Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Observation from Space: The JEM-EUSO program

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1 UHEAP 2016 Chicago, 29/2/2016 Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Observation from Space: The JEM-EUSO program M. Casolino, T. Ebisuzaki, Y. Kawasaki, Y. Takizawa on behalf of the JEM-EUSO collaboration RIKEN GRC

3 Space Next logical step

active area Disadvantages Expensive, space constraints Small

4 Observations from Space Advantages Uniform distance from shower Uniform sky coverage Statistics: Several orders of magnitude of active area Disadvantages Expensive, space constraints Small signal Large optics Non-hybrid Naturally complementary to ground

5 Historical notes

6 Historical notes (2) Approved by ESA on Columbus. Canceled after Columbia accident. Moved to JEM (Japanese) module

7 Previous space missions Past Present Future Space Stations MIR, ISS CAPRICE, MASS, TS93 Balloons Sil-Eye 1 PAMELA Gamma- 400 Sil-Eye 2 AGILE Alteino K-EUSO JEM-EUSO NINA-1 and NINA-2 Satellite LAZIO Fermi NINA-2 Satellite ALTEA Limadou CSES

8 Apj ApjL AdSpR C 2008AdSpR D 2008AdSpR C Physics Reports 544, 4, Apj Science 2011 arxiv: Acceleration mechanisms are still unkown even at GeV-TeV range Apj Nature, Astrop. Phys ApJ 457, L ApJ 532, 653, 2000 arxiv: , PRL, NJP11, Prl PrL PrL

9 Pamela galactic particles Different spectral index for proton and helium. Helium percentage is growing with rigidity Challenges Supernova only origin of cosmic ray and/or acceleration/propagation models. +positron source g GV, p = (stat) (syst) Science 2011, 332 no pp g GV, he = (stat) (syst)

10 JEM-EUSO International collaboration 16 countries, 200+ researchers Science Evaluated positively by ESA, NASA, Roscosmoc and national agencies Funding for detectors and precursors ongoing in all countries

11 JEM-EUSO goals - pioneer the study of Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays (EECR) from Space - increase exposure to EECR by at least one order of magnitude - discover the sources of UHECRs 12

12 Road to space Development of novel technologies - Optics - Detectors - Electronics Construction of precursors and pathfinders - ground - balloon -space

13 View from NASA: Cosmic Ray Observatory on the ISS AMS Launch May 16, 2011 ISS-CREAM since the mean distance to EAS and atmosp Sp-X Launch 2014 image from Drs. Julie A. Robinson, Program Scientist, ISS, NASA & W. Vernon Jones, Senior Scientist, SMD, NASA CALET on JEM HTV Launch 2014 JEM-EUSO Launch Tentatively planned for 2019 The JEM-EUSO telescope can reconstru

14 NASA Astrophysics Roadmap 2014

15 EUSO in Russia: Klypve In the Federal Space Program Adding Fresnel lenses increases f.o.v. several times Highest ranking in joint 2014 evaluation by NASA and TsNIIMASH (Russia)

The EUSO program Ultra-High Energy cosmic rays from space 1.

long duration flight: 2017 MINI-EUSO 400 km 3.

16 The EUSO program Ultra-High Energy cosmic rays from space 1. EUSO-TA: Ground detector installed in 2013 at Telescope Array site: currently operational JEM-EUSO (2023+) 2. EUSO-BALLOONS: 1st balloon flight from Timmins, CA (French Space Agency) Aug 2014; NASA Ultra long duration flight: 2017 MINI-EUSO 400 km 3. MINI-EUSO (2017): Precursor from International Space Station (ISS: 30kg 2017). Approved by Italian and Russian Space agencies EUSO-BALLOONS 40 km 4. K-EUSO (2019 JFY): ISS Approved by Russian Space Agency 5. JEM-EUSO (2023): ISS US-led EUSO-NEXT 2035 EUSO-TA EUSO-TA (2013-)

17 1. EUSO-TA

18 EUSO-TA First data taking campaign in March 2015, 6 shifts. Also used for Auger/Fast tests Laser: Mobile (up to 100km) CLF of TA Cosmic ray Meteors

19 Fresnel lens manufacturing, 1.5m Design Lens Frame Metering Structure

20 Lens precision: 20 nm 3 rd groove surface roughness measurement Electrical noise RMS surface roughness requirement : < um (=20nm)

21 PMT Read-out ASIC:SPACIROC Now third generation SPACIROC-3 LAL/IN2P3: omega-team

22 Elementary Cell, ASIC Board

23 Validation of EUSO technology Optics and electronics can see cosmic rays Self-trigger with euso electronics on laser Laser: distances of 20,40,60,100 km. Equivalent to space+atm. Absorption (50 mj laser)

24 BRM, May ev, triggered from TA First Cosmic ray event EUSO, 1 frame, 2.5micros EUSO, 2*2 TA signal

25 Cosmic ray event EUSO, 1 frame, 2.5micros TA signal

26 Yet another Cosmic ray event EUSO, 2 frames, 2.5micros TA signal

27 Meteor candidates The objects cross ~6 deg in s, so 8.5 deg/s. This gives full rotation around Earth in ~42 s, so it can't be a satellite.

28 Meteor candidates The objects cross ~6 deg in s, so 8.5 deg/s. This gives full rotation around Earth in ~42 s, so it can't be a satellite.

29 2. EUSO-Balloon flights 1 st flight, Aug 2014 Timmins (CA) Payload built by JEM-EUSO collaboration CNES (French Space Agency) mission

30 Balloon payload Focal surface Floater Focal surface Lens 1 Lens 2 IR camera Lens 2 Lens 1 Crashpad

31 Balloon Electronics

32 Integration in Timmins Aug 2014

33 Xe flasher and Laser events from NASA helicopter

34 Xe flasher and Laser events from NASA helicopter

36 Landing and recovery

37 EUSO-Balloon 2nd flight, March 2017 Wanaka, New Zealand NASA Mission. 1st Super Pressure Science Flight Payload built by JEM-EUSO collaboration New lenses, Focal Surface, Electronics More than 30 days First UV UHECR shower observation from above

Special Issue on the EUSO Mission 20+ papers addressing science and technology of EUSO The EUSO-Balloon pathfinderthe JEM-EUSO instrument Ground-based tests of JEM-EUSO components at the Telescope

38 Special Issue on the EUSO Mission 20+ papers addressing science and technology of EUSO The EUSO-Balloon pathfinderthe JEM-EUSO instrument Ground-based tests of JEM-EUSO components at the Telescope Array site, EUSO-TA Space experiment TUS on board the Lomonosov satellite as pathfinder of JEM-EUSO The JEM-EUSO observation in cloudy conditions Calibration aspects of the JEM-EUSO mission JEM-EUSO: Meteor and nuclearite observations JEM-EUSO observational technique and exposure Ultra high energy photons and neutrinos with JEM-EUSO Science of atmospheric phenomena with JEM-EUSO Performances of JEM EUSO: energy and X max reconstruction The atmospheric monitoring system of the JEM-EUSO instrument The infrared camera onboard JEM-EUSO Proposal of a Computing Model Using GRID Resources for the JEM-EUSO Space Mission

39 3. MINI-EUSO Approved & financed by Italian Space Agency Approved & financed by Russian Space Agency Inside the ISS 2 Fresnel lenses and one PDM 27V 30kg not incl SSD Cad model by F. Capel

42 LAZIO and Alteino detectors on ISS (2005) To ISS Grounding PCMCIA card 28V power supply Alteino & Lazio detectors inside PIRS module of ISS To Soyuz

43 Scheduled for 2017 Paolo Nespoli flight on ISS

45 MINI-EUSO Scientific objectives UV emissions from night-earth 6.5 km resolution, from 2.5mus and above +-51 Noise from different lightning conditions, moon phase Noise from different inclinations Map of the Earth in UV Study of atmospheric phenomena TLE in the ms range lightning cr correlation Bioluminescence of Animal and vegetal organisms white sea plankton

46 First use of Fresnel lenses in space Optimization of characteristics and performances of EUSO Raise the technological readiness level of the Hardware Ttest new HW in space MINI-EUSO Technologial objectives

47 4. JEM-EUSO, K-EUSO

48 From JEM-EUSO to K-EUSO Japan-led JEM module Refractor 2.5 t 2kW 10*Auger Russian-led MRM module Reflector (mirror) 600kg 600W 2*Auger

49 Russian Roadmap to UHECR studies in space

50 K-EUSO In the Russian Federal Space Program Passed the stage of preliminary design with Roscosmoc Technical requirements, accomodation, operations study performed by Energia space corporation Evolution of KLYPVE Russian detector (reflector) Mission of opportunity Launch in FY 2019

52 K-EUSO exposure TA*4

53 Uniform response over both hemispheres Some (5%) disuniformity due to clouds, continents and moon phase

54 Science of K-EUSO KLYPVE detector goes from technological demonstrator to instrument capable of: 1. Study of UHECR fux from space with uniform response 2. flux E> ev north & south 4. Anysotropy 3. Earth observations

55 Additional Science objectives Search for Strange Quark Matter Measurement of Meteorites Study of Transient Luminous effects In ms range Map of night Earth in UV Bioluminescence 105

56 Possible N-S spectral difference N_events E>5.7e19 ev 120 N_events E>5.7e19 ev 700 Used Auger and TA spectra 2015 in each hemisphere

57 6 years 1yr sky map assuming TA hotspot 1 year

58 MSU proposal of KLYPVE included in Russian space program MSU invited JEM-EUSO collaboration to join KLIPVE JAXA call mission of opportunity Proposal Submitted passed MDR 7. Roscosmos-NASA joint Signing of science protocol and role sharing between MSU and Riken, 12/2014 with int. Partners Programmatic status of K-EUSO SRR docs submitted to JAXA (>500 pages) 9. passed SRR in April Funding from JAXA for assessment of EUSO technology in space 13,200,000 円 H H

$JEM module Refractor 2.$ 5 t 2kW 20*Auger Full cylindrical geom Dragon

59 From JEM-EUSO to K-EUSO to JEM-EUSO USA-led JEM module Refractor 2.5 t 2kW 20*Auger Full cylindrical geom Dragon launcher Russian-led MRM module Reflector (mirror) 600kg 600W 2*Auger

60 Space X Falcon-9 rocket & Dragon spacecraft Reusable Return cargo capability 3 ton Pressurized and unpressurized cargo Two flights to ISS 6ton upload mass 14 m payload volume Optional trunk extension for a total of up to 4.3 m length, payload volume 34 m3

61 EUSO accomodation in Dragon Cylindrical Lighter 1200 kg Easier expansion

Conclusions K-Euso is a concrete mission of opportunity improving with high international component a factor 10 Russian Klypve with advanced lens and PMT technology.

62 Conclusions K-Euso is a concrete mission of opportunity improving with high international component a factor 10 Russian Klypve with advanced lens and PMT technology. Fraction of the cost of JEM-EUSO In one year from launch Address several fundamental physics issues, N/S, hotspot Next year we will have balloon flight and Mini-EUSO flight Need to prepare for JEM-EUSO

63 113

EUSO (Extreme Universe Space Observatory) T. Ebisuzaki RIKEN and Deputy PI of JEM-EUSO collaboration

EUSO (Extreme Universe Space Observatory) T. Ebisuzaki RIKEN and Deputy PI of JEM-EUSO collaboration Plan of talk 1. Why UHECRs (10 20 ev)? 2. K-EUSO and beyond 3. Precatory activities TA-EUSO (ground)