Polish plurals again UR wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k
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1 Phonology t"#p najn wejz,- w-rld w1d bij d4fr-nt 4f 6vriw8n w-r nejmd "m-rv" 9. w8n -v -m6r4k"-z b6st-l8vd muwvijz: "m-rv k"æs4dij ænd,- s8ndæns k"4d" 8. nejmt"æ>z w1d k"8m p"rijp"r4nt-d, "h6low, maj nejm 4z m-rv" 7. >1d b6t,- væn4bij p"lejt "m-rv w8n" 4z #lr6dij t"ejk-n 6. p"#pj-l-r p"4k"8p lajn: "j-r - s6ksij w1m-n, m-rv" 5. d-r4c m4dlajf k"rajs-s, l#ts -v >ajz w1d st#rt >ow4c baj "m-rvij" 4.,- b1k -v dd6n-s4s w1d t"ijte -s,æt >#d k"rijejb-d m-rv 4n h4z own 4m-dD 3. h4t nuw f#ks rijæl4bij Eow: "m-rv m4lj-nejr" 2. m-rv >r4f4nz n4knejm w1d bij ">r4f" 1. juw6s m4l4t"6ri >ijrz 8p t"- t"#p"-l m-rd-r-s d4kt"ejb-r m-rv huwsejn
2 Polish plurals again UR wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trup klup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p kot 'cat' koti 'cats' kot trut 'labor' trudi 'labors' trud Final d becomes t nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s
3 Polish plurals again UR wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trup klup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p kot 'cat' koti 'cats' kot trut 'labor' trudi 'labors' trud Final d becomes t nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s final consonants become voiceless
4 Polish plurals again UR wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trup klup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p kot 'cat' koti 'cats' kot trut 'labor' trudi 'labors' trud Final d becomes t nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s final consonants become voiceless C --> [-voice] / #
5 Polish plurals again UR wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trup klup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s dom 'house' domi 'houses' dom Final m just sits there final consonants become voiceless? C --> [-voice] / #
6 Polish plurals again UR wuk 'bow' wuki 'bows' wuk wuk 'lye' wugi 'lyes' wug Final g becomes k trup 'corpse' trupi 'corpses' trup klup 'club' klubi 'clubs' klub Final b becomes p nos 'nose' nosi 'noses' nos grus 'rubble' gruzi 'rubbles' gruz Final z becomes s dom 'house' domi 'houses' dom Final m just sits there final obstruents become voiceless [-sonorant] --> [-voice] / #
7 Polish plurals again Polish: Final g becomes k Final b becomes p Final d becomes t Final z becomes s [-sonorant] --> [-voice] / #
8 Polish plurals again Polish: Final g becomes k Final b becomes p Final d becomes t Final z becomes s "Qolish": Final g becomes p Final b becomes s Final d becomes k Final z becomes t [-sonorant] --> [-voice] / #???????????????????
9 Polish plurals again Polish: Final g becomes k "Rolish": Final g becomes k Final b becomes p Final m becomes m" Final d becomes t Final l becomes l" Final z becomes s Final z becomes s [-sonorant] --> [-voice] / #???-->[-voice] / #
10 Phonology allows us to... make predictions about the kinds of languages we'll find (Polish, but hopefully not Qolish or Rolish)
11 Phonology allows us to... make predictions about the kinds of languages we'll find (Polish, but hopefully not Qolish or Rolish) make predictions about what kinds of words we'll find in a language (e.g., Polish can't have a word pronounced "kid")
12 Phonology allows us to... make predictions about the kinds of languages we'll find (Polish, but hopefully not Qolish or Rolish) make predictions about what kinds of words we'll find in a language (e.g., Polish can't have a word pronounced "kid") make predictions about how speakers will respond when asked about the behavior of new words (e.g., if we tell a Polish speaker "These are kidi," and ask her for the singular, she'll say "Kit")
13 What Features Are There? p b w m f v F, t d s z n l r E D j k g C G h
14 What Features Are There? bilabial p b w m labiodental f v interdental F, alveolar t d s z n l r alveopalatal E D palatal j velar k g C glottal G h
15 What Features Are There? bilabial p b w m labiodental f v interdental F, alveolar t d s z n l r alveopalatal E D palatal j velar k g C glottal G h +nasal
16 What Features Are There? bilabial p b w m labiodental interdental alveolar t d f F s v, z n l r alveopalatal palatal velar k g E D j C glottal G h +nasal +sonorant
17 What Features Are There? bilabial p b labiodental interdental alveolar t d alveopalatal palatal velar k g glottal G w m f v F, s z n l r E D j C h +nasal +continuant +sonorant
18 What Features Are There? bilabial p b labiodental interdental alveolar t d alveopalatal palatal velar k g glottal G f v F, s z E D h w m n l j C r +continuant +voice +nasal +sonorant
19 What Features Are There? bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar p alveopalatal E D palatal velar glottal b f v F, t d s z w m j k g C G h n l r +continuant +voice +nasal +sonorant +consonantal
20 What Features Are There? i 4 1 u e 6 -, 8 H o æ #
21 What Features Are There? i 4 1 u +high e 6 -, 8 H o æ #
22 What Features Are There? i 4 1 u +high e 6 -, 8 H o æ # +low
23 What Features Are There? i 4 1 u +high e 6 -, 8 H o æ # +low +front
24 What Features Are There? i 4 1 u +high e 6 -, 8 H o æ # +low +front +back
25 What Features Are There? i 4 1 u e 6 -, 8 H o æ # +high +round +low +front +back
26 What Features Are There? i 4 1 u e 6 -, 8 H o æ # +high +round +low +front +back +tense
27 What Features Are There? i 4 1 u e 6 -, 8 H o æ # +high +round +low +front +back +tense (and all of these vowels are [-consonantal, +continuant, +sonorant, +voice]...and these happen to be [-nasal])
28 Rule Ordering: Tangale 'N' 'the N' UR 'meat' loo loo-í loo 'window' bugat bugat-í bugat 'berry' tugat tugad-í tugad 'load' aduk aduk-í aduk 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í kúlug final devoicing: C--> [-voice] / #
29 Rule Ordering: Tangale 'N' 'the N' 'my N' UR 'meat' loo loo-í loo-nó loo 'window' bugat bugat-í bugad-nó bugat 'berry' tugat tugad-í tugad-nó tugad 'load' aduk aduk-í adug-nó aduk 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í kúlug-nó kúlug C--> [-voice] / # C--> [+voice] / [+nasal]
30 Rule Ordering: Tangale 'N' 'the N' 'my N' UR 'meat' loo loo-í loo-nó loo 'window' bugat bugat-í bugad-nó bugat 'berry' tugat tugad-í tugad-nó tugad 'load' aduk aduk-í adug-nó aduk 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í kúlug-nó kúlug 'tooth' wudó wud-í 'bag' lútu lút-í 'shoe' taga tag-í 'salt' duka duk-í 'spoon' kagá kag-í C--> [-voice] / # C--> [+voice] / [+nasal]
31 Rule Ordering: Tangale 'N' 'the N' 'meat' loo loo-í 'window' bugat bugat-í 'berry' tugat tugad-í 'load' aduk aduk-í 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í 'tooth' wudó wud-í 'bag' lútu lút-í 'shoe' taga tag-í 'salt' duka duk-í 'spoon' kagá kag-í 'my N' loo-nó bugad-nó tugad-nó adug-nó kúlug-nó UR loo bugat tugad aduk kúlug wudó lútu taga duka kagá C--> [-voice] / # C--> [+voice] / [+nasal] vowel drops before a suffix
32 Rule Ordering: Tangale 'N' 'the N' 'meat' loo loo-í 'window' bugat bugat-í 'berry' tugat tugad-í 'load' aduk aduk-í 'harp' kúluk kúlug-í 'tooth' wudó wud-í 'bag' lútu lút-í 'shoe' taga tag-í 'salt' duka duk-í 'spoon' kagá kag-í 'my N' loo-nó bugad-nó tugad-nó adug-nó kúlug-nó wud-nó lút-nó tag-nó duk-nó kag-nó UR loo bugat tugad aduk kúlug wudó lútu taga duka kagá C--> [-voice] / #? vowel drops before suffix C--> [+voice] / [+nasal]?
33 Rule Ordering: Tangale UR lútu-nó 'my bag' vowel drops before suffix lút-nó C--> [+voice] / [+nasal] lúd-nó UR lútu-nó C--> [+voice] / [+nasal] - vowel drops before suffix lút-nó
34 Rule Ordering: Tangale UR vowel drops before suffix C--> [+voice] / [+nasal] lútu-nó lút-nó lúd-nó 'my bag' UR C--> [+voice] / [+nasal] vowel drops before suffix lútu-nó -- lút-nó the winner!
35 Conclusions: Rules are best stated in terms of features. (i.e., not g-->k... but [-sonorant]-->[-voice]) Rules may be ordered. The Underlying Representation (UR) can be abstract.
36 Chukchee: fun with abstract URs ergative language, like Inuktitut: Inuktitut Arna -p angut takuvaa [transitive] woman ERG man-abs saw The woman saw the man Arnat mirsurput [intransitive] women-abs sew The women are sewing (ergative case for subjects of transitive clauses, absolutive case for objects of transitive clauses and subjects of intransitives)
37 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. tig tig-e 'ski' wejem wejem-e 'river' rileq rileq-e 'spine' Cileq Cileqe-te 'match' milut milute-te 'rabbit' uwequc uwequci-te 'husband'
38 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. tig tig-e 'ski' wejem wejem-e 'river' rileq rileq-e 'spine' Cileq Cileqe-te 'match' milut milute-te 'rabbit' uwequc uwequci-te 'husband' 'ergative' Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V uwequci + e --> uwequcite UR tig wejem rileq Cileqe milute uwequci -e epenthesis
39 Chukchee abs. sg. tig wejem rileq erg. tig-e wejem-e rileq-e 'ski' 'river' 'spine' UR tig wejem rileq Cileq milut uwequc Cileqe-te milute-te uwequci-te 'match' Cileqe 'rabbit' milute 'husband' uwequci 'ergative' -e Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V epenthesis uwequci + e --> uwequcite V-->Ø / # apocope uwequci --> uwequc (mysteriously, doesn't apply to erg.)
40 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. abs. pl. tig tig-e tig-$t 'ski' wejem wejem-e wejem-$t 'river' rileq rileq-e rileq-$t 'spine' Cileq Cileqe-te Cileqe-t 'match' milut milute-te milute-t 'rabbit' uwequc uwequci-te uwequci-t 'husband' 'ergative' UR tig wejem rileq Cileqe milute uwequci -e Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V V-->Ø / #
41 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. abs. pl. UR tig tig-e tig-$t 'ski' tig wejem wejem-e wejem-$t 'river' wejem rileq rileq-e rileq-$t 'spine' rileq Cileq Cileqe-te Cileqe-t 'match' Cileqe milut milute-te milute-t 'rabbit' milute uwequc uwequci-te uwequci-t 'husband' uwequci 'ergative' -e 'abs. plural' -t Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V V-->Ø / # Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C# (tig + t-->tig-$t)
42 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. abs. pl. UR imti-te imti-t 'load' ekke-te ekke-t 'son' Cileq Cileqe-te Cileqe-t 'match' Cileqe milut milute-te milute-t 'rabbit' milute uwequc uwequci-te uwequci-t 'husband' uwequci 'ergative' -e 'abs. plural' -t Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V V-->Ø / # Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C#
43 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. abs. pl. imti-te imti-t 'load' ekke-te ekke-t 'son' UR imti ekke Cileq Cileqe-te Cileqe-t 'match' milut milute-te milute-t 'rabbit' uwequc uwequci-te uwequci-t 'husband' 'ergative' 'abs. plural' Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V V-->Ø / # Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C# Cileqe milute uwequci -e -t
44 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. abs. pl. im$t imti-te imti-t 'load' ek$k ekke-te ekke-t 'son' UR imti ekke Cileq Cileqe-te Cileqe-t 'match' milut milute-te milute-t 'rabbit' uwequc uwequci-te uwequci-t 'husband' 'ergative' 'abs. plural' Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V V-->Ø / # Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C# Cileqe milute uwequci -e -t
45 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. abs. pl. im-t imti-te imti-t 'load' ek-k ekke-te ekke-t 'son' ce%$l cenle-te cenle-t 'box' wi%$r winri-te winri-t 'hoe' Cileq Cileqe-te Cileqe-t 'match' milut milute-te milute-t 'rabbit' uwequc uwequci-te uwequci-t 'husband' 'ergative' 'abs. plural' Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V V-->Ø / # Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C# UR imti ekke Cileqe milute uwequci -e -t
46 Chukchee abs. sg. erg. abs. pl. UR im-t imti-te imti-t 'load' imti ek-k ekke-te ekke-t 'son' ekke ce%$l cenle-te cenle-t 'box' ce%le wi%$r winri-te winri-t 'hoe' wi%ri Cileq Cileqe-te Cileqe-t 'match' Cileqe milut milute-te milute-t 'rabbit' milute uwequc uwequci-te uwequci-t 'husband' uwequci [velar, +nasal]-->[alveolar] / [alveolar] Ø-->[alveolar, -continuant, -voice] / V V V-->Ø / # Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C# assimilation
47 Chukchee: two morals of the story rule ordering: imti 'load' UR
48 Chukchee: two morals of the story rule ordering: imti 'load' UR imt V-->Ø / # im$t Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C# correct output
49 Chukchee: two morals of the story rule ordering: imti 'load' UR imt V-->Ø / # im$t Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C# correct output imti 'load' UR -- Ø-->[-high, -low, -front, -back...] / C C# imt V-->Ø / # incorrect output
50 Chukchee: two morals of the story rule ordering abstract underlying representations: ce%le 'box'
51 Chukchee: two morals of the story rule ordering abstract underlying representations: ce%le 'box' ce%$l 'box, abs. sg.' (apocope, schwa-epenthesis)
52 Chukchee: two morals of the story rule ordering abstract underlying representations: ce%le 'box' ce%$l 'box, abs. sg.' (apocope, schwa-epenthesis) cenle-t 'box, abs. pl.' (nasal assimilation)
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