Le programme du CNES» activités en cours et perspectives autour du thème «Origines des planètes et de la vie»

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1 Le programme du CNES «Etude et Exploration de l Universl» activités en cours et perspectives autour du thème «Origines des planètes et de la vie» Paris, MNHN, 6 Décembre, 2006 R. Bonneville, CNES, Directions des Programmes «Etude et Exploration de l Univers»

2 Space Science goal : increase our knowledge and understanding... on the origin of our universe and on its evolution its birth and its fate the emergence of structures and the formation of galaxies the unification of the fundamental interactions and the special role of gravitation on the objects the universe is made of : galaxies, stars, planets their formation, their evolution and their death in particular our own star, the Sun, the solar system, and our planet, the Earth and on the question of life in the universe

3 Space Exploration goal : to extend human presence, actually or virtually, beyond the limits of our planet the (commonly agreed) drivers : increase knowledge stimulate technical innovation support education attract public interest foster international co-operation the strong support of the largest scientific community is essential

4 General trends space - ground complementarity in astronomy, the space observatories allow the observations in the frequency ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum which are not accessible from the ground, e.g. high energies (UV, X, gamma) and IR for the study of the objects of the solar system, the space probes are essential at each stage : fly-by, global observation from the orbit, in situ investigations, sample return space is both the object of the study the tool of the study hence a natural partnership between the space agency and the scientific community

5 The French Space Science & Exploration programme : activities within ESA ESA s mandatory scientific programme «Cosmic Vision» is the core of the French programme in space science & exploration... thanks to the partnership between CNES and the French science community, France provides 25-30% of the instruments onboard the missions of ESA s mandatory science programme this participation has been extended by a participation to other ESA programmes with a scientific content : AURORA : ESA s new solar system exploration programme (approval at the Berlin ministerial council, December 05) ISS utilisation

6 The French Space Science & Exploration programme : activities outside ESA (1) the activities «outside ESA» complement or prepare on original and focused scientific and technological goals the participation to the ESA programmes, i.e. «missions of opportunity» : participation to missions of external initiative USA : participation to MSL-09 (decided) other European countries : e.g. Sweden, participation to ODIN, PRISMA (decided) Russia : participation to Phobos Grunt (to be confirmed) China : participation to SVOM

7 The French Space Science & Exploration programme : activities outside ESA (2) the activities «outside ESA» complement or prepare on original and focused scientific and technological goals the participation to the ESA programmes, i.e. nationally led activities, most often including external contributions mini satellites (PROTEUS family, e.g. COROT) micro satellites (MYRIADE family, e.g. MICROSCOPE, PICARD) balloons (e.g. ARCHEOPS) 0 g Airbus flights preparation of the future : R&T, phase 0/A level studies (TARANIS, SMESE), formation flying initiative (SIMBOL-X)

8 How it works major programme orientations given by the scientific community every 4 to 6 years, workshops of scientific prospective in order to elaborate the mid/long - term priorities of the French scientific community (Saint - Malo, October 93 ; Arcachon, March 98 ; Paris, July 04) balance between the main scientific domains (astronomy vs solar system) introduction of new topics : fundamental physics and astroparticles, exo/astro/cosmo/biology, space weather

9 The French scientific community main laboratories : CNRS-INSU (National Institute for space and environment sciences), CEA-DSM (DAPNIA/Sap) new partners : CNRS-IN2P3 (National Institute for nuclear and particle physics) & ONERA with the emergence of fundamental physics and astroparticle physics as a major topic, CEA-DAM with the emergence of «space weather» many CNRS laboratories from the Earth sciences and life sciences areas gathered around the Mars exploration program

10 The ESA context December 2005 : ESA ministerial council in Berlin new level of resources for the mandatory programme approval of ExoMars, the 1st mission of the European exploration programme and the 1st European mission to land on Mars the ESA prospective report «Cosmic Vision » February 2007 : Announcement of Opportunity to select the future mission of ESA s scientific programme Cosmic Vision May 2007 : confirmation review of ExoMars

11 ESA s Cosmic Vision programme Herschel & Planck May 2008 Bepi-Colombo 2013 JWST (NASA-ESA) 2013 Lisa 20xx Venus Express Nov Lisa- Pathfinder 2009 Gaia 2011 Solar Orbiter

12 International context UE s involvement in space activities : Galileo, GMES but space science & exploration only marginally concerned emergence of new space countries e.g. China, India Bush s initiative ( new American vision ) based upon «exploration» in the primary perspective of manned missions to the Moon shuttle retirement planned for 2010, re-orientation of the ISS utilisation, priority to the CEV development

13 2 major problematics : the origin (and fate) of the universe the emergence and distribution of life

14 the universe is flat on a large scale ; only 4% of its content is made of «ordinary» matter The origin (and fate?) of the universe 4% : baryonic matter (cf. nucleosynthesis) with visible matter < 1% 23% : «dark matter» (cf. galaxy dynamics) 73% : «dark energy» (connection with the «cosmological constant» ) CMB map seen by PLANCK SURVEYOR (simulation) what is the nature of dark matter and dark energy? how did large scale structures emerge? how did first galaxies form?

15 The origin (and fate?) of the universe astrophysics and particle physics tend to join together through diverse problems linked to the unification of the fundamental interactions of nature... and the special role of gravity with respect to the other interactions (weak, electromagnetic, strong) search of new fields / particles predicted by the theories goal : a new physics beyond General Relativity and Standard Model a multiple but coherent approach observational cosmology, e.g. PLANCK SURVEYOR the universe as a laboratory, e.g. MICROSCOPE the space observatories : HST, XMM, INTEGRAL, GAIA, JWST

16 The emergence and distribution of life Exploring the solar system step 1: fly-by Halley s comet seen by GIOTTO ROSETTA passes by asteroid Lutetia (artist view)

17 The emergence and distribution of life step 2 : global observation from the orbit Venus, South pole double vortex credit : P. Drossart and the VIRTIS team ROSETTA orbiter (artist view)

18 The emergence and distribution of life step 3 : in situ investigations ROSETTA lander (artist view) ExoMars rover (artist view)

19 The emergence and distribution of life step 4 : sample return

20 The emergence and distribution of life HUYGENS lands on Titan January 14th, 2005 how do the bricks of life form? organic or pre-biotic chemistry in the solar system (e.g. Titan, asteroids and comets) and in the interstellar medium

21 The emergence and distribution of life what produces habitability? inter-comparison of telluric planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars) the case of Mars : geological history - water, atmosphere - volcanism, tectonic activity, magnetic field, internal structure climate history biological history?

22 The emergence and distribution of life did life appear elsewhere in the solar system? (and is it still present today?) 1st target : Mars Mars South pole (23/01/2004) Mars North pole credit : JP Bibring and the OMEGA ream at IAS, Science, Vol 307, Issue 5715, 1574, 11 March 2005

23 Perspectives in solar system exploration first priority : the exploration of Mars by automatic missions global study from the orbit : Mars Express in situ science : local / regional investigations with landers and rovers MSL 09 (co-operation with NASA, 2 scientific instrumentation contributions : GC, Raman LIBS) EXOMARS (ESA s Exploration programme) in situ science : network science implementation future NetLander type project (network of geophysical stations) the next major step : Mars sample return missions

24 Mars Sample Return French priority for participating in ESA s Exploration Core Programme activities international effort desirable, earliest date 2022 a programme, not a single shot : several samples to be collected from several sites, surface mobility needed critical technologies : orbital rendezvous, sample handling, Mars surface lift-off, re-entry capsule preparatory mission(s) needed, e.g technology demos or NEO / Phobos - Deimos / main belt asteroid sample return or Lunar sample return, proposal at the next ESA ministerial council national R&T activities : sample handling and preparation, characterisation techniques

25 Perspectives in solar system exploration a Near Earth Object sample return mission objectives : to demonstrate the capacity of performing a rendez-vous with a NE asteroid to characterize it to bring back samples to the Earth framework : ESA Cosmic Vision AO (co-operation with Japan? with ESA s Exploration programme?)

26 The Moon scientific importance considered lower than Mars and small bodies, other motivations not convincing for the time being priority to internal structure knowledge e.g. : seismic network deployment possible scientific «opportunity contributions»

27 The giant planets and their satellites to be considered in a longer term perspective (Cosmic Vision «L» type mission, post 2020) international effort desirable

28 The emergence and distribution of life today, about 200 extra-solar planets have been detected (mostly hot Jupiter type) the first exoplanet transit observed by photometry in November 99 by H. Deeg and al. at the Canary island observatory how do planetary systems form? what types of exoplanets exist?

29 2 goals : stellar sismology search for extrasolar planets description : small astronomy satellite based upon CNES s multimission platform PROTEUS contributions from Spain, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Brasil, and ESA PI : A. Baglin (LESIA, Paris Observatory) launched planned Dec (Soyouz 2.1b from Baikonur) COROT

30 COROT En sismologie Etoiles brillantes en petit nombre 10 par champ, mv entre 6 et 9 En recherche de planètes Etoiles faibles en grand nombre par champ, mv entre 12 et 16 Durée de la mission : 2.5 ans 5 observations longues (150 jours) 10 observations courtes (20 à 30 jours) Nombre total d'étoiles observées 150 en sismologie en recherche d'exoplanètes F/F Statistiques sur dimensions, orbites, masses 100 ppm 10 hrs Exemple Terre à 1 u.a t(hrs) Statistiques prévisionnelles de détection hypothèse : 20 % d'étoiles avec 2 planètes au moins plusieurs centaines de géantes gazeuses une dizaine de planètes telluriques chaudes peut-être une ou deux grosses Terres en mono-transit (T = 300 K, rayon > 1.5 R earth )

31 The emergence and distribution of life GAIA (artist view) mid term perspectives : GAIA, JWST, ESA Cosmic Vision AO JWST (artist view) DARWIN

32 The emergence and distribution of life does life exist elsewhere in the universe? is it an exceptional, maybe unique, event, or is it widely spread? search of habitable extra solar planets tracking of unambiguous biosignatures in their atmosphere DARWIN long term perspective : DARWIN (artist view)

33 Conclusion : «a European vision» the content of the European exploration programme shall allow Europe to go on its own way if eventually international co-operation does not fulfil the European expectations, in order not to reproduce the situation of European dependence of the ISS programme taking into account the differential of resources between Europe and the US, the European priority should be placed on robotic missions, and the European exploration programme has to be built in that perspective