1 LIGHT PHYSICS 2 LIGHT BIOLOGY 3 LIGHT NATURAL 4 LIGHT ELECTRIC 5 LIGHT ARCHITECTURE 6 LIGHT VIRTUAL 7 LIGHT CONNECTED

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1 3 LIGHT NATURAL

2 LIGHT PHYSICS 2 LIGHT BIOLOGY 3 LIGHT NATURAL 4 LIGHT ELECTRIC 5 LIGHT ARCHITECTURE 6 LIGHT VIRTUAL 7 LIGHT CONNECTED

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6 Reading list Books Bachelard, Gaston. The poetics of space, Beacon Press 1992 Banham, Reyner. The architecture of the well-tempered Environment, Chicago University Press 1984 Bazerman, Charles. The languages of Edison s light, MIT Press 2002 Berger, John. Ways of seeing, Pearson Education, Limited, 2002 Berger, John. About looking, Bloomsbury Publishing 2009 Bluhm, Andreas. Light! The industrial age , Carnegie Museum of Art 2000 Boyce, Peter R. Human Factors in Lighting, Taylor & Francis 2003 Calvino, Italo. 6 Memos for the Next Millennium, Vintage 1996 Casati, Roberto. The shadow club: the greatest mystery in the universe - shadows - and the thinkers who unlocked their secrets, Diane Publishing Company, 2006 Cuttle, Christopher. Lighting design: a perception-based approach, Publisher Routledge, 2015 Cruz-Diez, Carlos. Reflection on Colour, Fundacion Juan March 2009 Duston, Claudia. Light volumes, dark matters, Helen Hamlyn Research Centre, 2010 Gibson, James J. The ecological approach to visual perception, Psychology Press 1986 Gregory, R L. Eye and brain, the psychology of seeing, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd 1977 Ings, Simon. The eye: a natural history, Bloomsbury Publishing 2008 Lam, William M C. Perception and lighting as formgivers for architecture, McGraw-Hill 1977 Lockley, Steven W., G. Foster, Russell. Sleep: a very short introduction, Volume 295 of Very Short Introductions, OUP Oxford, 2012 Lowell Ross. Matters of light & depth: creating memorable images for video, film & stills through lighting, Broad Street Books, 1992 Millet Marietta S. Light Revealing Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996 Minnaert M. The nature of light and colour in the open air, Courier Corporation, Pallasmaa Juhani. The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses, John Wiley & Sons 2012 Pharr Matt, Humphreys Greg. Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation, Morgan Kaufmann, 2010 Reinhard Erik, Heidrich Wolfgang, Debevec Paul, Pattanaik Sumanta, Ward Greg, Myszkowski Karol, High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquisition, Display, and Image-Based Lighting, Morgan Kaufmann, 2010 Rasmussen Steen Eiler. Experiencing Architecture, MIT Press 1962 Tanizaki, Junichiro. In praise of shadows, Vintage 2001 Valero Ramos, Elisa - Light in Architecture: The Intangible Material, RIBA Publishing, 2015 Ward Greg, Shakespeare Rob. Rendering with Radiance: the art and science of lighting visualization, Space & Light, 2003 Free online resources

7 natural sources of light

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9 Claude Monet, Waterlilies, 1910 circa Claude Monet, Waterlilies, 1910 circa Claude Monet, Waterloo Bridge, Grey day, 1900 Claude Monet, Waterloo Bridge, 1903

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15 diffuse (sky) direct (sun) daylight = sunlight + skylight

16 daylight Dynamic Magnitude Directionality Spectrum / Colour High variability Daily / Seasonal

17 why is the sky blue? why are sunrises and sunsets so beautifully coloured?

18 air mass

19 rayleigh scattering

20 directional and diffuse light

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23 the sun is also called the direct component it is directional: because of the distance between sun and earth, the light rays are practically parallel it is the ideal source to use in combination with parabolic mirrors or a magnifier if you want to burn something location and direction of sunlight is predictable as a function of time (sun angles) intensity of sunlight is a function of sun angles colour temperature is a function of sun angles weather messes up all, weather is less predictable

24 the sky is the so called diffuse component it is diffuse, the light rays are not parallel it is the ideal source to use if you do not like shadows (removes wrinkles!) location and direction of skylight is influenced by the sun (the blue sky is opposite to the sun) intensity of sky light is a function of sun angles colour temperature is a function of sun angles weather messes up all, weather is less predictable

25 from the solar system to the luminous climate

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27 latitude and longitude

28 latitude and longitude the earth is spinning

29 latitude and longitude standard meridian, 0, 15, 30, 45,... there are 24 divisions

30 latitude and longitude 360 / 24h = 15! every meridian corresponds to 1 hour difference!

31 latitude and longitude going east you add time, going west you subtract time

32 latitude and longitude i.e. in London is 11:20am in NY is 6:20am in Sidney is 8:20pm

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34 the earth s orbit

35 the apparent movement of the sun Axial tilt = 23.5 Axis of rotation Plane of the ecliptic Axis of orbit

36 the apparent movement of the sun Axis of rotation Sun night day Axis of orbit

37 the apparent movement of the sun Axis of rotation +23.5º summer day Sun winter equator day Axis of orbit solstice

38 the apparent movement of the sun Axis of rotation 0º night day Sun equator night day Axis of orbit equinox (day = night)

39 the apparent movement of the sun Axis of rotation -23.5º winter day equator Sun day summer Axis of orbit solstice

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41 we can think of sun being a point on a massive cylinder zenith locus of Sun during the year (solar bracelet) Horizon

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46 Latitude: 59.65º North lux

47 Latitude: 37.90º North lux

48 Latitude: 17.45º North lux

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50 Vitruvius (De Architectura, ~ 25 BC) climate as a determinant to the style of the house southerly exposure and roofed in the north (of Europe) northerly exposure and more open in the south (of Europe) the pitch of human voice changes with latitude: southerners with high and shrill voices northerners speaking in heavier tones

51 daylight design

52 DF 1832: ~1900: : : 1942: 1962: 1970: Right to light (UK Prescription Act) Trotter lux meter... Waldram: (sky/daylight factor, uniform sky, 0.2% grumble point) Commission Internationale de l'eclairage Moon & Spencer overcast sky, in 1955 CIE overcast sky Dresler: Availability of daylight at various latitudes Publication CIE : Daylight 1983: : Tregenza: Daylight coefficients Ward: Radiance 1999: Mardaljevic: (Radiance daylight validation, DCs,...) 2003: CIE Standard General Sky AND NOW? Thermal modelling Climate based, dynamic thermal analysis and CFD already used since early 1980s

53 cie standard sky models clear intermediate overcast

54 traditional daylighting design practice Separate evaluation of: Light from the sky Light from the sun Qualitative approach Solar shadows Quantitative approach: Daylight Factor Overcast skies (sun is never present) Solar patches (interior) Quantitative approach Sun hours Clear skies (sun is always present)

55 DF = E i 100 E o L θ = L z 1+ (2 sinθ) 3

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58 Standards, norms, regulations, points! Achieve a minimum of...% DF! BREEAM!at least 80% of floor area in occupied spaces has an average daylight factor of 2% or more and a uniformity ratio of at least 0.4 or a minimum point daylight factor of at least 0.8%.

59 Standards, norms, regulations, points! Achieve a minimum of... % DF! LEED! Old target : achieve a minimum Daylight Factor of 2% (excluding all direct sunlight penetration) in 75% of all space occupied for critical visual tasks

60 Standards, norms, regulations, points! Achieve a minimum of...% DF! Estidama! In office buildings 1 credit point is achieved where 45%, 2 credit points where 60%, 3 credit points where 75% of the occupied area demonstrate an average DF of 2%. In retail developments 1 credit point is achieved where 35%, 2 credit points where 45%, 3 credit points where 55% of the occupied area demonstrate an average DF of 2%. Product may also improve internal reflectivities above average- 80% for ceilings, 70% for walls, 30% for floors! Green Star, HK-BEAM, CASBEE

61 does compliance translate to good design?

62 daylighting goals and strategies Energy Savings Visual and Thermal Comfort Preservation of Art in Galleries Integration with Architecture Maximise daylight Balance light from sky and sun and solar gains Control lighting exposure within spaces Modelling, shading, revealing materials and shape

63 new daylighting metrics, based on annual work-plane illuminance series Daylight Autonomy: percentage of year when a minimum illuminance threshold is met by daylight alone. Continuous Daylight Autonomy: same as above, but partial credit is attributed to time steps when the daylight illuminance is below the minimum illuminance level (Z. Rogers). Useful Daylight Illuminance: occurrence of annual illuminances across the work plane that are within a range considered useful by occupants this range has been based on a survey of reports of occupance preferences and is currently lux (J. Mardaljevic). Annual Light Exposure: cumulative amount of visible light incident on a point of interest over a year used for museum environment containing light sensitive exhibits.

64 daylight and heat

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68 A great building must begin with the unmeasurable, must go through measurable means when it is being designed and in the end must be unmeasurable. Louis Kahn

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70 Assignment #3 Using Climate Consultant or similar weather analysis tool, analyse the weather in the location nearest to your birth place where an EPW file is available Analyse your window at home Describe how daylight enters at different times of the day and seasons with images and words Draw a shading diagram for your window using a spherical or cylindrical projection

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