, when it passed through the region. However, these and other events severely impacted the county with strong winds, power outages, and other damage. Refer to the Previous Events and Losses section for further information regarding hurricane and tropical storm events that impacted Pike County. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

3 Figure Historical Tropical Storm and Hurricane Tracks 199 to 215 Tropical Depression Beryl August 1994 Source: NOAA 216 NWS issues hurricane and tropical storm watches and warnings. These watches and warnings are issued or will remain in effect after a tropical cyclone becomes post-tropical, when such a storm poses a significant threat to life and property. The NWS allows the National Hurricane Center (NHC) to issue advisories during the post-tropical stage. The following are the definitions of the watches and warnings: Hurricane/Typhoon Warning is issued when sustained winds of 74 mph or higher are expected somewhere within the specified area in association with a tropical, subtropical, or post-tropical cyclone. Because hurricane preparedness activities become difficult once winds reach tropical storm force, the warning is issued 36 hours in advance of the anticipated onset of tropical storm-force winds. The warning can remain in effect when dangerously high water or combination of dangerously high water and waves continue, even though winds may be less than hurricane force. Hurricane Watch is issued when sustained winds of 74 mph or higher are possible within the specified area in association with a tropical, subtropical, or post-tropical cyclone. Because hurricane preparedness activities become difficult once winds reach tropical storm force, the hurricane watch is issued 48 hours prior to the anticipated onset of tropical storm-force winds. Tropical Storm Warning is issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph are expected somewhere within the specified area within 36 hours in association with a tropical, subtropical, or post-tropical storm. Tropical Storm Watch is issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph are possible within the specified area within 48 hours in association with a tropical, sub-tropical, or post-tropical storm (NWS 213b). Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

4 r Easters r Easters are typically regional events, with most events impacting a large area of Pennsylvania. In many cases, surrounding states and even the northeast region of the United States can be affected by a single event. Coastal communities and other low-lying areas are particularly vulnerable to r Easters. With Pike County s proximity to the Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean, the county is exposed to the direct and indirect impacts of r Easter events. Range of Magnitude The following provides details regarding the range of magnitude for hurricanes, tropical storms, and r Easters. Hurricane and Tropical Storm The extent of a hurricane is categorized in accordance with the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The Saffir- Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1-to-5 rating based on a hurricane s sustained wind speed. This scale estimates potential property damage. Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage. Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous and require preventative measures (NOAA 29). Table represents this scale, which is used to estimate the potential property damage and flooding expected when a hurricane makes landfall. Table The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Category Wind Speed (mph) (major) 4 (major) 5 (major) >157 Source: NOAA 29 mph Miles per hour > Greater than Expected Damage Very dangerous winds will produce some damage: Homes with well-constructed frames could have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding, and gutters. Large tree branches will snap and shallowrooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that could last a few to several days. Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage: Homes with well-constructed frames could sustain major roof and siding damage. Many shallow-rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks. Devastating damage will occur: Homes with well-built frames may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends. Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes. Catastrophic damage will occur: Homes with well-built frames can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. Catastrophic damage will occur: A high percentage of framed homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. Mean Return Period In evaluating the potential for hazard events of a given magnitude, a MRP is often used. The MRP provides an estimate of the magnitude of an event that may occur within any given year based on past recorded events. MRP is the average period of time, in years, between occurrences of a particular hazard event, equal to the inverse of the annual frequency of exceedance (Dinicola 29). Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

5 Figure and Figure display the estimated maximum 3-second gust wind speeds that can be anticipated in the study area associated with the 1- and 5-year MRP events. These peak wind speed projections were generated using HAZUS-MH model runs. The maximum 3-second gust wind speeds for Pike County are 54 to 58 mph (Tropical Storm), for the 1-year MRP event. The maximum 3-second gust wind speeds for Pike County are 66 to 76 mph (Tropical Storm to Category 1), for the 5-year MRP event. The storm tracks for the 1- and 5-year event were not available in HAZUS-MH 3.1; a HAZUS-acknowledged error in this version that will be addressed in the future. The associated impacts and losses from these 1- year and 5-year MRP hurricane events are discussed later in the Vulnerability Assessment subsection. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

6 Figure Wind Speeds for the 1-Year Mean Return Period Event Source: HAZUS-MH 3.1 Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

7 Figure Wind Speeds for the 5-Year Mean Return Period Event Source: HAZUS-MH 3.1 Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

8 r Easter The extent of a r Easter can be classified by meteorological measurements and by evaluating its societal impacts. NOAA s National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) is currently producing the Regional Snowfall Index (RSI) for significant snowstorms that impact the eastern two-thirds of the United States. The RSI ranks snowstorm impacts on a scale from 1 to 5. It is based on the spatial extent of the storm, the amount of snowfall, and the interaction of the extent and snowfall totals with population (based on the 2 Census). The NCDC has analyzed and assigned RSI values to over 5 storms since 19 (NOAA-NCDC 216). Table presents the five RSI ranking categories. Table RSI Ranking Categories Category Description RSI Value 1 table Significant Major Crippling Extreme 18.+ Source: NOAA-NCDC 216 te: RSI = Regional Snowfall Index Past Occurrence The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s Coastal Services Center maintains records of all coastal storms occurring in the United States since the 185s. Table lists all coastal storms having centers of circulation that pass through or within 65 nautical miles of Pike County. Typically when these storms reach Pike County, they have lost their hurricane speed winds, so structural damage is usually not as bad as what coastal communities experience. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

9 Table Tropical Cyclone Events Located Within 65 Nautical Miles of Pike County Year Event Strength In/Near Pike County 1863 t Named Tropical Storm 1863 t Named Tropical Storm 1866 t Named Extra-Tropical Storm 1867 t Named Extra-Tropical Storm 1878 t Named Category 1 Hurricane 1878 t Named Category 1 Hurricane 1888 t Named Tropical Storm 1893 t Named Tropical Storm 193 t Named Tropical Storm 1915 t Named Tropical Storm 1929 t Named Extra-Tropical Storm 1945 t Named Extra-Tropical Storm 1949 t Named Tropical Storm 1952 Able Tropical Storm 1972 Agnes Tropical Storm 1979 David Tropical Storm 1988 Chris Tropical Storm 1994 Beryl Tropical Depression Source: NOAA 216 Between 1954 and 216, FEMA issued a disaster (DR) or emergency (EM) declaration for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for 15 tropical cyclone-related events, classified as one or a combination of the following disaster types: hurricane, tropical storm, severe storms, flooding, and tropical depression. Of those events, Pike County has been included in five hurricane and tropical storm-related declarations during this time period (EM and DR) (FEMA 216). Table lists FEMA DR and EM declarations from 1955 to 216 for this HMP update. Table FEMA DR and EM Declarations for Hurricane and Tropical Storm Events in Pike County FEMA Declaration Number Date(s) of Event Event Type Location DR-34 June 1972 Tropical Storm Agnes 67 counties including Pike County DR-1555 September 8-9, 24 Severe Storms and Flooding associated with Tropical 67 counties including Pike County Depression Frances DR-1557 September 17- October 1, 24 Tropical Depression Ivan 67 counties including Pike County DR-425 August 26-3, 211 Hurricane Irene 14 counties including Pike County DR-499 October 26- vember 8, 212 Hurricane Sandy 18 counties including Pike County Source: FEMA 216 It is important to note that a number of hurricane, tropical storm, and nor easter events have impacted the County without tracking through or near it; these storm events include Hurricanes Agnes (1972), Floyd (1999), Henri/Isabel (23), Diane (1955), Tropical Depression Ivan (24), and Hurricane Sandy (212). Additionally, the County recently experienced impacts of two other large storm events, Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. Primary impacts of these two storms were related to flooding and little damage occurred as a result of wind. Details regarding both storms is as follows: Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

10 Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee are two recent storm events that impacted Pike County resulting in rainfall and flooding. Hurricane Irene made landfall in the United States on August 27, 211. It was downgraded to a tropical storm as it headed north and remnants of it affected Pike County with rainfall on August 28th. Tropical Storm Lee developed as a tropical disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico and was a particularly large and slow-moving storm. By the time it reached Pennsylvania, the storm had lost its tropical characteristics and merged with an upper level trough positioned over the eastern third of the US. The storm then stalled over Pennsylvania, bringing rainfall to the region (Pike County HMP 212). While both storm events brought rainfall and flooding to Pike County, neither Hurricane Irene nor Tropical Storm Lee resulted in flooding and damages that surpassed other major storm events that have impacted Pike County and resulted in worst case scenarios or record flood levels. According to the Pike County EMA, the results of the two storms were minor in comparison to other storms that have affected the County. Hurricane Irene resulted in more of an impact to Pike County than Tropical Storm Lee. Many homes had flooded basements as a result of sump pump failure from periods of utility interruption during Irene. There were approximately 12 structures which were classified as minor, affected, or inaccessible due to damages resulting from the storm. homes or businesses were destroyed or suffered major damage that would render the structures inhabitable for an extended period of time. In addition, while there was some damage to municipal roads and some municipal property, no public buildings or treatment facilities were damaged. There were however a few bridges or private culverts that were damaged by Irene. According to the Pike County EMA, there were few, if any reports of damage from Tropical Storm Lee. There were no utility interruptions in Pike County during Tropical Storm Lee and the rainfall was not as steady as it was with Hurricane Irene. Damages that did occur from Lee were only additional damage to roads that were already damaged by Hurricane Irene (Pike County HMP 212). For this 217 HMP update, hurricane, tropical storm and r Easters events, including FEMA disaster declarations, which have impacted Pike County are identified in Table Because documentation for these types of events is so extensive, not all sources have been identified or researched. Therefore, Table may not include all events that occurred throughout the county. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

11 Table Hurricane, Tropical Storm and r Easter Events Impacting Pike County Date August 1955 Event Type Hurricanes Connie and Diane FEMA Declaration Number (if applicable) N/A June 1972 Hurricane Agnes DR-34 Yes September 8-9, 24 September 18, 24 August 26-3, 211 September 3- October 5, 211 Severe Storms and Flooding Associated with Tropical Depression Frances Flood/Flash Flood (Tropical Depression Ivan) Hurricane Irene Tropical Storm Lee County Designated? Losses / Impacts Source(s) The remnants of Hurricanes Connie and Diane caused flooding in Pike County as a result of heavy rains. Both storms moved through the area N/A less than one week apart. After a relatively dry summer, the two storms Pike County dumped closed to 2 inches of rain over a wide area with some areas HMP receiving more. The results were devastating, particularly along the Lackawaxen and Delaware Rivers and the many streams. The remnants of Hurricane Agnes produced very heavy rains across most of Pennsylvania including Pike County. There was some minor flooding within the county. Pike County HMP DR-1555 Yes N/A FEMA DR-1557 DR-425 DR-43 Yes Yes Rainfall amounts were 4 to 7 inches which started on the 16th and continued into the 18th. This rain was from the remnants of hurricane Ivan. Most creeks and streams went out of their banks. In addition, the Delaware and Lackawaxen Rivers had major flooding. About a dozen rescues were performed. Over 1 roads were closed. The entire village of Newfoundland was evacuated. 6 bridges were closed. 2 businesses were closed. According to the Pennsylvania State Climatologist, the county had $15 million in damages from this event. Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee are two recent storm events that impacted Pike County resulting in rainfall and flooding. Hurricane Irene made landfall in the United States on August27, 211. It was downgraded to a tropical storm as it headed north and remnants of it affected Pike County with rainfall on August 28th. Tropical Storm Lee developed as a tropical disturbance in the Gulf of Mexico and was a particularly large and slow-moving storm. By the time it reached Pennsylvania, the storm had lost its tropical characteristics and merged with an upper level trough positioned over the eastern third of the US. The storm then stalled over Pennsylvania, bringing rainfall to the region. While both storm events brought rainfall and flooding to Pike County, neither Hurricane Irene nor Tropical Storm Lee resulted in flooding and damages that surpassed other major storm events that have impacted Pike County and resulted in worst case scenarios or record flood levels. FEMA, NOAA- NCEI, Pike County HMP Pike County HMP 212 Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

12 Date October 28, 211 October 26- vember 8, 212 Event Type r Easter / Winter Storm FEMA Declaration Number (if applicable) N/A Hurricane Sandy DR-499 Yes County Designated? Losses / Impacts Source(s) According to the Pike County EMA, the results of the two storms were minor in comparison to other storms that have affected the County. Hurricane Irene resulted in more of an impact to Pike County than Tropical Storm Lee. Many homes had flooded basements as a result of sump pump failure from periods of utility interruption during Irene. There were approximately 12 structures which were classified as minor, affected, or inaccessible due to damages resulting from the storm. homes or businesses were destroyed or suffered major damage that would render the structures inhabitable for an extended period of time. In addition, while there was some damage to municipal roads and some municipal property, no public buildings or treatment facilities were damaged. There were however a few bridges or private culverts that were damaged by Irene. According to the Pike County EMA, there were few, if any reports of damage from Tropical Storm Lee. There were no utility interruptions in Pike County during Tropical Storm Lee and the rainfall was not as steady as it was with Hurricane Irene. Damages that did occur from Lee were only additional damage to roads that were already damaged by Hurricane Irene. An early season winter storm brought wet snow across northeast N/A Pennsylvania. Snow amounts varied depending on elevation. More than a foot of snow fell in the Poconos. In Pike County, snowfall totals across NOAA-NCEI the county averaged around 12 inches. Hurricane Sandy brought high winds and locally heavy rains to northeast Pennsylvania. Peak sustained winds ranged from 3 to 4 mph with frequent gusts between 5 and 6 mph. The hardest hit area was the higher terrain areas, especially in the Poconos. Peak gusts were between 6 and 7 mph in the Poconos and other higher mountains of northeast Pennsylvania. The winds knocked down numerous trees and power lines, leaving approximately 11, people without power during the height of the storm. Pike County and the southern half of Wayne County were the hardest hit, with almost 6, people without power. In addition to the winds, rain was locally heavy and generally caused minor flooding. FEMA, NOAA- NCEI In Pike County, the high winds knocked down numerous trees and power lines throughout the county. There were numerous road closures throughout the county, including Interstate 84 and many state roads. Peak sustained winds were estimated at close to 4 mph with peak wind gusts measured at 75 mph, mainly over the southeast portion of the county. During the height of the storm, approximately 31, customers were without power and it took up to a week for power to be fully restored Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

13 Date Event Type FEMA Declaration Number (if applicable) vember 26, 214 r Easter N/A N/A Sources: NOAA-NCEI 216; FEMA 216; Pike County HMP 212 DR Federal Disaster Declaration EM Emergency Management EMA Emergency Management Agency FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency NCEI National Centers for Environmental Information NOAA National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration N/A t applicable / not available SBA Small Business Administration County Designated? Losses / Impacts Source(s) across the county. A r Easter made its way up the east coast, bringing heavy snow to northeast Pennsylvania. In Pike County, snowfall totals ranged from six to 1 inches, with the highest amount of 1 inches recorded in the Town NOAA-NCEI of Milford. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

14 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER Future Occurrence Although hurricanes and tropical storms can cause flood events consistent with 1 percent- and 2 percent- level frequency, their probability of occurrence is measured relative to wind speed. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hurricane Research Division published the map included as Figure showing the chance that a tropical storm or hurricane will affect a given area during the entire Atlantic hurricane season spanning from June to vember. te that this figure does not provide information on the probability of various storm intensities. However, based on historical data between 1944 and 1999, this map reveals there is approximately a 6 to12 percent chance of experiencing a tropical storm or hurricane event between June and vember of any given year in the County (Pike County HMP 212). Figure Seasonal Probability of a Hurricane or Tropical Storm affecting Pike County Source: NOAA Hurricane Research Division, 29 For the 217 HMP update, the most up-to-date data was collected to calculate the probability of future occurrence of hurricane, tropical storm and r Easters events for Pike County. Information from NOAANCEI storm events database, FEMA, and a NOAA Historical Hurricane Tracks search were used to identify the number of events that occurred between 195 and 215. Using these sources ensures the most accurate probability estimates possible. The table below shows these statistics, as well as the annual average number of events and the estimate percent chance of an incident occurring in a given year. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May

15 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER Table Probability of Future Hurricane, Tropical Storm and r Easter Events Hazard Type Extra-Tropical Storms Tropical Depression Number of Occurrences Between 195 and 215 Rate of Occurrence or Annual Number of Events (average) Recurrence Interval (in years) (# Years/Number of Events) Probability of Event in any given year Percent chance of occurrence in any given year Tropical Storm Hurricanes (all categories) r Easter Source: NHC 216; NOAA-NCEI 216; FEMA 216 It is estimated that Pike County will continue to experience direct and indirect impacts of hurricanes, tropical storms and r Easters annually that may induce secondary hazards such as flooding, extreme wind, infrastructure deterioration or failure, utility failures, power outages, water quality and supply concerns, and transportation delays, accidents, and inconveniences. Therefore the future occurrence of hurricanes, tropical storms and r Easters in Pike County can be characterized as possible as defined by the Risk Factor Methodology probability criteria (see Table 4.4-1). Vulnerability Assessment To understand risk, a community must evaluate what assets are exposed or vulnerable to the identified hazard. For the hurricane and tropical storm hazard, all of Pike County has been identified as exposed. Therefore, all assets in the county (population, structures, critical facilities, and lifelines), as described in the County Profile (Section 4), are at risk. The following text evaluates and estimates the potential impact of the hurricane and tropical storm hazard on the county including: Overview of vulnerability Data and methodology used for the evaluation Impact on: (1) life, health, and safety of residents, (2) general building stock, (3) critical facilities, (4) economy, and (5) future growth and development Effect of climate change on vulnerability Change of vulnerability as compared to that presented in the 212 Pike County HMP Further data collections that will assist understanding this hazard over time Overview of Vulnerability There are many similarities between r Easter and hurricane events. Both types of events can bring high winds and heavy rainfalls or severe winter weather events, resulting in similar impacts on the population, structures, and the economy. The high winds and air speeds often result in power outages, disruptions to transportation corridors and equipment, loss of workplace access, significant property damage, injuries and loss of life, and the need to shelter and care for individuals impacted by the events. A large amount of damage can be inflicted by trees, branches, and other objects that fall onto power lines, buildings, roads, vehicles, and, in some cases, people. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May

16 The entire inventory of the county is at risk of being damaged or lost due to impacts of hurricanes, tropical storms and r Easters. Certain areas, infrastructure, and types of buildings are at greater risk than others due to proximity to flood waters, falling hazards, and their manner of construction. Potential losses associated with high winds were calculated for Pike County for the 1-year and 5-year MRP wind events. Data and Methodology After reviewing historic data, the HAZUS-MH methodology and model were used to analyze the wind hazard for Pike County. Data and tools used to assess this hazard include data from FEMA s HAZUS-MH 3.1 wind model, professional knowledge, information provided by the Planning Committee. A probabilistic scenario was run for Pike County for annualized losses and the 1- and 5-year MRPs in HAZUS-MH. Maximum peak gust wind speeds for these MRPs are displayed on Figures and HAZUS-MH contains data on historic hurricane events and wind speeds. It also includes surface roughness and vegetation (tree coverage) maps for the area. Surface roughness and vegetation data support the modeling of wind force across various types of land surfaces. Impacts to life, health, and safety and structures are discussed below using the methodology described above. An updated critical facility inventory was used in the evaluation of this hazard. Impact on Life, Health and Safety For the purposes of this HMP, the entire population of Pike County (57,369 people) is exposed to hurricanes and tropical storm events (U.S. Census, 21). Residents may be displaced or require temporary to long-term sheltering. In addition, downed trees, damaged buildings and debris carried by high winds can lead to injury or loss of life. Socially vulnerable populations are most susceptible, based on a number of factors including their physical and financial ability to react or respond during a hazard and the location and construction quality of their housing. HAZUS-MH estimates no households will be displaced and temporary shelter will not be required as a result of the 1- and 5-year MRP events. Economically disadvantaged populations are more vulnerable because they are likely to evaluate their risk and make decisions based on the major economic impact to their family and may not have funds to evacuate. The population over the age of 65 is also more vulnerable and, physically, they may have more difficulty evacuating. The elderly are considered most vulnerable because they require extra time or outside assistance during evacuations and are more likely to seek or need medical attention which may not be available due to isolation during a storm event. Please refer to Section 4 for the statistics of these populations. Impact on General Building Stock After considering the population exposed to the hurricane hazard, the value of general building stock exposed to and damaged by 1- and 5-year MRP hurricane wind events was considered. Potential damage is the modeled loss that could occur to the exposed inventory, including damage to structural and content value based on the wind-only impacts associated with a tropical storm hurricane. The entire study area is considered at risk to the wind hazard. Please refer to Section 4 (County Profile) which presents the total exposure value for general building stock by occupancy class for Pike County. Expected building damage was evaluated by HAZUS-MH across the following wind damage categories: no damage/very minor damage, minor damage, moderate damage, severe damage, and total destruction. Table summarizes the definition of the damage categories. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May 217

17 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER Table Description of Damage Categories Qualitative Damage Description Damage or Very Minor Damage Little or no visible damage from the outside. broken windows, or failed roof deck. Minimal loss of roof over, with no or very Limited water penetration. Minor Damage Maximum of one broken window, door or garage door. Moderate roof cover loss that can be covered to prevent additional water entering the building. Marks or dents on walls requiring painting or patching for repair. Moderate Damage Major roof cover damage, moderate window breakage. Minor roof sheathing failure. Some resulting damage to interior of building from water. Severe Damage Major window damage or roof sheathing loss. Major roof cover loss. Extensive damage to interior from water. Destruction Complete roof failure and/or, failure of wall frame. Loss of more than 5% of roof sheathing. Roof Cover Failure Window Door Failures Roof Deck Missile Impacts on Walls Roof Structure Failure Wall Structure Failure 2% >2% and 15% One window, door, or garage door failure <5 impacts >15% and 5% > one and the larger of 2% & 3 1 to 3 panels Typically 5 to 1 impacts >5% > the larger of 2% & 3 and 5% >3 and 25% Typically 1 to 2 impacts Typically >5% >5% >25% Typically >2 impacts Yes Yes Source: HAZUS-MH Hurricane Technical Manual Table summarizes the building value (structure only) damage estimated for the 1- and 5-year MRP hurricane wind-only events. Damage estimates are reported for the county s probabilistic HAZUS-MH model scenarios. The data shown indicates total losses associated with wind damage to building structure. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan May

18 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER Table Estimated Building Value (Structure Only) Damaged by the 1-Year and 5-Year MRP Hurricane-Related Winds Municipality Total Improvement Value (Structure Only) Estimated Total Damages* Annualized Loss 1-Year 5-Year Percent of Total Building Improvement Value Annualized 15Loss Year Year Blooming Grove Township $768,42, $4,523 $93,34 $458,268 Delaware Township $973,67, $8,59 $36,243 $1,29,91 Dingman Township $1,287,496, $1,319 $54,85 $1,43,863 $624,259, $3,897 $75,851 $348,282 Greene Township Lackawaxen Township $816,292, $3,639 $65,256 $499,744 $1,33,7, $1,46 $22,779 $1,5,961 Matamoras Borough $237,231, $2,577 $255 $443,427 Milford Borough $224,97, $1,12 $825 $152,478 Milford Township $414,595, $2,215 $9,188 $34,218 Palmyra Township $824,628, $5,15 $131,25 $457,693 Porter Township $255,85, $1,542 $27,648 $14,112 Shohola Township $488,962, $3,88 $29,727 $552,51 Westfall Township $238,35, $1,595 $1,914 $262,5 $8,457,874, $58,878 $549,8 $7,94,1 Lehman Township Pike County (Total) Source: HAZUS-MH 3.1 *The Total Damages column represents the sum of damages for all occupancy classes (residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, educational, religious and government) based on improvement value. Table Estimated Residential and Commercial Building Value (Structure Only) Damaged by the 1-Year and 5-Year MRP Hurricane-Related Winds Municipality Total Improvement Value (Structure Only) Estimated Residential Damage 1-Year 5-Year Estimated Commercial Damage 1-Year 5-Year Blooming Grove Township $768,42, $93,34 $457,69 $ $965 Delaware Township $973,67, $36,243 $1,22,57 $ $4,697 Dingman Township $1,287,496, $54,85 $1,395,21 $ $4,967 $624,259, $75,851 $344,445 $ $2,896 Greene Township Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan March 217 5

19 Municipality Total Improvement Value (Structure Only) Estimated Residential Damage Estimated Commercial Damage 1-Year 5-Year 1-Year 5-Year Lackawaxen Township $816,292, $65,256 $498,468 $ $875 Lehman Township $1,33,7, $22,779 $999,481 $ $3,598 Matamoras Borough $237,231, $255 $437,568 $ $4,367 Milford Borough $224,97, $825 $139,82 $ $9,999 Milford Township $414,595, $9,188 $331,981 $ $6,287 Palmyra Township $824,628, $131,25 $456,68 $ $1,129 Porter Township $255,85, $27,648 $139,258 $ $388 Shohola Township $488,962, $29,727 $547,637 $ $2,252 Westfall Township $238,35, $1,914 $256,18 $ $5,173 Pike County (Total) $8,457,874, $549,8 $7,24,955 $ $47,593 Source: HAZUS-MH 3.1 Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6 March 217

20 The total damage to buildings (structure only) for all occupancy types across Pike County is estimated to be $549K for the 1-year MRP wind-only event, and approximately $7 million for the 5-year MRP wind-only event. The majority of these losses are to the residential building category. Refer to Figures and that illustrate the density estimated building loss across Pike County for these two events. Because of differences in building construction, residential structures are generally more susceptible to wind damage than commercial and industrial structures. The damage counts include buildings damaged at all severity levels from minor damage to total destruction. Total dollar damage reflects the overall impact to buildings at an aggregate level. Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7 March 217

21 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER Figure Density of Losses for Structures (All Occupancies) for the 1-Year MRP Wind Event Source: HAZUS-MH 3.1 Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan March 217 8

22 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER Figure Density of Losses for Structures (All Occupancies) for the 5-Year MRP Wind Event Source: HAZUS-MH 3.1 Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan March 217 9

23 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER Impact on Critical Facilities Overall, all critical facilities are exposed to the wind hazard associated with hurricane and tropical storm events. HAZUS-MH estimates the probability that critical facilities (i.e., medical facilities, fire/ems, police, EOC, schools, and user-defined facilities such as shelters and municipal buildings) may sustain damage as a result of 1-year and 5-year MRP wind events. Additionally, HAZUS-MH estimates the loss of use for each facility in number of days. Due to the sensitive nature of the critical facility dataset, individual facility estimated loss is not provided. HAZUS-MH estimates no damage to the critical facilities as a result of the 1-year event. Table summarizes the percent probability that each facility type may experience damage as a result of the 5-year MRP event. HAZUS-MH estimates no damage to the critical facilities as a result of the 1-year event. Table Estimated Impacts to Critical Facilities for the 5-Year Mean Return Period Hurricane-Related Winds 5-Year Event Percent-Probability of Sustaining Damage Facility Type EOC Minor -1 Moderate Severe Complete 2 1 Police -1 Fire Schools -1 Medical Loss of Days Source: HAZUS-MH 3.1 Impact on Economy Hurricanes and tropical storms also impact the economy, including: loss of business function (e.g., tourism, recreation), damage to inventory, relocation costs, wage loss and rental loss due to the repair/replacement of buildings. HAZUS-MH estimates the total economic loss associated with each storm scenario (direct building losses and business interruption losses). Direct building losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building. This is reported in the Impact on General Building Stock subsection discussed earlier. Business interruption losses are the losses associated with the inability to operate a business because of the wind damage sustained during the storm or the temporary living expenses for those displaced from their home because of the event. For the 1-year MRP wind event, HAZUS-MH estimates less than $1, in business interruption costs (income loss, relocation costs, rental costs and lost wages) and no inventory losses. For the 5-year MRP wind only event, HAZUS-MH estimates approximately $13K in business interruption losses for the County, which includes loss of income, relocation costs, rental costs and lost wages, and no inventory losses. Impacts to transportation lifelines affect both short-term (e.g., evacuation activities) and long-term (e.g., dayto-day commuting and goods transport) transportation needs. Utility infrastructure (power lines, gas lines, electrical systems) could suffer damage and impacts can result in the loss of power, which can impact business operations and can impact heating or cooling provision to the population. HAZUS-MH 3.1 also estimates the amount of debris that may be produced a result of the 1- and 5-year MRP wind events. Table summarizes the estimated debris by municipality. Because the estimated Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan March 217 1

24 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER debris production does not include flooding, this is likely a conservative estimate and may be higher if multiple impacts occur. According to the HAZUS-MH Hurricane User Manual: The Eligible Tree Debris columns provide estimates of the weight and volume of downed trees that would likely be collected and disposed at public expense. As discussed in Chapter 12 of the HAZUS-MH Hurricane Model Technical Manual, the eligible tree debris estimates produced by the Hurricane Model tend to underestimate reported volumes of debris brought to landfills for a number of events that have occurred over the past several years. This indicates that that there may be other sources of vegetative and non-vegetative debris that are not currently being modeled in HAZUS. For landfill estimation purposes, it is recommended that the HAZUS debris volume estimate be treated as an approximate lower bound. Based on actual reported debris volumes, it is recommended that the HAZUS results be multiplied by three to obtain an approximate upper bound estimate. It is also important to note that the Hurricane Model assumes a bulking factor of 1 cubic yards per ton of tree debris. If the debris is chipped prior to transport or disposal, a bulking factor of 4 is recommended. Thus, for chipped debris, the eligible tree debris volume should be multiplied by.4. Table Debris Production for 1- and 5-Year Mean Return Period Hurricane-Related Winds Municipality Blooming Grove Township Brick and Wood (tons) 1 5 Year Year Concrete and Steel (tons) 1 5 Year Year Tree (tons) 1 5 Year Year Eligible Tree Volume (cubic yards) 1 5 Year Year 1 Delaware Township 13 Dingman Township 2 Greene Township 3 Lackawaxen Township 4 Lehman Township 8 Matamoras Borough 16 Milford Borough 5 Milford Township 17 Palmyra Township Porter Township Shohola Township 21 Westfall Township 16 Pike County (Total) 124 Source: HAZUS-MH 3.1 Effect of Climate Change on Vulnerability Climate is defined not simply as average temperature and precipitation but also by the type, frequency and intensity of weather events. Both globally and at the local scale, climate change has the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of events like hurricanes. While predicting changes to the prevalence or intensity of hurricanes and the events affects under a changing climate is difficult, understanding vulnerabilities to potential changes is a critical part of estimating future climate change impacts on human health, society and the environment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 26). Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan March

25 SECTION 4.3.8: HURRICANE, TROPICAL STORM, NOR EASTER Change of Vulnerability Pike County and its municipalities continue to be vulnerable to the hurricane and tropical storm hazard. However, the main difference between the 217 HMP update and the original 212 HMP is the lack of quantitative risk assessment. This plan update utilized population and general building stock data in HAZUSMH version 3.1 s hurricane model to estimate wind losses for a probabilistic 1- and 5-year MRP event. The original 212 HMP discussed the vulnerability of mobile homes to extreme wind events, and included the number of mobile homes per municipality. Overall, this vulnerability assessment uses a more accurate and updated building inventory which provides more accurate estimated exposure and potential losses for Pike County. Future Growth and Development As discussed and illustrated in Section 2, areas targeted for future growth and development have been identified across the county. Any areas of growth could be potentially impacted by the Hurricane, Tropical Storm, r Easter hazard because the entire Planning Area is exposed and potentially vulnerable to the impacts associated with these events. Additional Data and Next Steps Over time, Pike County may obtain additional data to support the analysis of this hazard. Data that will support the analysis would include additional detail on past hazard events and impacts, building footprints and specific building information such as details on protective features (for example, hurricane straps). Pike County Hazard Mitigation Plan March