IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN

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1 IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Martin Hosken and Lorna Evans, SIL Non-Roman Script Initiative (NRSI) Technical Support If you have problems using the SIL Unicode IPA board, please contact: User Support SIL Non-Roman Script Initiative 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd. Dallas, TX USA Keyboard Layout The board layout is described in terms of an IPA chart rather than a board. This is because many base characters are typed as a sequence of a letter followed by one of <, >, = or which are characters used to change a base character to another base character. Diacritics are typed as sequences of an appropriate. Blue denotes non-ipa sanctioned phonetic symbols (they may be used by other traditions such as Americanist, Chinese or Russian). Red denotes characters which are not in Unicode (they are in SIL s corporate PUA and will not likely be found in any other font). IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 1 of 17

2 Consonants Bilabial Dental Alveolar Labiodental Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p p t t ʈ t< c c k k q q ʔ?= b b d d ɖ d< ɟ j= ɡ g< ɢ G= Nasal m m ɱ m> n n ɳ n< ɲ n= ŋ n> ɴ N= Trill ʙ B= r r ʀ R= Tap or Flap ⱱ v< ɾ r> ɽ r< Fricative ɸ f= f f θ t= s s ʃ s= ʂ s< ç c= x x χ x= ħ h> h h β b= v v ð d= z z ʒ z= ʐ z< ʝ j< ɣ g= ʁ R> ʕ?< ɦ h< Lateral Fricative ɬ l= ɮ l> Approximant ʋ v= ɹ r= ɻ R< j j ɰ w> l l ɭ l< ʎ L< ʟ L= Lateral Approximant Where symbols appear in pairs, the bottom one represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Other Consonants Clicks Voiced implosives ʘ p= Bilabial ɓ b> Bilabial ǀ!< Dental ɗ d> Dental/alveolar ǃ! (Post)alveolar ʄ j> Palatal ǂ!= Palatoalveolar ɠ g> Velar ǁ!> Alveolar lateral ʛ G> Uvular Other Symbols ʍ w= Vl labial-velar fricative ɕ c< vd alveolo-palatal fricative w w Vd labial-velar approximant ʑ z> Vd alveolo-palatal fricative ɥ y< or h= Vd labial-palatal approximant ɺ L> Vd alveolar lateral flap ʜ H= Vl epiglottal fricative ɧ H> Simultaneous ʃ and x ʢ Q< Vd epiglottal fricative ʡ Q= Vd epiglottal plosive Vowels Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Close i i y y ɨ I= ʉ U= ɯ u= u u Near-close ɪ i= ʏ y= ʊ u< Close-mid e e ø o> ɘ E= ɵ O= ɤ O> o o Mid ə e= Open-mid ɛ e< œ E< ɜ e> ɞ O< ʌ u> ɔ o< Near-open æ a< ɐ a> Open a a ɶ E> ɑ a= ɒ o= Suprasegmentals ˈ } Primary stress ˌ }} Secondary stress eː : Long eˑ :: Half long eːː ::: Extra long ĕ *** Extra short.< Minor (foot) group.= Major (intonation) group.. Syllable break #= Linking (absence of a break) IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 2 of 17

3 Other (non-ipa) Vowels ᴂ A> α a open central unrounded vowel ɩ i near-close near-front unrounded ᴀ A open central unrounded ᵼ I> ɿ z unrounded alveolar apical ᵻ I< lower-high central unrounded or high back unrounded ʅ Z unrounded retroflex apical ᵾ U> high front rounded ʮ y rounded alveolar apical ɷ u near-close back rounded ʯ Y rounded retroflex apical ᴇ E ʚ e mid front unrounded open-mid front rounded Tone and Word accents Level 1 Contour 2 #4 Extra high #04 Rising #3 High #40 Falling #2 Mid #24 High rising #1 Low #12 Low rising #0 Extra low #141 Rising-falling #< Downstep Low falling #> Upstep High falling ꜝ!^ ꜞ #! Africanist upstep (raised) ꜟ Africanist downstep Falling-rising #>> Global rise ##! Africanist upstep (lowered) #<< Global fall Other (non-ipa) Symbols ƈ c> vl palatal implosive ȡ d alveolo-palatal vd plosive ђ h vd pharyngeal nasal ƙ k> vl velar implosive front-palatal vd lateral ȴ l approximant ȵ n front-palatal vd nasal ƥ p> vl bilabial implosive ʠ q> vl uvular implosive ᶘ S= vl retroflex postalveolar fricative ƭ t> vl dental or alveolar implosive ȶ t front-palatal vl plosive ʇ T dental click ⱳ w< bilabial flap vd retroflex postalveolar ᶚ Z= fricative + += 0= Empty set 0> Diacritic holder Tone numbers and pitch contours (non-ipa) ##1 ##2 ##3 ##4 ##5 ##6 ##7 ##8 ##9 Level pitch contours from 1 to 9 3 ³ 3^ (0-9) superscript number -^ superscript hyphen 1 Use & for Left-stem level tones, e.g. &0 becomes A712 ( ). 2 Glides to and from any level (e.g. #32 becomes ) and any sequence of any two glides (e.g. #314 becomes ). 3 These require the use of Charis SIL ( or Doulos SIL ( version 4.1 or greater. They will turn into contours if used in Graphite applications. IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 3 of 17

4 Diacritics & Suprasegmentals kʰ h^ Aspirated tʷ w^ Labialised tʲ j^ Palatalised lˠ g=^ Velarised tˤ?<^ Pharyngealised ⁿk n^ Pre/post nasalised tˡ l^ Lateral release ᶮɟ symbol followed by ^ Other superscripts are available 4 e.g. n=^ kʽ [[ Light aspiration e [[[ Rhoticity tʼ ]] Ejective t ]]] No audible release bʻ ]]]] Weak aspiration l $ Syllabic a $$ Non-syllabic a $$$ Creaky voiced ᶏ symbol followed by $$$$ e.g. a$$$$ Retroflex hooks 5 n % Voiceless s %% Voiced s %%% Breathy voiced ᶀ ŋ ŋ symbol followed by %%%% Palatal hooks 6 Voiceless (diacritics are sometimes placed above a symbol with a descender) Syllabic (diacritics are sometimes placed above a symbol with a descender) t { Dental t {{ Apical t {{{ Laminal t {{{{ Linguolabial ṭ {{{{{ Closer variety / Fricative ẽ ~ Nasalised ɫ l~~ Velarized or pharyngealized 7 ë * Centralised e ** Mid centralised ĕ *** Extra short ė **** Palatalization/Centralization m ***** k p #& Double articulation / affricate 8 t Double articulation / affricate 9 u + Advanced i _ Retracted e ++ Raised e Lowered e +++ +ATR e _ -ATR e ++++ More rounded e Less rounded o _ open vowel }}} Fortis p p }}}} Lenis => Becomes, is realized as σ s> Syllable =< Combining Grapheme Joiner 4 The following characters can be superscripted: = ( ) ʕ ʔ b β c ɕ d ð f ɸ g ɡ ɣ h ɦ ħ j ɟ ʝ k l ɭ ʎ ʟ m ɱ n ɲ ɳ ŋ ɴ p r ɹ ɻ ʁ s ʂ ʃ t θ v ʋ w ɰ x ɥ z ʑ ʐ ʒ a ɐ æ ᴂ ɑ e ə ɜ ɛ ø ɶ œ ɘ i ɪ ɨ o ɒ ɔ ɵ ɞ ɤ ʌ u ɯ ʊ ʉ y ʏ 5 Retroflex hooks may be added to: a ɑ ɗ e ɛ ɜ ə i ɔ ʃ u ʒ (ᶏ ᶐ ᶑ ᶒ ᶓ ᶔ ᶕ ᶖ ᶗ ᶘ ᶙ ᶚ) 6 Palatal hooks may be added to: b d f ɡ k l m n p r s ʃ v x z (ᶀ ᶁ ᶂ ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ ᶋ ᶌ ᶍ ᶎ) 7 Available for ᵬ, ᵭ, ᵮ, ɫ, ᵯ, ᵰ, ᵱ, ᵲ, ᵳ, ᵴ, ᵵ and ᵶ. 8 Typed between the characters. Thus k#&p. 9 Typed between the characters. Thus t@&s. IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 4 of 17

5 Appendix: IPA number chart Green denotes IPA characters unsupported by this board. Alph 1. a a Lowercase A open front unrounded vowel 2. ɐ a> Turned A near-open central vowel 3. ɑ a= Script A open back unrounded vowel 4. ɒ o= Turned Script A open back rounded vowel 5. æ a< E6 Ash; Lowercase A-E ligature near-open front unrounded vowel 6. A A Upper-case A A 7. b b Lowercase B vd bilabial plosive 8. ɓ b> Hooktop B vd bilabial implosive 9. ʙ B= Small Capital B vd bilabial trill 10. β b= B2 Beta vd bilabial fricative 11. B B Upper-case B B 12. c c Lowercase C vl palatal plosive 13. ƈ c> Hooktop C vl palatal implosive (withdrawn, 1993) 14. č D C wedge vl postalveolar affricate (not IPA usage) 15. ç c= E7 C Cedilla vl palatal fricative 16. ɕ c< Curly-tail C vl alveolo-palatal fricative 17. ʗ 18. C C 19. C C Stretched C postalveolar click (superceded by 178, 1989) 624 (=703) ) 0043 Upper-case C Creak 0043 Upper-case C C (Creak) 20. d d Lowercase D vd dental or alveolar plosive 21. ɗ d> Hooktop D vd dental or alveolar implosive 22. ɖ d< Right-tail D vd retroflex plosive IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 5 of 17

6 23. ᶑ d>$$$$ 219 1D91 Hooktop right-tail D vd retroflex implosive (not explicitly IPA approved) 24. ʣ 25. ʤ 26. ʥ A3 D-Z ligature vd alveolar affricate (superceded by ) A4 D-Ezh ligature vd postalveolar affricate (superceded by ) A5 D-Curly-tail-Z ligature vd alveolo-palatal affricate (superceded by ) 27. ð d= F0 Eth vd dental fricative 28. D D Upper-case D D 29. e e Lowercase E close-mid front unrounded vowel 30. ᵊ e=^ 218 1D4A Superscript schwa mid central vowel release 31. ə e= Schwa mid central vowel 32. ɚ A Right-hook schwa R-coloured mid central vowel (Equivalent to ) 33. ɘ E= Reversed E close-mid central unrounded vowel 34. ɛ e< B Epsilon open-mid front unrounded vowel 35. ʚ e A Closed epsilon open-mid central rounded vowel (superceded by 395, 1996) 36. ɜ e> C Reversed epsilon open-mid central unrounded vowel 37. ɞ O< E Closed reversed epsilon open-mid central rounded vowel 38. E E Upper-case E E 39. f f Lowercase F vl labiodental fricative 40. ʩ A9 F-Eng ligature Velopharyngeal fricative 41. F F 42. F F 622 (=706) ) 0046 Upper-case F Falsetto 0046 Upper-case F F (Falsetto) 43. ɡ g< Opentail G vd velar plosive (equivalent to 210) 44. ɠ g> Hooktop G vd velar implosive 45. g g Looptail G vd velar plosive (equivalent to 110) 46. ɢ G= Small Capital G vd uvular plosive 47. ʛ G> B Hooktop Small Capital G vd uvular implosive 48. G G Upper-case G G IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 6 of 17

7 49. ɣ g= Gamma vd velar fricative 50. ˠ g=^ E0 Superscript Gamma velarized 51. ɤ O> Ram's Horns close-mid back unrounded vowel 52. h h Lowercase H vl glottal fricative 53. ʰ h^ 54. ʰ h^ 404 (=671) ) 02B0 Superscript H aspirated 02B0 Left-sited superscript H Pre-aspiration 55. ħ h> Crossed H vl pharyngeal fricative 56. ɦ h< Hooktop H vd glottal fricative 57. ɧ H> Hooked Heng 58. ɥ y< or h= simultaneous vl postalveolar and velar fricative Turned H vd labial-palatal approximant 59. ʜ H= C Small Capital H vl epiglottal fricative 60. H H Upper-case H H 61. i i Lowercase I close front unrounded vowel 62. ı Undotted I Not IPA usage 63. ɨ I= Barred I close central unrounded vowel 64. ɩ i Iota near-close near-front unrounded vowel (superseded by 319, 1989) 65. ɪ i= A Small Capital I near-close near-front unrounded vowel 66. I I Upper-case I I 67. j j A Lowercase J vd palatal approximant 68. ʲ j^ B2 Superscript J palatalized 69. ʝ j< D Curly-tail J vd palatal fricative 70. ǰ F0 J wedge vd postalveolar affricate (not IPA usage) 71. ɟ j= F Barred Dotless J vd palatal plosive 72. ʄ j> J J 626 (=710) Hooktop Barred Dotless J 004A Upper-case J Jaw vd palatal implosive IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 7 of 17

8 74. J J ) 004A Upper-case J J (Jaw) 75. k k B Lowercase K vl velar plosive 76. ƙ k> Hooktop K vl velar implosive (withdrawn, 1993) 77. ʞ E Turned K Withdrawn, K K B Upper-case K K 79. l l C Lowercase L vd dental or alveolar lateral approximant 80. ˡ l^ E1 Superscript L lateral release 81. ɫ l~~ B L with tilde velarized vd dental or alveolar lateral approximant 82. ɬ l= C Belted L vl dental or alveolar lateral fricative 83. ɭ l< D Right-tail L vd retroflex lateral approximant 84. ʟ L= F Small Capital L vd velar lateral approximant 85. ɮ l> E L-Ezh ligature vd dental or alveolar lateral fricative 86. ʪ AA L-S ligature Lateralized [s] 87. ʫ AB L-Z ligature Laterialized [z] 88. λ 89. ƛ 90. L L 91. L L BB Lambda vl dental or alveolar lateral fricative (Not IPA usage) B Barred lambda vl dental or alveolar lateral affricate (Not IPA usage) 625 (=712) ) 004C Upper-case L Larynx 004C Upper-case L L (Larynx) 92. m m D Lowercase M vd bilabial nasal 93. ɱ m> Left-tail M (at right) vd labiodental nasal 94. ɯ u= F Turned M close back unrounded vowel 95. ɰ w> Turned M, Right Leg vd velar approximant 96. M M D Upper-case M M 97. n n E Lowercase N vd dental or alveolar nasal 98. ⁿ n^ F Superscript N nasal release IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 8 of 17

9 99. ƞ E N, right leg syllabic nasal (withdrawn, 1976) 100. ɲ n= Left-tail N (at left) vd palatal nasal 101. ŋ n> B Eng vd velar nasal 102. ɳ n< Right-tail N vd retroflex nasal 103. ɴ N= Small Capital N vd uvular nasal 104. N N E Upper-case N N 105. o o F Lowercase O close-mid back rounded vowel 106. ʘ p= Bull's Eye bilabial click 107. ɵ O= Barred O close-mid central rounded vowel 108. ø o> F8 Slashed O close-mid front rounded vowel 109. œ E< Lowercase O-E ligature open-mid front rounded vowel 110. ɶ E> Small Capital O-E ligature open front rounded vowel 111. Œ Upper-case O-E ligature Oesophageal speech 112. ɔ o< Open O open-mid back rounded vowel 113. ɷ u Closed omega near-close near-back rounded vowel (superceded by 321, 1989) 114. O O F Upper-case O O 115. p p Lowercase P vl bilabial plosive 116. ƥ p> A5 Hooktop p vl bilabial implosive (withdrawn, 1993) 117. P P Upper-case P P 118. ɸ f= Phi vl bilabial fricative 119. q q Lowercase Q vl uvular plosive 120. ʠ q> A0 Hooktop q vl uvular implosive (withdrawn, 1993) 121. Q Q Upper-case Q Q 122. r r Lowercase R vd dental or alveolar trill 123. ɾ r> E Fish-hook R vd dental or alveolar tap 124. ɼ C Long-leg r Withdrawn, 1989 IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 9 of 17

10 125. ɺ L> A Turned Long-leg R vd alveolar lateral flap 126. ɽ r< D Right-tail R vd retroflex flap 127. ɹ r= Turned R vd dental or alveolar approximant 128. ɻ R< B Turned R, Right Tail vd retroflex approximant 129. ʀ R= Small Capital R vd uvular trill 130. R R Upper-case R R 131. ʁ R> Inverted Small Capital R vd uvular fricative 132. ʶ R>^ B6 Superscript inverted small capital R Uvularized 133. s s Lowercase S vl alveolar fricative 134. ˢ s^ 135. š E2 Superscript S Withdrawn, S wedge vl postalveolar fricative (not IPA usage) 136. ʂ s< Right-Tail S (at left) vl retroflex fricative 137. S S Upper-case S S 138. ʃ s= Esh vl postalveolar fricative 139. ʆ Curly-tail esh Withdrawn, t t Lowercase T vl dental or alveolar plosive 141. ƭ t> AD Hooktop T 142. ƫ vl dental or alveolar implosive (withdrawn, 1993) AB Left-hook T palatalized vl dental or alveolar plosive (withdrawn, 1989) 143. ʈ t< Right-tail T vl retroflex plosive 144. ʦ 145. ʧ 146. ʨ A6 T-S ligature vl dental or alveolar affricate (superceded by ) A7 T-Esh ligature vl postalveolar affricate (superceded by ) A8 T-Curly-tail-C ligature vl alveolo-palatal affricate (superceded by ) 147. ʇ T Turned T dental click (superceded by 177, 1989) 148. T T Upper-case T T 149. θ t= B8 Theta vl dental fricative 150. ᶿ t=^ 217 1DBF Superscript theta vl dental fricative release IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 10 of 17

11 151. Θ Upper-case Greek Theta Protruded-tongue voice 152. u u Lowercase U close back rounded vowel 153. ʉ U= Barred U close central rounded vowel 154. ʊ u< A Upsilon near-close near-back rounded vowel 155. U U Upper-case U U 156. v v Lowercase V vd labiodental fricative 157. ⱱ v< 184 2C71 labiodental flap 158. ʋ v= B Cursive V vd labiodental approximant 159. ᶹ v=^ 673 1DB9 Superscript cursive V Labiodentalized 160. ʌ u> C Turned V open-mid back unrounded vowel 161. V V 162. V V 621 (=722) ) 0056 Upper-case V Voice 0056 Upper-case V V (Voice) 163. w w Lowercase W vd labial-velar approximant 164. ʷ w^ B7 Superscript W labialized 165. ʍ w= D Turned W vl labial-velar fricative 166. W W 167. W W 623 (=723) ) 0057 Upper-case W Whisper 0057 Upper-case W W (Whisper) 168. x x Lowercase X vl velar fricative 169. ˣ x^ E3 Superscript X vl velar fricative release 170. χ x= C7 Chi vl uvular fricative 171. X X Upper-case X X 172. y y Lowercase Y close front rounded vowel 173. ʸ y^ B8 Superscript Y high-front rounding / palatalized (not IPA usage) 174. ʎ L< E Turned Y vd palatal lateral approximant 175. ʏ Y= F Small Capital Y near-close near-front rounded vowel IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 11 of 17

12 176. Y Y Upper-case Y Y 177. z z A Lowercase Z vd alveolar fricative 178. ž E Z wedge vd postalveolar fricative (not IPA usage) 179. ʑ z> Curly-tail Z vd alveolo-palatal fricative 180. ʐ z< Right-tail Z vd retroflex fricative 181. ʒ z= Ezh; Tailed Z vd postalveolar fricative 182. ʓ Curly-tail ezh Withdrawn, Z Z A Upper-case Z Z 184. ʔ?= Glottal Stop glottal plosive 185. ʕ?< Reversed Glottal Stop vd pharyngeal fricative or approximant 186. ʡ Q= A1 Barred Glottal Stop epiglottal plosive 187. ʢ Q< A2 Barred Reversed Glottal Stop vd epiglottal fricative or approximant 188. ǀ!< C0 Pipe dental click 189. ǃ! C3 Exclamation Point (post)alveolar click 190. ǂ!= C2 Double-barred Pipe palatoalveolar click 191.!> C1 Double Vertical Line alveolar lateral click 192. ʖ 193. ƻ Inverted glottal stop alveolar lateral click (superceded by 180, 1989) BB Barred two Withdrawn, ʼ ]] BC Apostrophe ejective 195. % 402a 0325 Under-ring voiceless 402b 030A Over-ring 197. %% 403 (=663, 664) 032C Subscript Wedge voiced 198. %%% Subscript Umlaut breathy voiced voiceless if character has descender) 199. $$$ Subscript Tilde creaky voiced 200. {{{{ C Subscript Seagull linguolabial 201. { A Subscript Bridge dental IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 12 of 17

13 202. {{ A Inverted Subscript Bridge apical 203. {{{ B Subscript Square laminal Subscript Right Half-ring more rounded C Subscript Left Half-ring less rounded F Subscript Plus advanced 207. _ Under-bar retracted 208. * Umlaut centralized 209. ** D Over-cross mid-centralized Advancing Sign advanced tongue root Retracting Sign retracted tongue root 212. [[[ DE Right Hook rhoticity 213. ˤ?<^ E4 Superscript reversed glottal stop pharyngealized 214. ~ Superscript Tilde nasalized 215. ]]] A Corner no audible release Superimposed tilde Velarized or pharyngealized precomposed characters) D Raising Sign raised E Lowering Sign lowered 219. $ Syllabicity Mark syllabic 220. $$ F Subscript Arch non-syllabic 221. #& Top Tie Bar affricate or double articulation C Bottom Tie Bar affricate or double articulation Subscript right hook Rhoticity (Superseded by 419, 1989) ? Open corner Release / burst (not IPA usage) 225.,, C Comma pause (not IPA usage) 226. ʻ ]]]] BB Reversed apostrophe weak aspiration (withdrawn, 1979) 227. **** Over-dot palatalization/centralization (withdrawn,1979) IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 13 of 17

14 {{{{{ D7 Minus sign retracted variety (backed) 414 or 418, 1989) D6 Plus sign advanced variety (fronted) 413 or 417, 1989) Under-dot closer variety / fricative 429, 1989) Subscript left hook palatalized (superseded by 421, 1989) B Subscript W labialized (superseded by 420, 1989) 233. ˈ } C8 Vertical Stroke (Superior) primary stress 234. ˌ }} CC Vertical Stroke (Inferior) secondary stress 235. ː : D0 Length Mark length mark 236. ˑ :: D1 Half-length Mark half-length 237. *** Breve extra-short (631, 632, 633) 002E Period syllable break 239..< C Vertical Line minor (foot) group 240..= Double vertical line (thick) major (intonation) group 241. #= F Bottom Tie Bar linking (absence of a break) 242. #>> Upward Diagonal Arrow global rise 243. #<< B Downward Diagonal Arrow Double Acute Accent (over) global fall extra high level Acute Accent (over) high level Macron mid level Grave Accent (over) low level F Double Grave Accent (over) extra low level 249. #< 517 A71C Down Arrow downstep 250. #> 518 A71B Up Arrow upstep 251. # E5 Extra-high Tone Bar extra high level 252. # E6 High Tone Bar high level IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 14 of 17

15 253. # E7 Mid Tone Bar mid level 254. # E8 Low Tone Bar low level 255. # E9 Extra-low Tone Bar extra low level C Wedge rising contour Circumflex falling contour DC # # # # # E9 02E5 02E5 02E9 02E7 02E5 02E9 02E7 02E8 02E5 02E8 Macron plus acute accent Grave accent plus macron Grave plus acute plus grave accent Rising tone letter Falling tone letter High-rising tone letter Low-rising tone letter Rising-falling tone letter Superscript arch 267. ˇ C7 Wedge; háček 268. ˆ C6 Circumflex / 02CE 0317 / 02CF high rising contour low rising contour rising-falling contour rising contour falling contour high rising contour low rising contour rising-falling contour long falling tone / advanced / palatal (not IPA usage) falling-rising tone (usage redefined,1989. See 524) rising-falling tone (usage redefined, See 525) Subscript grave accent low falling tone (superseded (1989) Subscript acute accent low rising tone (superseded, 1989) 271. ʭ AD Double bridge Bidental percussive D Balloon Unidentified segment(s) 273. * A Asterisk Placeholder symbol 274. (.) ) 002E Bracketed single period Short pause 275. (..) ) 002E 002E Bracketed double period Medium-length pause 276. (...) ) 002E 002E 002E Bracketed triple period Long pause D191 Forte Loud speech IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 15 of 17

16 Fortissimo Louder speech Piano Quiet speech D18F Pianissimo Quieter speech Allegro Fast speech Lento Slow speech Numeral one Slight degree Numeral two Moderate degree Numeral three Extreme degree Superscript bridge Dentolabial D Subscript double arrow Labial spreading A 0346 Superscript+subscript bridge Bidental articulation A Superscript slashed tilde Denasal B Superscript dotted tilde Nasal escape C Superscript double tilde Velopharyngeal friction Subscript double syllabicity mark Stronger articulation Subscript corner Weaker articulation 294. \ C Backslash Reiterated articulation E Subscript upward arrowhead Whistled articulation Down full arrow Ingressive air flow Up full arrow Egressive air flow 298. ˬ ) 02EC Left-sited subscript wedge Pre-voicing 299. ˬ 664 (=403) 02EC Right-sited subscript wedge Post-voicing Bracketed subscript wedge Partial voicing Left-bracketed subscript wedge Initial partial voicing Right-bracketed subscript wedge Final partial voicing Bracketed under-ring Partial devoicing IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 16 of 17

17 Left-bracketed under-ring Initial partial devoicing Right-bracketed underring Final partial devoicing 306. ǃǃ C3 01C3 Right-sited double exclamation point Ventricular Subscript right arrow Slurred articulation Subscript equals sign Alveolarized Superscript doublebarred H Faucalized Superscript O-E ligature Labialized: Open-rounded 311. ǃ C3 Right-sited exclamation point Harsh F Superscript equals sign Unaspirated Subscript left pointer Laterally offset to the right Subscript right pointer Laterally offset to the left [ [ 317. ] ] 318. / / 319. ( ( 320. ) ) 683 (=406) 0330 Right-sited subscript tilde Creaky B Left Square Bracket begin phonetic transcription D Right Square Bracket end phonetic transcription F Forward Slash begin/end phonemic transcription Left parenthesis indistinguishable utterance (begin) Right parenthesis indistinguishable utterance (end) 321. (( (( Left double parenthesis Sound obscured (begin) 322. )) )) Right double parenthesis Sound obscured (end) 323. { B Left brace Begin prosodic notation 324. } D Right brace End prosodic notation IPA Unicode 6.2 (ver 1.4) KMN Page 17 of 17

Sound Correspondences in the World's Languages: Online Supplementary Materials

Sound Correspondences in the World's Languages: Online Supplementary Materials Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Søren Wichmann Language, Volume 89, Number 1, March 2013, pp. s1-s76 (Article) Published by