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1 Multiple Choice: Select the choice that best answers each question. Write your choice in the blank next to each number. (2 points each) 1. At the North Pole in mid-november, the sun rises at a. North of east b. east c. south of east d. south of west e. never 2. In the 3 rd week of March and September, the sun rises at 40 degrees N latitude than at 50 degrees N latitude. a. further south b. further north c. in the same direction 3. In the northern hemisphere, the stars rise in the a. East, set in the West and revolve anti-clockwise around the North celestial pole. b. East, set in the West and revolve clockwise around the North celestial pole. c. West, set in the East and revolve clockwise around the North celestial pole. d. West, set in the East and revolve anti-clockwise around the North celestial pole. 4. In the southern hemisphere the stars rise in the a. East, set in the West and revolve anti-clockwise around the South celestial pole. b. East, set in the West and revolve clockwise around the South celestial pole. c. West, set in the East and revolve clockwise around the South celestial pole. d. West, set in the East and revolve anti-clockwise around the South celestial pole. 5. Precession is the a. accuracy with which numbers are given in astronomy. b. slow motion of the Earth's rotation axis on the celestial sphere. c. apparent backward motion of planets on the celestial sphere. d. daily eastward motion of the Sun around the celestial sphere. 6. The zenith distance of Polaris, the "North Star" a. is always 90 degrees. b. is always 23.5 degrees. c. is always 0 degrees. d. varies with your latitude. 7. The Universe contains the most of which type of object? a. planets. b. stars. c. galaxies. d. clusters of galaxies. 8. Which is ordered from smallest to largest? a. centimeter, meter, kilometer, astronomical unit, light year. b. astronomical unit, centimeter, meter, kilometer, light year. c. light year, astronomical unit, kilometer, meter, centimeter. d. meter, centimeter, kilometer, light year, astronomical unit. 9. In the magnitude system, if star 1 appears fainter than star 2, then the apparent magnitude of star 1 is a. greater than the apparent magnitude of star 2. b. less than the apparent magnitude of star 2. c. the same as the apparent magnitude of star The constellations of the zodiac are special because a. the sun and planets move through them. b. they indicate a person s general personality traits. c. they contain the brightest stars in the sky. d. they are all always visible in the night sky at any point during the year.

2 11. The Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees. If the Earth s tilt were 40 degrees, the seasonal variations in weather would be compared to how they are now. a. less extreme. b. more extreme. c. unchanged. 12. The Moon goes from full moon through all its phases and back to full moon in a period of time that is closest to a a. day. b. week. c. month. d. year. 13. How much of the Moon s surface can we see during the full moon? a. all b. half c. quarter d. none 14. During a lunar eclipse, the a. Earth is in the Sun s shadow. b. Moon is in the Earth s shadow. c. Moon is in the Sun s shadow. d. Earth is in the Moon s shadow. 15. A waxing gibbous moon will set at what time? a. 9 pm b. 12 am c. 6 am d. 9 am 16. A last quarter moon will rise at what time? a. 3 pm b. 9 pm c. 12 pm d. 9 am 17. The time it takes the moon to complete one orbit around the earth is than the time required to go through all phases, from full moon to full moon. a. longer b. shorter c. the same 18. The belief that Mars exhibits retrograde motion because of epicycles was held by which of the following historical figures? d. Ptolemy 19. The belief that planets orbits the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun at one foci was first suggested by which of the following historical figures? d. Ptolemy 20. A star that rises at 9 p.m. today will rise tomorrow. a. earlier b. the same time c. later

3 21. The belief that the heavens are perfect and unchanging was held by which of the following historical figures? d. Copernicus 22. True or False: The moon orbits the earth in the exact same plane as the earth orbits the sun. a. True b. False 23. Tycho Brahe is best-known for a. his revolutionary model of the solar system. b. adding epicycles to Aristotle s model. c. precise observations of star and planet positions. d. insight into the laws governing the motion of the planets around the sun. 24. When a planet is closest to the sun, it moves when it is furthest from the sun. a. slower than b. at the same speed as c. faster than 25. What causes winter to be cooler than summer? a. The Earth is closer to the Sun in summer than in winter. b. The daylight period is longer in summer. c. The Sun gets higher in the sky in summer. d. both B and C. e. all of the above. Long Answer: Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences and be sure to express complete thoughts. (10 points each) 1. What was Galileo s view of the solar system? Did he invent this model? Explain two of Galileo s observations and why they supported his model of the solar system.

4 2. Describe the cause(s) of the seasons on earth. Use diagrams to aid your explanation. 3. (a) Draw the path of the sun from sunrise to sunset for an observer in Albany, NY, who is facing south for the following dates: June 21 st, March 23 st, September 21 st, December 21 st. (b) Draw the same sketch for an observer at a similar latitude in the southern hemisphere who is facing north. (a) Albany, NY East South West (b) Southern Hemisphere West North East

5 Draw a diagram of the earth, moon, and sun that depicts the 8 major phases of the moon. Show what the moon looks like from earth for each phase. 4. Draw a diagram showing a solar eclipse. Clearly label the Earth, Moon, and sun as well as the umbra and penumbra. Explain the difference between a total and annular solar eclipse. Explain why we don t have a solar eclipse every month.

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