Weather What is weather? Weather. is the study of our atmosphere. Atmosphere literally means vapor (atmos) of a sphere.
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1 Weather What is weather? Weather is the study of our atmosphere. Atmosphere literally means vapor (atmos) of a sphere.
2 Our atmosphere is made up of 4 basic layers: The outermost layer is the thermosphere and it is very warm. Any ideas why? There is no protection from the sun s extreme rays in the thermosphere. Most auroras happen here and some satellites (the ISS) orbit the Earth here. Very few air molecules here. The second layer is the mesosphere. Air is still thin here and friction between air and meteors create burning meteors here. The third layer is the stratosphere and it is warmer at the top of this layer than the bottom of this layer. Some jets fly in this layer to avoid storms. This is also where ozone exists. The fourth and lowest layer is the troposphere. Tropo means turning. This is where all the weather happens and most life on Earth exists. Why? Most of the water vapor is here in this layer. The troposphere is anywhere from 5 miles (at the poles) to 11 miles high (at the equator). As you rise in altitude in the troposphere, temperatures drop.
3 Temperatures of atmosphere based on levels Where is the atmosphere the coldest? It is coldest at the bottom of the thermosphere because there are less air molecules to collide into one another. The outer layer is getting heated by the Sun. Where is the atmosphere the warmest? It is the warmest at the bottom of the troposphere due to the density of the air molecules at the lowest level. What does ozone do? Ozone is just 3 oxygen atoms combined. The layer of ozone helps protect us by absorbing UV rays from the Sun.
4 Formation of weather in the troposphere The Sun heats the Earth unevenly because of the tilt of our planet. The equator gets more direct sunlight, while the poles receive less energy. Dust particles(from pollen, dirt, or meteors) provide a surface for water vapor to condense on so that it can become precipitation. Air masses move due to this heating and help create weather. The aurora borealis is caused by the charged particles from the Sun entering our atmosphere. This happens more near the magnetic poles.
5 Air masses and humidity An air mass is just a group of air molecules that have similar temperatures and humidity levels. Humidity levels relate to the amount of water in the air mass. Relative humidity compares the amount of water in the air to the greatest amount possible. At 100 percent relative humidity, the water vapor condenses to fog, rain, or snow. Relative humidity levels depend upon the air where the air mass formed. Air masses that form over oceans tend to be humid. Air masses that form over land tend to be dry. Polar air masses are cooler than tropical air masses.
6 What holds the atmosphere down? Gravity causes our atmosphere to stay in place, but it also creates air pressure from the weight of air pressing down in one area. At sea level, air pressure is about 15 pounds per square inch (14.7). As you rise in the atmosphere, the pressure changes because the air thins as you rise. Your body tries to accommodate for this by making your ears pop. So when an air mass moves in, it also comes with a new amount of air pressure and humidity, pushing out the old air mass (and old pressure/humidity). Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. This can happen due to mountain ranges or the uneven heating of the Earth s surface.
7 There are six major wind belts that help cause the movement of air masses that create weather: 2 Polar easterlies, 2 Westerlies, NE trade winds, & SE trade winds. Each belt blows in the same direction. Before steam power, sailing ships used the trade winds to help them travel the oceans.
8 The border between 2 air masses that collide is called a front. There are 4 basic kinds of fronts: Warm fronts warm air moves slowly into an area sloping over the cooler air causing humid air to form cirrus clouds. Cirrus clouds create precipitation before the warm front arrives. Cold fronts cold air mass moves quickly and goes up under the warm air mass. Moisture condenses forming cumulonimbus clouds causing thunderstorms and tornadoes. Storms usually pass quickly.
9 Fronts Stationary Fronts - produced when air masses do not move. Produces light precipitation for a longer time period. When the air masses begin moving again, it becomes another type of front. Occluded Fronts Cold front overtakes a warm front, wedging itself underneath warm front. Cold air moves faster than the warm front and reaches another cool air mass. Heavy precipitation changes to lighter precipitation; rain or snow may fall steadily in this type of front.
10 Cloud Types: List the 3 basic types and sketch them below.
11 Weather predicting Meteorologists are scientists who study weather patterns and what has occurred when similar patterns have happened in the past. When they make a forecast, they are saying that a certain percentage of the time (with these conditions) we have had this type of weather. For instance, if there is a 75% chance of snow tomorrow, that means that 75% of the time, with the current conditions in the past, we have had snow. This is why weather forecasts are usually somewhat unreliable until about hours ahead. Conditions are always changing.
12 Tools we use to measure weather include: Anemometer measures wind speed and direction. Barometer measures air pressure. Weather balloons carry instruments to record temperature, humidity, and air pressure. Doppler radar uses the reflection of radio waves to measure wind speed and precipitation. Weather satellites also give us data to help us make reliable forecasts. Thermometer measures temperature. It uses alcohol to do this. Temperature is measured in 3 scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin (super cold temps).
13 Temperature Scales: Daniel Fahrenheit Anders Celsius, and Lord Kelvin
14 Weather Maps Weather maps are used by meteorologists to show predicted movement of fronts across our nation.
15 El Niño and La Niña El Niño literally means the Christ child and starts near South America around Christmas time (thus the name). La Niña (colder than normal oceans) and El Niño (warmer than normal) were once thought of as normal parts of our climate. Many scientists fear that they might be brought on by global warming, however. Both of these effects create great changes in our global climate: these include drought, severe storms, flooding, and higher than normal ocean levels.
16 In 2010, global temperatures continued to rise. A new analysis from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies shows that 2010 tied with 2005 as the warmest year on record, and was part of the warmest decade on record. Info taken from NASA/Earth Observatory/Robert Simmon
17 Rising Sea Levels /tools/slr In 2015, NASA revealed that Earth's oceans are rising faster than expected, and the space agency projected that we're now "locked in" to at least 90 cm of sea level rise in the coming decades. That in itself would be enough to displace millions of people around the world, but if this trend continues and all our polar ice caps and glaciers melt, it's been predicted that the oceans will rise by 216 feet.
18 The Farmer s Almanac has been around since They use 3 basic tools to make their predictions for the weather. These are: solar science, the study of sunspots and other solar activity; climatology, the study of prevailing weather patterns; and meteorology, the study of the atmosphere. This winter, the Farmer s Almanac predicts a wet winter for our area (mostly rain), with a severe snow storm in February (about the second week).
19 How snowflakes form The molecules of water vapor that form ice crystals arrange themselves into a hexagon shape. They are considered minerals because they are naturally occurring solids with a definite chemical composition and an ordered internal structure. Snow crystals or snowflakes form when water vapor converts directly into ice without becoming liquid water. As more vapor condenses, more intricate patterns form. As it tumbles through the clouds, the changing temperatures and humidities cause each arm to grow differently. Irregular crystals are the most common. The simplest flakes are hexagons.
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