Overview of Liulin portable devices High Altitude and Latitude ground based and Air/Space Applications

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1 Overview of Liulin portable devices High Altitude and Latitude ground based and Air/Space Applications Tsvetan DACHEV, Borislav TOMOV, Yury MATVIICHUK, Plamen DIMITROV Solar-Terrestrial Influences Laboratory Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria

2 Outlook Introduction Liulin type spectrometers Calibration results Space experiments In-flight Inter-calibrations with other instruments Short term and unique In-flight flight results Long term flights on CSA airline Boeing A aircraft Ground-level event (GLE60) on in- flight results Comparison of data from aircrafts and ISS & Forbush decrease study Who is using Liulin type spectrometers and where? Conclusions Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

3 Introduction Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

The Solar-Terrestrial influences are part of

4 The Solar-Terrestrial influences are part of the International Living with a Star Program (ILWS) (A New Collaborative Space Program in Solar, Heliospheric and Solar Terrestrial Physics) ://ilws.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

5 Candidate missions in ILWS Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

6 Relations of ILWS Mission: Stimulate, strengthen and coordinate space research to understand the governing processes of the connected Sun-Earth system as an integrated entity Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

7 Cycle of the solar activity Dynamics of a solar flare Solar plasma flow Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

8 The solar minimum is expected in December 2006 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

9 Coronal mass ejection (CMI) The mass of the matter can be as high as 1 billion tons! CME start with a blast on the Sun CME as seen by SOHO CME as seen from the Earth Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Magnetospheric effects during a magnetic

10 Magnetospheric effects during a magnetic storm Some sub sequential phases in a magnetic storm Saturn aurora Jupiter aurora Earth aurora Auroras are the most beautiful effect of the magnetic storms Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

11 Magnetic storm effects on the Earth Power blackouts Radiocommunication problems Higher pipe corrosion Noise in media! Less accuracy in the navigation Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

12 Van Allen Belts Protons Electrons Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Solar Energetic Particles Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are atoms that are

They move away from the Sun due to plasma heating, acceleration, and numerous other

Flares frequently inject large amounts of energetic nuclei into space, and the

13 Solar Energetic Particles Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are atoms that are associated with solar flares. SEPs are a type of cosmic ray. They move away from the Sun due to plasma heating, acceleration, and numerous other forces. Flares frequently inject large amounts of energetic nuclei into space, and the composition varies from flare to flare. On the scale of cosmic radiation, SEPs have relatively low energies. SEP have to be more than 1 GeV to penetrate to sea level Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Remnant of Supernova 1987 Galactic Cosmic Rays Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) come from outside the solar system but b

GCRs are atomic nuclei from which all of the surrounding electrons have been stripped away a during their high-speed passage

They have been accelerated within the last few million years, and have travelled d many times across the galaxy, trapped by

14 Remnant of Supernova 1987 Galactic Cosmic Rays Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) come from outside the solar system but b generally from within our Milky Way galaxy. GCRs are atomic nuclei from which all of the surrounding electrons have been stripped away a during their high-speed passage through the galaxy. They have been accelerated within the last few million years, and have travelled d many times across the galaxy, trapped by the galactic magnetic field. GCRs have been accelerated to nearly the speed of light, probably by supernova remnants. Crab Nebula The image on the right is the EGRET gamma ray all-sky survey. Some GCRs interact with the interstellar medium and produce gamma rays. Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

15 Globally averaged adjusted low cloud cover and Solar activity Clear view of low cloud Normalised solar irradiance GCR Marsh and Svensmark, 2003 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Years Spiral Arm crossing 140 Mill Years *Shaviv (2002)

16 Cosmic rays and Spriral Arm Crossings* Cosmic ray intensity Largest in spiral arms Galaxtic year Ca. 240 Mill. Years Spiral Arm crossing 140 Mill Years *Shaviv (2002) Overview of Liulin... Svensmark, 2004 Sofia, 28 February /106 16/106

17 Particles from space seems to influence Earths climate, ranging from years to 10 9 years. As result the history of the whole Milky Way could be of importance in the evolution of the Earth It is not suggested that it is the only cause of climate change. How can such a minute energy input affect the atmosphere? What is needed is a physical mechanism A link could be via clouds? A microphysical mechanism involving aerosol formation? Understanding the cosmic ray climate link could have large implications in our understanding of climate changes. Svensmark, 2004 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

18 What Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays are producing? Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Why space radiation monitoring on near Earth orbits and on aircraft altitudes is important?

Single Event Upsets on the SEASTAR flight data recorder at 705 km altitude clearly show the location of trapped

Altitude Autopilot SEUs 80 60 40 20 0 0-20 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000-40 Bone marrow cells are damaged by

19 Why space radiation monitoring on near Earth orbits and on aircraft altitudes is important? X-Ray track Human body damages Heavy-Ion track DNA damages by different kind of radiations Electronics damages Single Event Upsets on the SEASTAR flight data recorder at 705 km altitude clearly show the location of trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly,, by Janet L. Barth Latitude (Degrees) Latitude vs. Altitude Autopilot SEUs Bone marrow cells are damaged by radiation and Single Event Upsets Observed in Autopilot in stop to produce erythrocytes Boeing Commercial Aircraft Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February / Altitude (Feet)

20 Liulin type spectrometers Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

21 First Liulin dosimeter-radiometer radiometer was successfully flown on Mir space station between 1988 and 1994 Detector Block: Size: 40x100x160mm Weight: 0.49 kg Control Block: Size: 300x220x170 mm Weight: 10.5 kg Detector Unit Display Microcomputer Unit Charge sensitive preamplifiershaper A225 2cm 2, mm Surface Barrier Detector Amplifier Discriminator Analog Switch Amplifier Integrator Voltage to Frequency Converter Fluence Dose Microcomputer 65C02 Telemetry RS232 Uref. Display Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Liulin-3 3 and Liulin-3M instruments Liulin-3 DIMENSIONS: Weight: 480 g Size: 150x80x50 mm Liulin-3 2 detector telescope (1995) Liulin-3M, prepared with GSFC-NASA, 1997 Flown on

22 Liulin-3 3 and Liulin-3M instruments Liulin-3 DIMENSIONS: Weight: 480 g Size: 150x80x50 mm Liulin-3 2 detector telescope (1995) Liulin-3M, prepared with GSFC-NASA, 1997 Flown on aircrafts and Antarctida balloon Proton tests at Indiana University cyclotron facility, 1995 Sofia-NY flight data by Liulin-3M, June 16, 1997 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

093 ngy 1.56 mgy; - Flux range: - 0.01-1250 part/cm 2 s; - Energy loss range: - 0.0407 20.83 MeV; - Pulse height analysis range: - 19.5 mv 5.

23 External view of MDU Liulin-4 4 Mobile Dosimetry Unit (MDU) flown on ISS, 2001 Detector + preamplifier Internal view of MDU Electronics Battery compartment -Size 100x64x24 mm; -Total mass (including 0.08 kg battery pack): 0.23 kg. - Operation time 5 days SPECIFICATIONS OF MDU - Dose range: ngy 1.56 mgy; - Flux range: part/cm 2 s; - Energy loss range: MeV; - Pulse height analysis range: mv 5.0 V; - LET range: kev/μ; - Temperature range: 0 C C; - Power consumption: typically 72 mw; Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Mobile Dosimetry Unit (MDU) Liulin Control And Interface Unit (CIU) Dosimetric

24 Liulin-E094 instrument, flown successfully on American Laboratory module May-August 2001 as a part of German lead Dosimetric mapping experiment Liulin Mobile Dosimetry Unit (MDU) Liulin Control And Interface Unit (CIU) Dosimetric mapping instruments DOSTEL Pille Liulin- E094 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

The spectrometer is mutually developed with the University in Erlangen, Germany 256 Channels LET spectrometer Biopan-4

25 R3D-B1 instrument for ESA Biopan-4 4 facility outside of Foton M1 satellite. On 16 October 2002 it was unsuccessfully launched. The mission was repeated in June The spectrometer is mutually developed with the University in Erlangen, Germany 256 Channels LET spectrometer Biopan-4 4 Facility UV-C channel UV-B channel UV-A channel PAR channel R3D-B B DIMENSIONS: Weight: : 1291 g Size: 82x57x25 mm Consumption: 84 mw Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

current crew in the beginning of 2006 MDU Liulin-ISS dimensions: Weight: 229 g incl.

26 Liulin-ISS Instrument was launched in September 2005 to the Russian Segment of ISS. It is a part of Russian segment service dosimetric system and will be activated by the current crew in the beginning of 2006 MDU Liulin-ISS dimensions: Weight: 229 g incl. 80 g battery Size: 110x80x25 mm Consumption: 84 mw Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

channel UV-A channel UV-B channel Flight unit mounted in the EXPOSE facility (May 2003) UV-C channel R3D DIMENSIONS: Weight:

27 The R3D spectrometer is mutually developed with the University in Erlangen, Germany and is expected to be launched first to Russian segment of ISS in 2006 and next to ESA Columbus module in 2008 EXPOSE 256 Channels LET spectrometer Columbus PAR channel UV-A channel UV-B channel Flight unit mounted in the EXPOSE facility (May 2003) UV-C channel R3D DIMENSIONS: Weight: : 1891 g Size: 76x76x36 mm Consumption: 120 mw Vibration tests in ESA May, 2003 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Liulin-spectrometers for monitoring of the space radiation at aircraft

Li-Ion primary batteries More than 30 days independent multi session use on

session use on commercial aircrafts with rechargeable Liulin spectrometer with

batteries batteries Weight: 320 g* Size: 100x100x50 x50 mm SPECIFICATIONS: -

01-1250 part/cm 2 s; Weight: 280 g* Size: 95x8 x85x55 x55 mm *With the

typically 52 mw Weight: 120 g* Weight: 110 g Size: 104x40x20 mm Size: 85x52x35

28 Liulin-spectrometers for monitoring of the space radiation at aircraft altitudes More than 100 days independent use on commercial aircrafts with Li-Ion primary batteries More than 30 days independent multi session use on commercial aircrafts with rechargeable More than 50 hours independent multi session use on commercial aircrafts with rechargeable Liulin spectrometer with GPS receiver for 3D and time positioning on aircrafts with 28 DC power supply batteries batteries Weight: 320 g* Size: 100x100x50 x50 mm SPECIFICATIONS: - Dose rate: ngy 1.56 mgy; - Flux range: part/cm 2 s; Weight: 280 g* Size: 95x8 x85x55 x55 mm *With the batteries inside - Temperature range: 0 C C; - Power consumption: typically 52 mw Weight: 120 g* Weight: 110 g Size: 104x40x20 mm Size: 85x52x35 mm 6 Liulin instruments at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory tests held on September 2004 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

29 2 WEB based Liulin spectrometers was delivered and now are working at ALOMAR observatory, Norway (69 0 N) and at Jungfraujoch (3475 m asl), Swtzerland Master processor Weight: 140 g Size: 84x40x40 mm Cons.: 200 ma, 12 VDC Internet module Slave processor and detector Overview of Liulin... Internet page view Sofia, 28 February /106

Liulin-6U instrument for NASA DSTB mission MDU-1 MDU-2

+28 V DC 100 ma Balloon (DSTB PC) MDU-4 +8 V DC 15 ma DU

mw CIUM DIMENSIONS: Weight: 210 g Size: 155x60x20 mm

30 Liulin-6U instrument for NASA DSTB mission MDU-1 MDU-2 MDU-3 +8 V DC 15 ma +8 V DC 15 ma +8 V DC 15 ma CIUM RS V DC 100 ma Balloon (DSTB PC) MDU-4 +8 V DC 15 ma DU DIMENSIONS: Weight: 65 g Size: 90x40x20 mm Consumption: 50 mw CIUM DIMENSIONS: Weight: 210 g Size: 155x60x20 mm Consumption: 90 mw Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Last modifications USB port Liulin-6SP for the fleet of IBERIA airlines Liulin-6MB for BEOBAL project

pack Aircraft (Power Supply) 0 V DC 12-35 V DC GPS antenna Insulated DC/DC Converter Green GPS LED

3 mm Preamplifier GPS receiver Discriminator GPS MCU Master MCU PC USB port 12 bit ADC Red Alarm LED

31 Last modifications USB port Liulin-6SP for the fleet of IBERIA airlines Liulin-6MB for BEOBAL project On/Off switch Rechargeable Battery package (PowerSupply) Green Power LED GPS antenna Liulin-4SA Battery pack Aircraft (Power Supply) 0 V DC V DC GPS antenna Insulated DC/DC Converter Green GPS LED Power manage system Red Status LED Detector 2 cm mm Preamplifier GPS receiver Discriminator GPS MCU Master MCU PC USB port 12 bit ADC Red Alarm LED and sound Dysplay Slave MCU 1 MB Flash Memory Liulin-4SA for University of NSV, Sydney Overview of Liulin... Display and GPS receiver Sofia, 28 February /106

32 Examples of Windows Environment Software Initialization screenshot of 4 slot CIU with 4 MDUs Initialization screenshot Quick look graph of ET spectrogram List of dose and flux data Quick look graph of dose and Quick look graph of spectra flux data Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

33 Usual block-diagram of the Dosimetry Unit Silicon Detector 2 cm 2 ; 0.3 mm Lithium-Ion Batteries or External Power Suply Clock-Calendar Charge sensitive preamplifier Discriminator Microcontroller Master Microcontroler Port 12 bit Analog to digital converter SRAM 512 b Flash memory 1024 kb Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

34 MDU calibration curves obtained by Dr. Uchihori at different NIRS sources ADC Ch Y=X* Ne(400) 50 He C(400) p Deposit Energy (kev) Comparison between predicted (dotted line) and obtained (points) deposited energies Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

35 Calibration results Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

36 MDU spectra from different sources and conditions Counts per channel 1E+7 1E+6 1E+5 1E+4 1E+3 1E+2 Background at m. alt. X rays Alpha part. 90^Sr 137^Cs Protons 60 MeV 1E+1 1E Deposited energy (MeV) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

37 Some Louvain-la la-neuve,, Belgium cyclotron facility proton calibration results ( ) Liulin 6 Counts GEANT 30 Liulin 30 GEANT 60 Liulin 60 GEANT 75 Liulin 75 GEANT Energy lost (MeV) GEANT Tables Liulin Energy lost (MeV) Incident energy (MeV) Theoretical and experimental deposited energy spectra recorded by Liulin spectrometer for 7.8 MeV proton irradiation at different incidence angles "Bethe-Bloch" Bloch" behavior of Liulin experimental data at normal incidence (red crosses) versus energy. The blue squares refer to Ziegler and Williamson estimations while the continuous green line is the prediction of GEANT Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

38 Some Louvain-la la-neuve,, Belgium cyclotron facility proton calibration results ( ) 1E+5 1E li1 60 MeV proton beam 0.2 mm Al shield MeV GEANT 12.6 MeV Ziegler 12.6 MeV Liulin Counts per chanel 1E+3 1E Energy loss (MeV) E+1 60 MeV GEANT 60 MeV Ziegler 60 MeV Liulin 1E Energy loss (MeV) Incidence angles (degree) Experimentally obtained energy spectra recorded by Liulin spectrometer for 60 MeV proton irradiation at different incidence angles Comparison between theoretical and experimental places of the maxima of the deposited energies recorded by Liulin spectrometer for 12.6 and 60 MeV proton irradiation at different incidence angles Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

39 HIMAC experiment setup Theta stage SC PSD Instrument XZ stage Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

40 NIRS cyclotron experimental results* Protons 40 MeV MDU data acquisition system efficiency Uchihori, Y., et all, Analysis of the calibration results obtained with Liulin-4J spectrometer- dosimeter on protons and heavy ions, Radiation Measurements, 35, , 134, Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

41 HIMAC experimental results History of the irradiation of the MDU#8 with Carbon ions with different angles Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

42 HIMAC experimental results 2 Carbon ions 400 MeV 1E+4 Counts 1E+3 1E+2 1E+1 1E+0 Boron at 3.9 Polyacryl Target with 2 mm thickness Carbon at 5.6 MDU at 1.8 deg from the beam Nitrogen at 7.6 Oxygen at 10.0 Fluorine at 12.7 Neon at 15.6 Natrium at E Deposited Energy (MeV) RRMD-III data Fragmentation of Acryl target by 500 MeV/u Iron ions beam. The MDU is at 1.5 degree from the beam line direction Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

43 Comparison of the spectra obtained during the calibrations at Chiba, Japan (February, 2002) with 400 MeV/u Carbon ions by the 4 MDUs of Liulin-E094 and DOSTEL-1 1 instrument build by Kiel University, Germany units The deposited energies in 300 µm m thick silicon detector from 400 MeV carbon ions were estimated using a computer calculation (Salamon( Salamon,, 1980), to be ~6.1 MeV in the silicon detector (Uchihori et al, 2002) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

44 Comparisons with more instruments (Uchihori, Y., WRMISS, Vienna, September 2004) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Comparison of experimentally measured energy deposition spectrum with Landau and Vavilov theoretical distributions MDU-301 Landau distribution, Helium 150 MeV/n 16.02.

45 Comparison of experimentally measured energy deposition spectrum with Landau and Vavilov theoretical distributions MDU-301 Landau distribution, Helium 150 MeV/n MDU-301 Vavilov distribution, Helium 150 MeV/n The calculations indicated that the difference doesn t t exceed 3% (Benghin, V., et all, WRMISS, Vienna, September 2004.) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

46 Relative dose distributions in different on-earth fields as obtained by F. Spurny Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

47 Relative dose distributions in different on-earth fields and on balloons and aircrafts as obtained by F. Spurny Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

48 In-flight Inter-calibrations with other instruments Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

49 Liulin-4SN comparisons with TEPC data during aircraft experiments performed by Royal College, Canada* Absorbed Dose per Interval (μgy/20 min) LIULIN TEPC Altitude Elapsed Flight Time (min) Altitude (ft) D TEPC (μgy) D LIULIN (μgy) *Bennett, L.G.I; Lewis, B.J.; Kitching,, F.; Green, A.R.; Butler, A., An Empirical Approach to the Measurement of the Cosmic Radiation Field at Jet Aircraft Altitudes, COSPAR04-A-01135, 01135, Presented at 35th COSPAR Assembly, Paris, July Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

50 Comparison between Liulin MDUs and NASA TEPC at ISS* 1E+1 Dose Rate (ugy/min) 1E+0 1E-1 MDU#1 MDU#2 MDU#3 MDU#4 Specific Dose (ngy/part) TEPC TEPC SD 1E-2 MDU#4 SD 19:37:30 19:42:30 19:47:30 19:52:30 19:57:30 20:02:30 UT (HH:MM:SS) *Dachev, T.; Atwell, W.; Semones,, E.; Tomov, B.; Reddell, B. ISS Observations of the Trapped Proton Anisotropic Effect: A Comparison with Model Calculations, paper F , 04, presented at 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Paris, France July (will be published in ASR, 2005) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

51 Space experiments Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

5 kg Detector Unit Display Microcomputer Unit Charge sensitive preamplifiershaper A225 2cm 2, 0.

52 First Liulin dosimeter-radiometer radiometer was successfully flown on Mir space station between 1988 and 1994 Detector Block: Size: 40x100x160mm Weight: 0.49 kg Control Block: Size: 300x220x170 mm Weight: 10.5 kg Detector Unit Display Microcomputer Unit Charge sensitive preamplifiershaper A225 2cm 2, mm Surface Barrier Detector Amplifier Discriminator Analog Switch Amplifier Integrator Voltage to Frequency Converter Fluence Dose Microcomputer 65C02 Telemetry RS232 Uref. Display Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

53 50.00 Global variations of the LIULIN flux data for 1991 in comparison with the altitude of MIR space station LIULIN MIR FLUX DATA FOR 1991 LIULIN MIR ALTITUDE VARIATIONS FOR km km km km GEOGRAPHIC LATITUDE (deg) Flux (cm^-2 s^-1) GEOGRAPHIC LATITUDE (deg) km km km km km km Altitude (km) km km GEOGRAPHIC LONGITUDE (deg) GEOGRAPHIC LONGITUDE (deg) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

54 3D Curve fitting of the SAA region for September ( km) and November ( km) 1991 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

55 Liulin-E094 instrument, flown successfully on American Laboratory module May-August 2001 as a part of German lead Dosimetric mapping experiment Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Ascending/descending spectra comparison for MDU#2 on ISS in

MeV 2-50 MeV Ascending Total Deposited energy in channel N (MeV)

36 L=1.38/1.134 L=1.37/1.38 L=1.57/1.54 Ascending Descending L=1.

56 Ascending/descending spectra comparison for MDU#2 on ISS in May 2001 time interval Descending MeV MeV 2-50 MeV Ascending Total Deposited energy in channel N (MeV) L=1.24/1.22 L=1.32/1.32 L=1.37/1.36 L=1.38/1.134 L=1.37/1.38 L=1.57/1.54 Ascending Descending L=1.54/1.52 L=1.68/1.167 L=1.75/ Deposited energy in channel N (MeV) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Model Predictions AP-8 MAX and AE-8 MAX Summary of SAA observations on ISS in 2001 Latitude (deg) ISS, +XVV attitude Liulin-E094, MDU-2 11-27 May 2001-180 -150-120 -90-60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

57 Model Predictions AP-8 MAX and AE-8 MAX Summary of SAA observations on ISS in 2001 Latitude (deg) ISS, +XVV attitude Liulin-E094, MDU May Longitude (deg) D/F (ngy.cm^2/part.) Brems.?, (counts) Dose (ugy/hour) Flux (cm^-2s^-1) Protons? (counts) Latitude (deg) Longitude (deg) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February / Summary plot of SAA phenomena Brems.? (counts) D/F (ngy.cm^2/p.) Prot.? (counts)

R3D-B2 instrument for ESA Biopan-5 5 facility outside of Foton M2 satellite. On June 16 2005 it was successfully returned after 2 weeks in space. The mission will be repeated in 2007.

58 R3D-B2 instrument for ESA Biopan-5 5 facility outside of Foton M2 satellite. On June it was successfully returned after 2 weeks in space. The mission will be repeated in The spectrometer is mutually developed with the University in Erlangen, Germany Detector of 256 Channels LET spectrometer 4 Channels UV spectrometer UV-C channel UV-B channel UV-A channel PAR channel Size: 82x57x25 mm Weight: : 1291 g Consumption: 84 mw Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

59 Soyuz-U U launcher and Foton M spacecraft Foton М1 Foton М components Re-entry entry Module of Foton М2, 16 June 2005 Soyuz-U Launch of Foton М2, 31 May 2005 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106 Biopan 5

60 Biopan 5 platform on Foton M2 Biopan 5 during tests, December 2004 R3D-B(1) in Biopan 4 Biopan 4 after the crash Biopan 3 before the flight R3D-B2 Biopan 3 after Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106 the flight

flight Orbital data Low Resolution High Resolution

61 All available UV and temperature data in the flash memory of R3D-B2 Temperature UV and PAR Before the flight Orbital data Low Resolution High Resolution Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

62 All available ionization radiation (doses and fluxes) data in the flash memory of R3D-B2 R3D-B2 60 sec exposition Aircraft flights Orbital data Inside of Foton M2 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

63 Comparison of the R3D-B2 and Liulin-E094 mean daily doses with (Johnson et al, 1993) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Comparison of R3D-B2 global data distribution with AE-8 8 Min and AP-8 8 Min models Latitude (deg) 60 40 20 0-20 -40 R3D-B2 flux distribution data -60-180 -150-120 -90-60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

64 Comparison of R3D-B2 global data distribution with AE-8 8 Min and AP-8 8 Min models Latitude (deg) R3D-B2 flux distribution data Flux (cm^-2 s^-1) R3D-B2 data Models data About 10 degree westward movement of the SAA center R3D-B2 data toward the models is seen, because of the century drift of the magnetic poles (Models are based on data) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

3 more experiments are under development Liulin-R R instrument for ESA-Norwegian rocket Launch in February 2007 Rocket launch up to 280 km from Andoya, Norway (69.

65 3 more experiments are under development Liulin-R R instrument for ESA-Norwegian rocket Launch in February 2007 Rocket launch up to 280 km from Andoya, Norway (69.3 N) Weight: 120 g Size: 76x86x25 mm Consumption: 120 mw RADOM instrument for Indian Chandrayaan-1 satellite 2007/2008 Satellite at 100 km over the Moon surface for 2 years Weight: 120 g Size: 76x86x25 mm Consumption: 120 mw Liulin-F F instrument for Russian Phobos- Ground satellite 2009/2011 Satellite at 100 km over the Phobos surface for 2 years Weight: 400 g Size: 100x100x50 mm Consumption: 520 mw Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

66 Results from aircraft and groundbased Liulin type spectrometers Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

67 Comparison of Liulin-R R and Liulin-6I data with Neutron monitors data during the Forbush decrease in September 2005 Corrected Counts Counts Oulu NM data Liulin-R data Day of September 2005 ALOMAR observatory ( (Jungfraujoch data are obtained by Prof. E. Flueckiger, Switzerland) Jungfraujoch ( /) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

68 Short term and unique In-flight results Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

69 Flight time dose and flux dynamics 1E+1 Sofia-Frankfurt Flux (cm^-2 s^-1) 1E+0 1E-1 Point 1 Point 3 1E+4 Point 1 (X rays) Point 2 Point 2 (Backgound) 1E-2 MDU 2 1E+3 Point 3 (At m) Dose (ugy/hour) 1E+1 1E+0 MDU 3 MDU 4 Counts per channel 1E+2 1E+1 1E Time (Hours) 1E Deposited energy (MeV) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

70 First aircraft results* Liulin-3M, prepared for GSFC-NASA, 1997 Flown on Antarctida balloon Sofia-NY flight data by Liulin-3M, June 16, 1997 Dachev, Ts.P., E.G. Stassinopoulos,, B.T. Tomov, Pl.G.. Dimitrov, Yu.N. Matviichuk, V.A. Shurshakov, V.M. Petrov, Analysis Of The Cyclotron Facility Calibration And Aircraft Results Obtained By LIULIN-3M Instrument, Adv. Space Res., vol. 32, No 1, pp , 71, Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

71 Balloon results obtained on 14th June Balloon was launched from Gap (France). * Baloon flight, June Flight altitude, feet flight altitude, feet E-rate (CARI6) D(Si) LIULIN 6 3 Dose rates, Sv(Gy)/hour Time of flight, hours *F. Spurny, Ts. Dachev, B. Tomov, Yu. Matviichuk, Pl. Dimitrov, K. Fujitaka, Y. Uchihori, H. Kitamura, Dosimetry Measurements During a Balloon and Aircraft Flights Proceedings of 7th STIL-BAS conference, , 173, Sofia, November, Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

72 Flight over the magnetic equator - Paris-Buenos Buenos-Aires 9,0 PAR BUE 27/03/04 15 Htot Hlow 7,2 Hhigh Altitude CARI-E 12 H,(E) rates, Sv/h 5,4 3,6 9 6 Altitude, km 1,8 3 0, Flight time, h 0 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

73 Results from NASA ER-2 2 high altitude aircraft flights obtained by Uchihori et all* *Uchihori Y, Benton E, Moeller J, Bendrick G., Radiation measurements aboard NASA ER-2 2 high altitude aircraft with the Liulin-4J portable spectrometer, Adv Space Res., 32(1), Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

NASA Deep Space Test Bed (DSTB) balloon certificationc flight on June 11 2005, New

74 NASA Deep Space Test Bed (DSTB) balloon certificationc flight on June , New Mexico, USA Gondola Liulins Data Balloon 2 of 3 Liulin Mobile Dosimetry Units (Liulin data were obtained by Dr. E. Benton, USA and presented at a Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February / th WRMISS meeting, Chiba, Japan, September 2005.)

75 Last results 1: Sydney-Los Angelis February Syd-Lax QF107 8th Feb 2006 FH41B H*(10) 'A' = 31 MicroSv; 'B' = 29 MicroSv ; Liulin H*(10) = MicroSv ; BD 100R = 10.6 MicroSv Dose MicroSieverts/hr :55 02:14 02:33 02:52 03:11 03:31 03:50 04:09 04:28 04:47 05:07 05:26 05:45 06:04 06:23 06:43 07:02 07:21 07:40 07:59 08:19 08:38 08:57 09:16 09:35 09:55 10:14 10:33 10:52 11:11 11:31 11:50 12:09 12:28 12:47 13:07 13:26 13:45 14:04 14:23 14:43 15: Time (UTC) Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

76 Last results 2: Johannesburg-Sydney February Jbg-Syd QF64 23rd Feb 2006 FH41B H8(10) = 40 MicroSv; FH41B (Correct'd) H*(10)= MicroSv; Liulin 4SA (linear) H*(10)= MicroSv; Liulin4SA (Poly) H*(10) = MicroSv; Liulin (Measured)= MicroGy; BD100R = 18 Neutrons Dose Rate MicroSv/hr and Gy/hr : :53 17:18 17:44 18:10 18:35 19:01 19:26 19:52 20:18 20:43 21:09 21:34 22:00 22:26 Time (UTC) 22:51 23:17 23:42 00:08 00:34 00:59 01:25 01:50 02:16 02:42 03:07 03:33 Measured FH41B H*(10) Correct'd FH$!B H*(10) Liulin 4SA Linear H*(10)MicrSv/hr Liulin 4SA Poly H*(10)MicroSv/hr Liulin 4SA MicroGy/hr CARI 6 H*(10) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

77 Long term flights on CSA airline Boeing A aircraft Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Flight doses and fluxes on CSA aircraft between 22 March and 7 May 2001 01

78 Flight doses and fluxes on CSA aircraft between 22 March and 7 May compared with Oulu NM data Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

79 Mean doses and fluxes long term variations including Forbush decreases and GLE#60 as seen by Liulin data on CSA aircraft Prague New-York routes, 22 March 7 May Mean Event rate (cm^-2 s^-1) Mean Dose rate (ugy/hour) NM counts Dose Event Rate 1 April 15 April 30 April Day in Oulu NM corrected Count rate (counts) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

80 Flight doses and fluxes on CSA aircraft between 30 May and 24 July compared with Oulu NM data Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

81 Mean doses and fluxes long term variations including end of Forbush decrease as seen by Liulin data on CSA aircraft Prague New-York routes, 30 May 24 July 2001 Mean Event Rate (cm^-2 s^-1) Mean Dose Rate (ugy/hour) Oulu NM counts Event Rate 2.4 Dose May 24 June 4 July 24 July Oulu NM corrected Count Rate (counts) Day in 2001 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

82 Altitudinal dependence by aircraft data 3 Dose rate (ugy/hour) Altitude (m) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

83 MDU interpretation procedure 1) Dose in Si is calculated as: D = K * (Ei x Ai)/MD, where MD mass of the detector; Ei energy loss in the channel i; Ai events number in the channel i; K coefficient Relative dose 1 0,1 0,01 0,001 Dose distribution comparison CERN TC balloon Osaka-Zurich gam m a 2) Ambient dose equivalent (H*(10) is calculated as: D(Si) ) above 1 MeV (Dhigh( Dhigh) - neutron component D(Si) below 1 MeV - (Dlow ) non-neutron neutron component Dlow and Dhigh multiplied by a coefficient to get H*(10)high Coefficients established in CERN Reference fields and/or on the base of comparison with TEPC results 0,0001 0, ,1 Relative dose 0,01 0, E dep, M ev Dose distribution comparison CERN TC 252Cf gamma 0,0001 *Procedure is developed by Prof. F. Spurny on the base of results from 5 CERN calibration sessions Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106 0, E dep, MeV

84 Ground-level event (GLE60) on in-flight results Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Solar Proton Event observation by Liulin on Mir Before the SPE of 29.09.

85 Solar Proton Event observation by Liulin on Mir Before the SPE of MIR LIULIN (Counts/cm^2 sec) 1E+3 1E+2 1E+1 1E+0 1E-1 1E-2 1E-3 GOES-7 SEM MIR LIULIN E+3 1E+2 1E+1 1E+0 1E-1 1E-2 1E-3 GOES-7 SEM (Counts/cm^2 sec sr) After the SPE of Universal Time (hours) Flux Max = 250 p/cm 2 s Dose max = 3000 mgy/h Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

86 Flight data dynamics close to the Ground level event number 60 on Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

87 Flight profiles during and after GLE Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

88 Comparisons of the Liulin data with Oulu NM and HEPAD (GOES-8) protons close to Ground level event number 60 on Si Dose Rate (ugy/h) E+3 8E+3 Event rate Dose rate HEPAD Oulu NM 5E-3 4E-3 3E Event rate (cm^-2 s^-1) 1 Oulu NM counts 7E+3 6E+3 5E+3 2E-3 1E-3 0 HEPAD@GOES-8 >850 MeV protons (cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1) Universal time Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

89 Comparison of data from aircrafts and ISS & Forbush decrease study Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Configuration of ISS and CSA aircraft orbits 60 50 Prague Latitude (deg) 40 30 20 10 0 New-York ISS 28 May 2001 ISS 30 May 2001

90 Configuration of ISS and CSA aircraft orbits Prague Latitude (deg) New-York ISS 28 May 2001 ISS 30 May 2001 ISS 2 June 2001 CSA 1 June Longitude (deg) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

91 Oulu Neutron Monitor Data Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

92 Global view of ISS MDUs data Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

93 Presentation of the ISS data Dose Flux D/F 10 ISS Liulin-E094 MDU#$ Descending orbits -80 <Long< June Dose (ugy/h) Flux (cm^-2 s^-1) D/F (ngy cm^2/part.) May May L value Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

94 Variations of the GCR in dependence of L value as observed by MDU#4 on ISS. MDU#4 Dose (ugy/hour) Liulin-E094 ISS US Lab 2 June 30 May 28 May MDU#4 Flux (cm^-2s^-1) Fit 2 June Fit 30 May Fit 28 May L value Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

95 Aircraft data Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

96 Variations of the CSA aircraft dose and flux data for 30 May and 2 June 2001 on the route Prague-New York and back 1.2 Prague-New Yourk and back Flux (cm^-2 s^-1) Dose Dose Flux Flux Dose (ugy/hour) Number of measurements Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

97 Simultaneously plotted Flux data from MDUs on CSA and on ISS from 21 May to 10 June 2001 Oulu NM counts 6200 MDU#4 Flux (cm^-2s^-1) 2 1 MDU#5 Ave. Flux on CSA MDU#4 Flux on ISS Aver. MDU#4 Flux on ISS Oulu NM corrected counts May 2001 June 2001 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

C Cl T K O Comparison of ISS and aircraft dose and NM data 6000 6 5000 5 Normal to Forbush Ratios On CSA aircraft: N/F=1.29 On ISS: N/F=1.

98 C Cl T K O Comparison of ISS and aircraft dose and NM data Normal to Forbush Ratios On CSA aircraft: N/F=1.29 On ISS: N/F=1.21 Neutron monitor counts Oulu Kiel Thule MDU on Aircraft (aver.) MDU-2 on ISS aver GCR Dose Rate (ugy/hour) May June Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /

99 Comparison of the spectra obtained on ISS and on CSA aircraft for the time before and after Forbush Decrease 1E+0 Y = pow(x, ) * ISS Y = pow(x, ) * CSA ISS Flux (cm^2 s^-1) 1E-1 1E-2 1E-3 1E-4 CSA CSA ISS Fit ISS 1E-5 Fit CSA 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 Deposited energy in Si (MeV) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

100 Fitting curves of the Dose, Flux and dose to flux ratio from MDU#4 on ISS for 3 different periods before, during and after the Forbush decrease on 27 May ISS Liulin-E094, Descending orbits -80 <Long<20 Note: June Dose/Flux ratio being almost constant about 1.08 [mgy cm 2 p - 1 ]; Dose (ugy/h) Flux (cm^-2 s^-1) D/F (ngy cm^2/part.) May 2001 Dose Polynomial Fit D/F Linear Fit Fit 10: Polynomial - Average Dose L>2,5 is 5.28 [μgy/h];[ -Average Flux is 1.62 [cm -2 s - 1 ] May L value Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

101 Dose (ugy/hour) Dose and dose to flux ratio from MDU#5 on CSA for June 2001 MDU#5 on CSA aircraft 2-10 June 2001 Dose > 1.0 [ugy/hour] Dose Dose/Flux Linear fit Flux (cm^-2 s^-1) Dose/Flux (ngy cm^2 part.^-1) Note: - Dose/Flux ratio being almost constant about 0.63 [mgy cm 2 p - 1 ]; - Average Dose is 1.68 [μgy/h];[ -Average Flux is 0.95 [cm -2 s - 1 ] Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

102 Halloween magnetic storm data by Liulin MDU on CSA Neutron monitor stations data Liulin/EPCARD3.2=0.98 Liulin/EPCARD3.2=0.74 Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

103 Ratios of ambient dose equivalent values for total flights estimated from MDU-Liulin measurements and calculated by means of EPCARD3.2 code Remarks: 1) LŠ: L : difference of counts at Lomnický Štít cosmic ray neutron monitor 2) April 2001: PRG-JFK flights; October 2003: PRG-SOF (25/10); SOF-PRG (29/10) Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

104 Who is using Liulin type spectrometers and where? Dr. G. Reitz, DLR, Institute fuer Luft-und und Raumfahrtmedizin,, Cologne, Germany - Cigarettes box size LSs and CIU used in the Experiment Dosimetric Mapping,, May-August, 2001 on the International Space Station; Dr. E.G. Stassinopoulos,, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, USA - large LSs used for characterization of radiation field at Antarctic balloons; Dr. Y. Uchihori, National Institute of Radiological Sciences-STA, STA, Chiba, Japan - Cigarettes box size LSs and large size LSs used for characterization of dose at HIMAC and for 23 ER-2 2 flights in period ; 2002; Prof. F. Spurny, Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech AS, Praha,, large MDUs and Cigarettes box size LSs for about 9x2 months flights on CSA A aircraft in ; 2005; Dr. V. Petrov and Dr. V. Shurshakov, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia Cigarettes box size MDUs with displays will be used in the Service Radioprotection System on the Russian n segment of the International Space Station for 15 years starting from 2006; Dr. J.-F. Bottollier,, Institut de Protection es de Surete Nucleaire CEA, Fontenay-Aux Aux-Roses, France Cigarettes box size LS large LS are used on Air France aircrafts; Dr. P. Bilski, Health Physics Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland - large LS is used on aircrafts; Dr. Les Bennett, Royal Military Colleague,, Ontario, Canada - spectrometers with GPS on aircrafts; Prof. D.-P. Haeder,, University of Erlangen, Germany R3D-B B type and R3D spectrometers for ESA Biopan and EXPOSE facilities on Foton M satellites and ISS; Dr. Eric Benton,, ERIL Research, USA, Cigarettes box size MDUs for NASA balloon mission; Prof. Erwin Flueckiger,, University of Bern, Switzerland, Internet based spectrometer on o Jungfraujoch ( Dr. Michael Gausa,, Andoya Rocket Range, Norway, Internet based spectrometer on ALOMAR observatory ALOMAR ( Dr. Peter Beck,, Head Radiation Safety R&D, ARC Seibersdorf research, Austria DU with RS232 port and external power supply V for aircraft measurements; Dr. Jose Carlos Saez-Vergara Vergara,, CIEMAT, and Dr. Dr. Ramón Domínguez nguez-mompell,, IBERIA, Health Services, Aeropuerto de Barajas, Madrid Liulin-4S LETS with GPSs for aircraft measurements; Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106 used

105 Conclusions Different modifications of Liulin type spectrometers was developed and build by SRIG in STIL-BAS between 1985 and For the period the weight and power consumption of the instruments was decreased more than 100 times, while the obtained scientific information was increased more than 10 times; Calibrations of Liulin type spectrometers on radiation sources and different type accelerators with electrons, protons and heavy ions was performed. The obtained results well coincide with the theoretical predictions; Liulin spectrometers proved their availability to qualify the different radiation fields in space, on aircraft and on ground; Comparison of Liulin type spectrometers with other high statistics instruments and TEPCs show that in many cases they are compatible; Future experiments in space are under development and will be performed up to 2019; Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

106 Thank you for your attention Overview of Liulin... Sofia, 28 February /106

Simultaneous Investigation of Galactic Cosmic Rays on Aircrafts and on International Space Station

Simultaneous Investigation of Galactic Cosmic Rays on Aircrafts and on International Space Station T. Dachev(1), F. Spurny(2), G. Reitz(3), B.T. Tomov(1), P.G. Dimitrov(1), itrov(1), Y.N. Matviichuk(1)