Sound Correspondences in the World's Languages: Online Supplementary Materials

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1 Sound Correspondences in the World's Languages: Online Supplementary Materials Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Søren Wichmann Language, Volume 89, Number 1, March 2013, pp. s1-s76 (Article) Published by Linguistic Society of America DOI: For additional information about this article Accessed 24 Nov :26 GMT

2 Language 89.1, March 2013 s1 SOUND CORRESPONDENCES IN THE WORLD S LANGUAGES: ONLINE SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS CECIL H. BROWN Northern Illinois University and University of West Florida ERIC W. HOLMAN University of California, Los Angeles SØREN WICHMANN Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Application of the sound correspondence-recognition program to the ASJP database identifies 692 correspondences between nonidentical symbols. These are transcribed in ASJPcode. There are a total of 139 different symbols involved in the correspondences, including simple, modified, and compound symbols, along with *,, and Ø (the null set) counted as simple symbols. Detailed description of ASJPcode is given in 2.1 of the main article. For convenience in interpreting the phonological symbols of ASJPcode used in this supplement, Tables 1 and 2 of 2.1 of the main article, which give the description of and IPA values for simple ASJPcode symbols, are repeated here, labeled as Table S1 and Table S2. ASJPCODE SYMBOL DESCRIPTION IPA SYMBOLS p voiceless bilabial stop and fricative p, ɸ b voiced bilabial stop and fricative b, β f voiceless labiodental fricative f v voiced labiodental fricative v m bilabial nasal m w voiced bilabial-velar approximant w 8 voiceless and voiced dental fricative θ, ð 4 dental nasal n t voiceless alveolar stop t d voiced alveolar stop d s voiceless alveolar fricative s z voiced alveolar fricative z c voiceless and voiced alveolar affricate ʦ, ʣ n alveolar nasal n r voiced apico-alveolar flap and all other varieties of r-sounds ɾ, r, ʀ, ɽ l voiced alveolar lateral approximate l S voiceless postalveolar fricative ʃ Z voiced postalveolar fricative ʒ C voiceless palato-alveolar affricate ʧ j voiced palato-alveolar affricate ʤ T voiceless and voiced palatal stop c, ɟ 5 palatal nasal ɲ (Table S1. Continues)

3 s2 ASJPCODE SYMBOL DESCRIPTION IPA SYMBOLS y palatal approximant j g voiced velar stop ɡ x voiceless and voiced velar fricative x, ɣ N velar nasal ŋ q voiceless uvular stop q G voiced uvular stop ɢ X voiceless and voiced uvular fricative, voiceless and voiced χ, ʁ, ħ, ʕ pharyngeal fricative h voiceless and voiced glottal fricative h, ɦ 7 voiceless glottal stop Ɂ L all other laterals ʟ, ɭ, ʎ! all varieties of click-sounds!, ǀ, ǁ, ǂ TABLE S1. ASJPcode consonant symbols and their IPA values. ASJPCODE SYMBOL DESCRIPTION IPA SYMBOLS i high front vowel, rounded and unrounded i, ɪ, y, ʏ e mid front vowel, rounded and unrounded e, ø E low front vowel, rounded and unrounded æ, ɛ, ɶ, œ 3 high and mid central vowel, rounded and unrounded ɨ, ɘ, ǝ, ɜ, ʉ, ɵ, ʚ a low central vowel, unrounded a, ɐ u high back vowel, rounded and unrounded ɯ, u o mid and low back vowel, rounded and unrounded ɤ, ʌ, ɑ, o, ɔ, ɒ TABLE S2. ASJPcode vowel symbols and their IPA values. The 692 correspondences are presented in Appendices A and B (below), along with three properties relevant to the frequency of each correspondence. NG is the number of language genera in which the correspondence is identified. AG is the number of genera in which the two corresponding sounds are frequent enough for a correspondence between them to be identified if it is actually present. CP is the correspondence percentage, which is NG/AG, expressed as a percentage. These properties, especially CP, are described in more detail in 2.3 of the main article. Appendix A lists correspondences rank-ordered by value of NG within each of three sections. Section A1 is restricted to the 582 correspondences involving consonants. These include correspondences in which consonants are paired with consonants and in which *,, and Ø as simple symbols are paired with consonants. Section A2 is restricted to the sixty-four correspondences involving vowels. These include correspondences in which vowels are paired with vowels and with Ø. Section A3 is restricted to the fortysix correspondences in which vowels are paired with consonants and with * and.

4 s3 Appendix B presents every correspondence in which any of the 139 symbols occurs. This appendix is designed to enhance the efficiency of manual search for correspondences. Correspondence groups for consonantal symbols are listed first, ordered by the position in the oral cavity in which consonants are produced, from front to back. These are followed by groups for *,, and Ø, and then by groups for vowel symbols, rank-ordered by position, from front to back, and then by height within position rank, from high to low. Appendix C presents a matrix of CP for all pairs of the thirty-one most common simple consonants. Appendix D presents a matrix of CP for all pairs of the seven simple vowels. Appendix E presents the correlations and p-values between CP and published similarities that are summarized in 5 of the main article. Appendix F presents the matrices from Mielke 2012 that are used in 6. APPENDIX A: COMPENDIUM OF WORLDWIDE SOUND CORRESPONDENCES Appendix A lists all 692 sound correspondences produced through automation, and gives NG, CP, and AG for each correspondence. The appendix has three sections: A1, restricted to the 582 correspondences in which no vowels are involved, including correspondences in which *,, and Ø as simple symbols are paired with consonants, in addition to consonants paired with consonants; A2, restricted to the sixty-four correspondences in which no consonants are involved, including correspondences in which vowels are paired with vowels and with Ø; and A3, restricted to the forty-six correspondences in which vowels are paired with consonants and with * and. In each of these sections, correspondences are rankordered by NG from largest to smallest. Within each NG rank, correspondences are further ordered by CP from largest to smallest. Section A1: Correspondences not involving vowels Ø h l r d t g k N n Ø k S s b p h x Ø n Ø r d Ø y Ø w Ø l Ø r

5 s4 C c h s v b kh k w v k Ø t L l n c s Ø m T C f p * n y j w b th t q k z s x k Ø g h k n d y r h C s C t h p y l l n Ø s X x Ø N l d r t s t r n kh x j Z Ø x r z

6 s5 Ø d m b n m ph p t q x * N v f Ø q x g x r c t t Ø b k t h X X r T j s j z nd n y Z T d h f N h S Ø j g h r h w w p b b ng N ny ty t T Z q Ø X d T c j c

7 s6 L r nd d y z j l f b x s y Ø S h g N m h l g l g r l t sy S d d dy d Ch C ly l ny n ky k mb b X k nd t L y j C x S z d x k T j d w f C S x l x y C d h C l y k C N y

8 s7 N k h b h y r s y s n t dh d sh s dy T Nk k ly L ty d ky C X q th c Z z l th h th s x v S z Z r g T T s l z T t y T v p Ø z h c c d j t Ø f y c k S C r r w N g n

9 s8 h d g d s d y d l s h t Ø p w m y n qh kh Sy S rh r nh n dh T tr k nk k dh t n ng Ng sy s sh S b p gy g C C ky c Ng g ty y z T X mb m T z L c Z c q g y kh h h q L h Ø kh c z

10 s9 nd r j S L t kw k C z h z N x g j g c * m Ø T z t N Ø v x d l c Ø c S t m h N d C l N r g b g y d b l b r w k d m p k w n s k s k y w b T c g k N N g!! !N!n !k!

11 s10 Nw w* mbw pw kpw p kpw kw kpw mb kpw Ngw fh h mpy nc mpy my mbv mbw tx ty ndr Nk tr Nk kl tl hv f ddy T Sh sh xh x syh sy mz by mz by npl mpl d d d n d l n n nq k nq g T C !! tl d nc ns Ngw p zh d Sw f mbw p mbw Ngw mp Ngw mp mbw Sy Ch my nc

12 s11 ndr t ndr d ndr c ndr r ndr C ndr k ndr nd tr nd tr ndr kl d nx n t8 t t8 th dn n Sh s Sh S k y k Nh h c7 d Ø tx !7! nc nc xw k w xw hw mv mb pw bw dh ty dh dy hn n tn n y y lh L khy S k y C t7 k hk k fw w ns s zy c cy j Ny

13 s12 tr c w b fw f Sy C cy c cy Z mh m dh z Cy C ch Th xy h tr C dr r b v n n q gh x by j cy S dh th tr t tr d by b bh p Th Ch G x G q t q k kh k nj j mw m by d pw p mp mb dh C G k G X hw p hw h

14 s13 Nk Ng xw x ly Z dy ty my m dh y qh x b q X ry b Nk c dy Z Th th ch T Nw w Ø q d T th t Nk C dy c Th T Nw m Nk nd dy j mp p gy k py p dy z Th C C c k X k c Ø Th c c ty j Nk t Nk d Nk r Nk N ly c k C

15 s14 kh q kp p k q th ng k Ch S dy g ch c ch C Ø ng ty S gw v dy r t c c s k g ph f gw kw dy l kw q ty T dy m dy y Ø ch mb kw ty C Ø dy kh Z th L Ng N L Z t t ny m th T k k Ng k gw w Ø k Ø ty th z L T

16 s15 gw t Ø gw S nd c c L z kw f mb p X C th S th x Ø ph th kh g Z S X s L L x th C nd C g s Ø th d C Z T S kh y q r th r th l L d kw p kh s nd l h Z x z Ø th L s Z l g Z x j Ø nd

17 s16 * x L w kw t Z d Z s q t q n Ø kw Ø Z N f L n f g z g v z w S c T l l v T w T r h v d v h j x C d f z m j w j s s f j r m v j m j n r c k f m f n f t f S r g C

18 s17 x b l x w c m y S k c S n x t x n b p y C s N d C n Ø C N l N t g s g m g n l w s p d m y w k p k l l m k r r m y t t m k n Section A2: Correspondences not involving consonants a e o u e i

19 s18 o a a a E E e a i Ø a Ø i i u u i e o o e u a Ø o Ø u E i Ø e Ø o i o E E u e a* a i* i o* o Ø E u E u* u e* e o* u* * a* e* o* u Ø i* * o e* i* e* i o* a* o* E u* o

20 s19 i* e a* e * E E* i* a* E* * u E* E E* i Ø E* e* E e* a i* E i* a* E a* i* o o* e o* i o* a Ø o* Section A3: Vowel : consonant correspondences i y u w o w i l i n i j i x i N y o l e y i r i k a n i L

21 s20 * u * a x o v a v o E l o x E r a x E y E n h u i w r u N e d u h e r u l i s a w a s a r u r a y u y u n APPENDIX B: COMPENDIUM OF WORLDWIDE SOUND CORRESPONDENCES ORGANIZED FOR EFFICIENT MANUAL SEARCH Appendix B presents for each of the 139 simple and compound symbols found in correspondences produced through automation, every correspondence in which the symbol is found. Correspondence groups for consonant symbols are listed first, ordered by position in the oral cavity in which consonants are produced, from front to back. These are followed by groups for *,, and Ø, and then by groups of vowel symbols, ordered by position, from front to back, and then by height within position rank, from high to low. As in Appendix A, NG, CP, and AG are given for each correspondence. Within groups, cor-

22 s21 respondences are ordered by NG from largest to smallest, and by CP, from largest to smallest, within each NG rank. The specific order of group listing for simple symbols is: p, b, f, v, m, w, 8, 4, t, d, s, z, c, n, r, l, S, Z, C, j, T, 5, y, k, g, x, N, q, G, X, h, 7, L,!, *,, Ø, i, e, E, 3, a, u, o Compound symbols are listed within this basic order as follows (where C is any consonant and V is any vowel): C, C, Cw, Cy, Ch, mc, nc, mc, nch, etc., and V, V* Note that when the first element of a multi-element compound symbol is a nasal (m, 4, n, 5, N), then the correspondence is ordered by the second element. Thus, for example, mb is ordered by b rather than by m. There also are some other combinations, for example, kp and hv, in which the group is ordered by the second element. p b p f p h p ph p w p v p Ø p b p m p kpw p Ngw p mbw p bh p pw p hw p mp p py p kp p mb p kw p p s p k pw mbw

23 s22 pw bw pw p py p ph p ph f ph Ø mp Ngw mp mbw mp mb mp p kp p mpl npl npl mpl kpw p kpw kw kpw mb kpw Ngw b p b v b w b m b Ø b b b f b mb b h b g b d b l b w b by b ry b x b

24 s23 b b b p b w b v b bw pw by mz by mz by j by b by d bh p mb b mb m mb kpw mb mv mb mp mb kw mb p mbv mbw mbw pw mbw mbv mbw p mbw Ngw mbw mp f p f v f h f b f w f Ø f hv f Sw f fw

25 s24 f ph f kw f N f f d f s f k f m f n f t fw w fw f fh h v b v w v f v x v p v Ø v b v gw v g v l v h v d v m v o v a hv f mv mb m Ø m b m n m N m w

26 s25 m mb m * m m p m mh m mw m my m Nw m dy m ny m z m v m j m f m c m g m d m l m r m t w Ø w v w b w u w h w p w o w f w w m w r w k w fw w Nw w gw w L w z w T w j w x

27 s26 w w l w y w a w b w b w* Nw t s d l z T y t th S c Ø n t d t Ø t th t C t r t s t t c t t k t ty t l t nd t n t T

28 s27 t j t h t dh t L t z t S t ndr t t t tr t Nk t t t gw t kw t q t f t x t N t y t m t t th t c t t t8 t t8 th tn n tr k tr Nk tr nd tr ndr tr c tr C tr t tr d tl kl tl d

29 s28 ty t ty d ty y ty tx ty dh ty dy ty j ty S ty T ty C ty Ø tx ty tx Ø th t th c th h th s th t th dh th Th th t th th L th T th z th S th x th th C th d th r th l th Ø t7 k d t d r d n

30 s29 d l d Ø d T d d nd d d d dy d z d j d C d dh d ty d c d h d g d s d y d x d d b d k d 7d d tl d zh d ndr d kl d c d tr d by d Nk d th d L d Z d v d f d N d e d m d d d T

31 s30 dn n dr r dy d dy T dy dh dy ty dy Z dy c dy j dy z dy g dy r dy l dy m dy y dy Ø dh d dh T dh t dh ty dh dy dh z dh th dh C dh y nd n nd d nd t nd r nd ndr nd tr nd Nk nd c nd C nd l nd Ø

32 s31 ndr Nk ndr t ndr d ndr c ndr r ndr C ndr k ndr nd ndr tr ddy T s S s h s c s z s C s Ø s t s s x s r s y s sh s th s T s d s l s sy s n s k s Sh s ns s c s X s s kh s L s Z s j s f

33 s32 s s g s p s i s a sy S Sy S sy s sy syh syh sy sh s sh S sh Sh ns nc ns s z s z r z j z y z d z Z z S z l z Ø z z T z c z C z h z t z dh z dy z th z L z x z g

34 s33 z w z m zy c zh d c C c s c t c T c j c th c h c d c y c ky c L c Z c z c g c l c Ø c ndr c zy c tr c cy c Nk c dy c c c ly c ch c t c nd c c S c r c m c k c T

35 s34 c C c k c c c s cy j cy c cy Z cy S ch Th ch T ch c ch C ch Ø c7 d nc nc n N n Ø n n * n d n l n r n m n nd n ny n t n i n n y n nh n n s n a n 7d n 7n n nx

36 s35 n dn n hn n tn n n n q n L n j n f n S n x n E n C n g n k n u n n ny ny n ny m nh n hn n r l r d r Ø r y r t r n r z r x r X r h r L r g r s r Z r C

37 s36 r r rh r nd r N r w r i r ndr r dr r Nk r dy r q r th r T r j r c r S r E r r k r e r m r a r u ry b rh r l r l Ø l L l y l n l d l j l h l g l t l i l ly l x

38 s37 l l l z l s l c l C l b l o l 7d l dy l th l nd l Z l T l v l l E l N l w l k l m l u ly l ly L ly Z ly c lh L S s S h S Ø S sy S x S C S z S k S Sy S sh S j

39 s38 S t S Sh S khy S cy S Ch S ty S S th S Z S T S c S r S y S n Sw f Sy Ch Sy C Sh sh Sh s Sh S Z j Z y Z T Z z Z r Z c Z cy Z ly Z dy Z kh Z L Z S Z C Z h Z l Z g Z d

40 s39 Z s Z Ø C c C T C s C t C Ch C j C S C d C h C k C ky C r C C C z C l C ndr C Sy C Cy C tr C dh C Nk C Th C ch C ty C X C th C nd C Z C x C g C y C n C Ø C C C T C k y C c

41 s40 C k Cy C Ch C Ch Sy Ch Th Ch S nc mpy nc ns nc my nc nc j y j Z j T j z j Ø j c j l j C j d j t j S j g j i j cy j by j nj j dy j ty j x j h j w j s j r j m j n nj j

42 s41 T C T j T d T Z T c T k T dy T g T s T t T y T dh T T z T Ø T ddy T ch T d T Th T ty T th T L T S T l T w T r T c T C Th ch Th Ch Th th Th T Th C Th Ø n N ny y

43 s42 5 m Ny x l o y i y Ø y j y r y l y Z y z y y L y x y y N y h y s y T y c y d y n y ty y y y g y e y k y 7y y dh y dy y kh y S y E y C y w y t y a

44 s43 y u k g k Ø k kh k k q k x k h k t k ky k X k T k C k N k Nk k S k tr k nk k kw k d k w k s k y k i k g k nq k ndr k t k hk k G k gy k ng k k k Ng k f k c k p k l k r k n

45 s44 k k y k q k kh k X k c k C k q k g k k k Ø kp p kpw p kpw kw kpw mb kpw Ngw kw k kw kpw kw gw kw q kw mb kw f kw p kw t kw Ø k w xw kl tl kl d ky k ky C ky c k y k k y C kh k

46 s45 kh x kh qh kh h kh Ø kh k kh q kh Z kh g kh y kh s khy S nk k Nk k Nk ndr Nk tr Nk Ng Nk c Nk C Nk nd Nk t Nk d Nk r Nk N hk k g k g Ø g x g g h g l g r g T g N g d g gy g Ng

47 s46 g q g j g c g b g y g nq g dy g k g kh g Z g z g v g C g s g m g n g k gw v gw kw gw w gw t gw Ø gy g gy k gh x g!! ng N ng Ng ng k ng Ø Ng ng Ng g Ng Nk Ng N

48 s47 Ng k Ngw kpw Ngw p Ngw mbw Ngw mp x h x k x X x kh x Ø x q x g x r x s x S x x l x y x v x N x d x i x xh x gh x G x xw x qh x th x L x z x j x x C x x b x w x o x t x n

49 s48 x a xw k w xw hw xw x xy h xh x nx n N n N Ø N * N N ng N m N y N k N g N x N N h N r N i N N N Nk N Ng N f N d N l N t N u N N Nw w* Nw w Nw m

50 s49 Ny Nh h q k q x q Ø q q X q g q h q G q kh q k q kw q r q t q n q q k q X q Ø qh kh qh x nq k nq g G x G q G k G X X x X h X r X Ø X k X q

51 s50 X X G X q X k X C X s h Ø h x h s h k h h p h X h f h S h r h w h g h l h C h b h y h th h c h d h t h kh h q h L h z h N h fh h Nh h xy h hw h Z h v h j h h u

52 s51 hw xw hw p hw h Ø k h t g q x l y r w n X N d q b th L * f b p s u i d d d n d l n n y y L l

53 s52 L r L y L ly L c L h L t L lh L th L Z L T L z L L x L L d L s L w L n ! g! !!k !! !! !! !n!N !k! !N!n !7! * n * N * m * * u * a

54 s s i Ø h Ø a Ø i Ø o Ø u Ø e Ø Ø k Ø n Ø Ø y Ø w Ø l Ø r Ø t Ø m Ø E Ø g Ø s Ø N Ø x Ø d Ø q Ø b Ø j Ø X Ø S Ø i* Ø z Ø f Ø p Ø kh Ø T Ø v Ø c Ø tx Ø q

55 s54 Ø Th Ø ng Ø ch Ø dy Ø E* Ø k Ø ty Ø gw Ø ph Ø Ø o* Ø th Ø nd Ø kw Ø Z Ø C i e i a i Ø i i u i E i o i y i i* i l i n i e* i j i x i N i r i k i E* i i o* i i s i* i

56 s55 i* Ø i* e* i* e i* E* i* E i* i* o e a e i e E e e o e Ø e u e e* e i* e a* e y e o* e d e r e* e e* a* e* i* e* i e* E e* a E a E e E i E o E E Ø E u E o* E 3* E E* E e*

57 s56 E i* E a* E l E r E y E n E* i* E* a* E* E E* i E* Ø a i u e o Ø E * y i* L a* x h w r * * o * E * u a e a o a a E a i a Ø

58 s57 a u a a* a n a e* a o* a * a v a x a w a s a r a y a* a a* e* a* o* a* e a* E* a* E a* u o u u i u a u Ø u e u E u w u u* u o* u 3* u * u u N u h u l u r u y u n

59 s58 u* u u* o* u* o o u o a o o e o Ø o i o E o o* o w o 3* o u* o l o i* o v o o x o* o o* u* o* u o* a* o* E o* e o* i o* a o* Ø

60 s59 APPENDIX C: CORRESPONDENCE PERCENTAGE (CP) MATRIX FOR THIRTY-ONE ASJPCODE SIMPLE CONSONANTS p b f v m w 8 t d s z c n r l p b f v m w t d s z c n r l S Z C j T y k g x N q X h L

61 s60 S Z C j T 5 y k g x N q X h 7 L S Z 1.96 C j T y k g x N q X h L APPENDIX D: CORRESPONDENCE PERCENTAGE (CP) MATRIX FOR SEVEN ASJPCODE SIMPLE VOWELS i e E 3 a u i e E a u o

62 s61 APPENDIX E: COMPARISON OF THE CORRESPONDENCE PERCENTAGE MATRIX WITH MATRICES BASED ON OTHER MEASURES OF SOUND SIMILARITY Appendix E provides the correlations between the correspondence percentage matrix and the published similarity matrices described in 5, for the thirteen consonants shared by all of the matrices. Each row compares a published similarity matrix with the correspondence percentage matrix. The published matrices are identified by the first author of the study followed by the number of the table in the original publication. For each matrix, the table gives the value of Goodman-Kruskal gamma and the p-value from a Mantel test of significance. MATRIX GAMMA p-value PERCEPTUAL CONFUSIONS Miller < Miller Miller Miller Miller < Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller < Miller < Miller < Miller Phatak < Phatak < Phatak < Phatak < Phatak < Phatak < Phatak < Phatak < Smits 4 upper 0.34 < Smits 4 lower

63 s62 Cutler Cutler < Cutler < Cutler < RATINGS AND JUDGMENTS OF SIMILARITY Singh exp < Singh exp Singh exp < Black exp Black exp SPEECH ERRORS Goldstein 0.39 < Shattuck-H 0.54 < Jaeger 0.33 < PUNS Sobkowiak 0.42 < CONFUSIONS IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY Wickelgren exp < Wickelgren exp < 0.001

64 s63 APPENDIX F: PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL MATRICES BASED ON DATA DESCRIBED BY MIELKE (2012) Appendix F provides, with the generous permission of Jeff Mielke, his matrices for the twenty-eight consonants and seven vowels that are correlated with correspondence percentages in 6. For each property, the consonant matrix is followed by the vowel matrix. The matrices contain distances, which were converted to similarities by subtraction from a constant. Nasal airflow p b f v m w t d s p b f v m w t d s z c n r l S Z C j T y k g x N h L

65 s64 z c n r l S Z C j z c n r l S Z C j T y k g x N h L T 5 y k g x N h 7 T y k g x N h L i e E 3 a u i e E a u o

66 s65 Oral airflow p b f v m w t d s p b f v m w t d s z c n r l S Z C j T y k g x N h L

67 s66 z c n r l S Z C j z c n r l S Z C j T y k g x N h L T 5 y k g x N h 7 T y k g x N h L i e E 3 a u i e E a u o