Latitude and Longitude. North. Latitude. South
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2 Latitude and Longitude North Latitude Longitude South 54
3 North America 55 Longitude Latitude
4 United States 56 Latitude
5 New York 72w 44n 42n 57
6 Site Location The site location is specified by a latitude l and a longitude L. Latitudes and longitudes may be found in any standard atlas or almanac. Chart shows the latitudes and longitudes of some North American cities. Conventions used in expressing latitudes are: Positive = northern hemisphere Negative = southern hemisphere Conventions used in expressing longitudes are: Latitude and Longitude of Some North American Cities Positive = west of prime meridian (Greenwich, United Kingdom) Negative = east of prime meridian 58
7 Solar Position The rotation of the earth about its axis, as well as its revolution about the sun, produces an apparent motion of the sun with respect to any point on the earth's surface. The position of the sun with respect to such a point is expressed in terms of two angles: the solar altitude, which is the vertical angle of the sun above the horizon, and solar azimuth, which is the horizontal angle of the sun from due south in the northern hemisphere. The sun's position in terms of solar altitude (a t ) and azimuth (a s ) with respect to the cardinal points of the compass. 59
8 Solar Position The position of the sun is specified by the solar altitude and solar azimuth and is a function of site latitude, solar time, and solar declination. Animation showing changing sun-path on the 21st day of each month for latitude
9 61
10 62
11 Sun Path Diagrams
12 Sun Angle Calculator 64
13 Sun Angle Calculator 65
14 Sun Angle Calculator 66
15 Fisheye Tool 67
16 68
17 Computer Simulation 69
18 Autodesk: Ecotect 70
19 Ecotect: Solar Tool 71
20 Google Software: Sketch-up 72
21 Google Software: Sketch-up 73
22 Google Software: Sketch-up 74
23 The Heliodon The heliodon is used to examine how the direct rays of the sun interact with an architect's building design. It is comprised of a tilting/rotating table (the earth) a stationary 1000 watt theatrical light source (the sun). The table can be adjusted to represent the latitude, tilted to simulate any month of the year, and rotated to analyze any time of day. Typically these studies seek to examine shading devices that eliminate direct sun from areas where visual tasks are critical. Direct sun can cause problems of heat gain and debilitating glare. The heliodon takes the guesswork out of complex sun-angle geometry and often will provide surprising results. 75
24 Interior Video 76
25 Exterior Video 77
26 Sundials 78
27 79
28 Solar Position: Sundial 80
29 Building a Model 81
30 Tip 1 Do not use Foam Core the material glows and creates light leaks Use black paper on white board and cover or tape all light leaks Black Foam Core is expensive. 82
31 Tip 2 White Foam Core is reflective and shiny. Cover the insides with appropriate surface reflectance or color material. 83
32 Tip 3 Make a modular model with interchangeable parts. 84
33 Tip 4 Mirrors can enhance the depth of a model. Mirrors are useful in large space with respective plans. 85
34 Tip 5 Know true north and latitude. Draw north arrow on your model. 86
35 Tip 6 Include accessible large view ports. Large enough for use cameras or yield a good view of the interior. 87
36 Tip 7 Include people or objects for scale. 88
37 Sky Simulators the overcast sky simulator Testing for the overcast condition occurs in a mirror-box artificial sky. The mirror-box overcast sky simulates a dome of light that provides diffuse light equally from all sides. Note that a patch of overcast sky is up to 10 times brighter than a section of clear blue sky. Method of testing design decisions in the overcast sky is through photography. This allows us to examine the perceptual quality of a space, the feeling of brightness (diffuse light on vertical surfaces and ceilings), and to ensure that a balanced luminous environment (from perimeter to deep interior) is created. Photocells are used to measure the percentage of available daylight (Daylight Factor) entering a space.. Overcast sky light is ideal for providing gentle, diffuse daylight to building occupants. 89
38 Sky Simulators 90
39 91
40 Daylight Qualities: veiling reflection 92
41 Daylight Qualities: a magical sprite 93
42 Daylight Qualities: dynamic daylight 94
43 Daylight Qualities: daylight prismatically deconstructed 95
44 Daylight Qualities: leaking light 96
45 Daylight Qualities: texture revealed by daylight 97
46 Daylight Qualities: camera lucida / color mapping daylight 98
47 Daylight Qualities: dappled light 99
48 Daylight Qualities: daylight gradient revealed 100
49 Daylight Qualities: varying penumbra 101
50 Daylight Qualities: carpet of shadow (pattern) 102
51 Daylight Qualities: rhythmic daylight 103
52 Daylight Qualities: a daylight fixture 104
53 Daylight Qualities: daylighting at the edge of the day 105
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