Irvine. Salton Sea. Palm Springs. Interstate 10

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2 Salton Sea _ Palm Springs _ Irvine _ Interstate 10 _

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4 Courtesy University of Arizona Cassini VIMS Operations Center and NASA-JPL

5 The future arrives on its own timetable in unexpected ways. Paul Saffo

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7 A balloon can go anywhere. Note how the balloon is crossing the shore, inaccessible to wheels. A balloon can change altitude quickly to get perspectives from centimeters to tens of kilometers. It is never left wondering what is behind them hills.

8 For balloons, Titan conditions are a MUCH better than Earth & by far the best in the Solar System.

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15 Venus Balloon Development Superpressure balloons have great potential but difficult engineering. A simple sphere eliminates many concerns. A successful extended All Up Test flight test over the Earth would give high confidence. Inexpensive in-situ mission over Venus. Great science.

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31 Space scientists worry that balloons are novel so they are risky. They should not be thought of as novel spacecraft, but balloons that simply arrive via space. At least 50 million weather balloons, at least 4 million sport hot air balloon flights and tens of thousands of flights by hydrogen and helium filled balloons. The conditions well within past experience. Large balloons have flown over Earth in much lower densities than Mars. Venus conditions at 50 kilometers are room temperature with good density. Titan s is very cold but this is entirely advantageous.

32 Fundamental importance of heat transfer. Why convection? ANITA 120,000 feet above Antarctica December 2008

33 CFD modeling of Titan balloon convection by Professor Tim Colonius, Caltech

34 Schematic: note camera Camera view looking Titan Within Sky the Simulator limits of the experiment, the qualitative behavior is the same from location looking down. down on balloon flying 2009 this tiny balloon at cryogenic temperatures to a balloon 70,000 at minus times 180C. larger.

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37 Dunes in radar A dynamic, interesting atmosphere that also affects the surface, as seen by Cassini. Radar lakes Imaged clouds

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39 STEERING Continental to global scale steering with wind models. Autonomous steering over 10 kilometers Adding propellers a modest penalty and a valuable addition

40 Photo set courtesy Rekwin Archive Image courtesy Airborne Systems

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42 Source JPL Titan Balloon Technology/Risk Reduction Titan Balloon Risk Retirement Plan Overview Balloon Thermodynamics Balloon Mechanics Deployment and Inflation Packaging and Storage Operations and Performance Systems Engineering & Conceptual Design Preliminary Balloon System Qual. Plan Large Scale Cryogenic Testing Titan Analog Balloon Experiments (TABEX) Cost $M RY -- > does not assume CNES involvement CY 1 CY 2 CY 3 CY 4 CY 5 CY6 CY 7 FY 0 FY 1 FY 2 FY 3 FY 4 FY 5 FY 6 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 0.4 JPL Step 1: Establish Baseline Aerobot Approach Key Decision Point Step 2: Comprehensive Technical Risk Retirement Risk Retirement Complete Quantification of uncertainties and margins Development of lighter weight balloon materials Assessment of mobility options Full scale prototype fabrication EDI simulation and subscale testing to quantify margins Full scale testing, model validation and performance prediction Component and subscale testing to evaluate alternate approaches Trajectories to meet science needs Full scale life testing Development of autonomous capabilities and operational scenarios System design and margin quantification Development of complete balloon and entry vehicle configuration Preliminary qualification plan What is required for full scale cryo testing? Planning for analog balloon flight experiments Full scale Titan analog balloon fabrication and flight testing NASA 6 year program to bring Titan balloon readiness to TRL6

43 Deci-Balloons develop very much in parallel with larger balloons. Great example CMET balloons shipped worldwide but operated via satellite from Massachusetts.

44 Julian Nott / Nott Technology LLC Santa Barbara, CA / nott@nott.com