Phobos & Deimos Update

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1 Phobos & Deimos Update Pascal Lee 1,2,3 1 Mars Institute, 2 SETI Institute, 3 NASA Ames Research Center 7 th SBAG Meeting July 2012 Pasadena, CA

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3 Phobos and Deimos Science Merit 40 yrs into spacecraft exploration era, Phobos & Deimos are still Vexing Mysteries. Origin/Nature Unknown: Highest priority Small Body Science Goal (1st & 2 nd Phobos-Deimos Conf. consensus). - Captured Asteroids! D-types? Gone-Types? Wow! - Remnants of Mars s Formation? Wow! - Reaccreted Mars Ejecta? Wow! - Broken-Up & Reassembled Products Thereof? Wow Wee! - Related to Each Other? Wow! At Crossroads of Central Issues in Solar System & Planetary Science (Decadal Survey) - Formation & Evolution of the Solar System - Formation and Evolution of Planetary Satellites - Formation and Evolution of Small Bodies (Themselves + Intercepted Asteroidal Drift) - Impact Cratering (Accretion, Break-Up & Reassembly, Mars Ejecta, etc.) - Formation and Evolution of Mars (Mars Satellites + Intercepted Mars Ejecta) - Origin and Evolution of Life (Organics + Intercepted Mars Ejecta, etc.) Mars Ejecta in Regolith: Highest priority Mars Science Goal. Mars fraction may offer keys to Mars, incl. life (Lee et al. 2005, Melosh et al. 2012). Sampling Phobos and Deimos: Need representative samples of bulk. Need Lander. ++',-.'/0+/' (1'2""' 3'

4 Phobos and Deimos Exploration Merit Phobos & Deimos: Attractive Targets of Opportunity in Mars Orbit. Humans may Visit for Much Less Cost than Mars! Mars Sooner. Logical Step Between NEOs and Mars. Phobos/Deimos could play Key Roles in Mars Architectures (TBD). H 2 O Content Unknown: Could be up to 30% by Volume! Robotic Precursor: Science Merit + MSR Precursor + PSAG SKGs. Also Planetary Protection Role(s). NASA s Priority at Mars is Mars. Agreed. This is about Mars, Only SBs Too. E/PO Merit American Discoveries! Targeted by Russia, Europe, & China. Exciting Destinations: A Trip to Phobos/Deimos is a Trip to Mars + SBs. ++',-.'/0+/' (1'2""' 4'

5 Phobos-Grunt 2 + Phootprint Investigation Into Failure of Phobos-Grunt Space Radiation! Unexpected S/C Dual Flight Computer Reboot! S/C Went Into Safe Mode! Waited for Ground Commands in X Band! But X Band Not Usable (Designed for Cruise Phase Only)! Loss of S/C. Phobos-Grunt 2 Roscosmos + Russian Academy of Science have decided to Re-Fly. Viewed as Highest Priority: Inherent Science Merit, High TRL, Step to MSR. Targeted Launch Window: 2020 Simpler & Lighter S/C. Fewer payload elements. No Chinese Probe. International Partners Sought. Roscosmos is approaching ESA. ESA Phootprint ESA announced new Phobos SR mission option for 2022 at Mars Concepts & Approaches Meeting. ++',-.'/0+/' (1'2""' 5'

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7 Concepts & Approaches for Mars Exploration June 2012 Using Mars s Moons Session Lisano et al. Mars moon SRM concept. Colaprete et al. PCROSS Muscatello et al. Phobos & Deimos SRM ISRU Lee et al. Phobos & Deimos Lander/SRM: Science + PSAG SKGs Mazanek et al. Human Mission to Phobos & Deimos: Destination Mission Concept Report Sweetser Manned Base on Phobos First. Then Explore Mars. Panel Discussion For More Info: )HIJKKLLL1.I#1-&<71"?-K$""M6N&K$7<&E%6E"I=&/0+/K' ++',-.'/0+/' (1'2""' C'

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8 National Aeronautics and Space Administration ()*+.'+*,'A2+*/5+.B'C*#35)5/D'E)*/'97;9<D'7897' A./#/*5/,'FB'G+*'-+H+*/I'J'K>L>'(+*M2/B'!/#/+.$?'=/*5/.' K>L>'N)%+*'L1+$/O4M?5'>.$?45/$5)./'P/+%'QN>PR'A.4%+.B'P/+%'-/%F/.#&' A+)2'>F/22'QEL=RD'E/S'>*5"2'Q(+!=RD'T./*5'T+.F//'QULV=RD'G+W4,'T/+5B'QEA(RD'G/F".+?'T+##'QEA(RD'E)24/'=+#322";!"M/H'QEA(RD' -4I/'N/%F.//'QEL=RD'L5/W/'N"S%+*'QEL=RD'L?+."*'E/S/.4/#'Q(+!=RD'!)5?+*'(/Y4#'QULV=RD'-+.I'()14#/22+'QULV=RD' G+*'-+H+*/I'Q(+!='J'L5),B'(/+,R'+*,'G+W4,'!//W/#'Q(+!=R' HAT Cycle 2012-A Draft Human Spaceflight Architecture Team 8 NASA Internal Use Only Not for Distribution

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Test payload HAT Cycle 2012-A Draft Human

9 K"3"*+2'="*$/15'6".'L?".5;L5+B'-+.#'Z4$4*45B'[1/.+3"*#' Capture into High-Mars Orbit (1-sol) 250 x 33,813 km Arrive (Day 0) Arrive Phobos (Day 4) Leave Phobos (Day 28) Explore 6 Distinct Sites Arrive Deimos (Day 36) Leave Deimos (Day 48) Explore 3 Distinct Sites Depart (Day 56) Operations timeline includes 3 days of contingency and several blocks of unplanned activities A?"F"#&'9,378'I%'\$4.$)2+.]'9^9',/M'4*$2^]'8^a7',+B'1/.4",' G/4%"#&'23,459'I%'\$4.$)2+.]'8^_',/M'4*$2^]'9^7`',+B'1/.4",' Phobos survey Science package Deimos survey Test EVA procedures Test payload deployment SEV anchoring & mobility anchoring methods Drilling operations Test payload HAT Cycle 2012-A Draft Human Collect Spaceflight initial Architecture samples Team In-situ Resource anchoring methods NASA Internal Use Only Not for Distribution Utilization 9 9

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11 Humans to Mars Orbit: Robotic Precursor to Phobos and Deimos What Type of Robotic Precursor? Goal A B C Humans to Mars Orbit Humans to Mars Surface Humans to Phobos and/or Deimos PSAG Strategic Knowledge Gap Orbital Particulate Environment in High Mars Orbit Risk of Potential Adverse Effects of Mars Dust Risk of Back Contamination to Earth by Potential Biohazards on Mars H 2 O availability in the martian system that could change highlevel architecture of future human surface missions. Geological, Compositional, and Geophysical Properties of Phobos and Deimos to design focused human-based science and engineering exploration. Physical conditions near and on Phobos and Deimos to reliably and safely carry out proximity and surface ops for human-based science and engineering. Flyby or Orbiter!! Lander In Situ Only!!!! Touch n Go SRM!!!! Lander In Situ + SRM ++',-.'/0+/'!!!!!! (1'2""' ++'

12 Phobos/Deimos: Next Steps Phobos/Deimos Working Group Focus group to review, quantify, and articulate rationale for Phobos & Deimos exploration, incl. traceability to Decadal Survey and PSAG SKGs. Report to NASA SBAG. Add Phobos/Deimos SRM as New Frontiers Option? Third International Conference on the Exploration of Phobos & Deimos. The Science, Robotic Reconnaissance, and Human Exploration of the Two Moons of Mars. NASA Ames Research Center (TBC) March 2013 or March 2013 (TBC) (44 th LPSC: March 2013) Need to confirm with NASA HQ SMD & HEOMD Phobos (and Deimos) Book Publisher: Planetary & Space Science (PSS) Editors: J. Oberst, A. Zakharov, T. Duxbury, A. Ball Publication Date: July ',-.'/0+/' (1'2""' +/'

13 ++',-.'/0+/' (1'2""' +3'

ISIS Impactor for Surface and Interior Science

ISIS Impactor for Surface and Interior Science ISIS Mission Concept!! Send an independent, autonomous impactor spacecraft to the target of the OSIRIS-REx mission!! Launch as secondary payload with InSight!!