1. A rocket is a machine that uses escaping gas to move. P Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a Russian high school teacher and the father of

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1 1. A rocket is a machine that uses escaping gas to move. P Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a Russian high school teacher and the father of rocketry. Although he explained how rocketry worked, he never built or tested any rockets himself. He was inspired by the stories of Jules Verne. 3. The father of modern rocketry was American physicist Robert Goddard. 4. The US launched into an arms race with the Soviets due to the Cold War. This in turn led to an alarm of the Soviets having a superior rocket and space program, thus launching the US into a race to space. P NASA was created to combine all of the separate rocket-development teams that were working in the US. All of this was in response to the alarm over a possibility that the Soviet Union would be superior in the space race. 6. NASA stands for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 7. Newton s Third Law of Motion is the principle that explains how and why rockets work. P The theory behind Newton s 3 rd Law is; for every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction. Think of when you let the air out of a blown up balloon. The air escapes backwards (the action) and sends the balloon forward or in the opposite direction (the reaction). 9. Hot gases of a rocket are kept under pressure in the combustion chamber until the chamber door is opened, allowing the gases to be released. 10. As a result of the pressure inside the combustion chamber the force against the top of the chamber becomes greater than the opposing force of the air outside. This forces the gas out of the rocket nozzle and lifts the rocket up. 11. The force that accelerates a rocket is called thrust. 12. In order for a rocket to actually orbit the Earth s surface it must achieve orbital velocity, or the appropriate speed and direction.

2 13. The lowest possible speed a rocket may go and still orbit the Earth is 8 km/s. 14. The term suborbital means all objects that are orbiting the Earth at a speed less than 8 km/s. 15. In order for a rocket to escape the Earth s orbit, it must reach escape velocity. Escape velocity is the speed and direction 16. The speed a rocket must reach in order to attain escape velocity is 11 km/s. 17. For rocket fuel to burn oxygen must be present. This is easy to achieve on Earth as oxygen is plentiful, however in the atmosphere it is not. Therefore in space a rocket must carry enough oxygen with them to burn fuel. 18. An artificial satellite is any human-made object placed in orbit around a body in space, such as Earth. P The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, a Russian satellite that was launched in an orbit around the Earth. 20. Explorer 1 was the first US satellite successfully launched, thus officially starting the race to space. 21. Satellites are used for weather tracking and observations, communication, military for defense and spying purposes, mapping and remote sensing for scientific purposes, tracking ocean currents, crop growth, and urban development. 22. All satellites were originally placed in Low Earth Orbit or LEO, a satellite in LEO travels around the Earth very quickly resulting in the Earth loosing contact with the satellite. To correct this problem, scientists went to geosynchronous orbit or GEO. GEO is a much higher orbit and allows the satellite to move at a speed that exactly matches the Earth.

3 23. Remote sensing is done through satellites that look down on the Earth s surface and allow scientists to study the Earth. Remote sensing is used to identify and track global and regional changes to the Earth. 24. A space probe is a vehicle that carries scientific instruments to planets or other bodies in space. 25. Luna 1 was the first space probe launched into space by the Soviets. 26. Major space probes launched by the US include Clementine, Magellan, Viking 2, Mars Pathfinder, Pioneer, and Galileo. The USSR launched Luna 9 and Venera The space probe Clementine discovered possible evidence of water at the south pole of the moon. 28. The Soviet probe Luna 9 made the first soft landing on the moon s surface. 29. Space-probe science has given us information about how planets form and develop and has helped us better understand our own planet Earth. 30. The probe Venera sent back info about the greenhouse gases in Venus s atmosphere. Scientists use this info to study how greenhouse gases released into the Earth s atmosphere trap thermal energy. 31. The Magellan probe launched by the US showed us that, in many ways, the geology of Venus is similar to that of the Earth. Venus has features that suggest plate tectonics and volcanoes. 32. The US launched 2 space probes that investigated Mars, the Viking 2 probe and the Mars Pathfinder. 33. Both the Pioneer 10 and Galileo probes traveled to the outer solar system. The Pioneer missions both traveled to the outer planets and sample the solar winds, or the flow of particles that come from the sun. IN June 1983 the Pioneer 10 probe traveled past Pluto. The probe Galileo studied not only the

4 planet Jupiter but its moons and sent smaller probes in towards Jupiter to study its atmosphere and cloud structure. 34. The NASA program Discovery is a program that focuses on smaller missions that would hopefully yield faster results at a cheaper cost. Some of these missions have sent probes to study asteroids, Mars. The moon, the solar winds, and three comets. P The Deep Space 1 Mission is a program that will test new and risky technologies to prove they can be used with confidence in the years to come. One exciting new technology is an ion rocket. The ion rocket still uses Newton s 3 rd law of motion but uses charged particles instead of chemical fuel. Think of what possibilities that would open up. 36. The only planet not yet explored is Pluto, although scientists no longer consider this a planet. 37. The Pioneer 10 probe has actually traveled out past Pluto and is no longer in contact with NASA. 38. Scientists want to study Jupiter s moon Europa to determine whether it has a liquid ocean. P Yuri Gagarin was a soviet cosmonaut that became the first human to orbit the Earth. P The speech John F. Kennedy gave in May set a tone for a space policy that would guide the US during the next decade. This was all done due to the Cold War and our competition with the Soviets. Yuri s space mission was once again seen as if the Soviets were winning the cold war. 41. The Apollo 11 mission saw Kennedy s challenge met and our national pride restored by seeing the first manned mission to land on the moon on July 20, It also saw Neil Armstrong as the first human to set foot on the moon.

5 The mission also returned with materials to analyze and left behind instruments that were used to record data about the moon. 42. The space shuttle is a vehicle that can be reused, can take off like a rocket but land like an airplane. P The space station is a long-term orbiting platform from which other vehicles can be launched or scientific research could be carried out. P Skylab was the US s first space station. It was a science and engineering lab that orbited the Earth in LEO. Unfortunately all objects in LEO eventually spiral towards Earth and Skylab was no exception. Mir was another space station created by the Soviets. Mir was used to conduct astronomy experiments, biological and Earth observations, and study manufacturing processes in space. Eventually, astronauts from the US and other countries joined Russian cosmonauts on Mir. P The International Space Station hopes it will be a good place to perform space-science experiments, invent new technologies, promote cooperation among nations, and other benefits we do not know as of yet. Multiple nations must come together to not only share in the cost and assembly of this project but the knowledge that all nations contain. P Scientific, economic, and even recreational reasons, human may eventually live and work on other planets and moons. P 619

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