DARK MATTER IN UNIVERSE. edited by. John Bahcall Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA. Tsvi Piran The Hebrew University, Israel

Transcription

1 DARK MATTER IN UNIVERSE n d edited by John Bahcall Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA Tsvi Piran The Hebrew University, Israel Steven Weinberg University of Texas, Austin, USA TECHNiSCHE INFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK HANNOVER World Scientific

2 CONTENTS Foreword to the First Edition v Chapter 1. Introduction 1 John N. Bahcall Chapter 2. Distribution of Dark Matter in the Spiral Galaxy NGC T. S. van Albada, K. Begeman, R. Sanscisi and J. N. Bahcall 1 Introduction 7 2 Distribution of Light 11 3 Rotation Curve 12 4 Mass Models Choice of Components Fits with Exponential Disk and Halo An Upper Limit for the Mass of the Spheroidal Component 18 5 Discussion 19 Appendix: Dark Matter and the Tully-Fisher Relation 21 References 22 Chapter 3. Some Possible Regularities in Missing Mass 25 John N. Bahcall and Stefano Casertano 1 Introduction 25 2 The Simplicity 25 3 The Numerical Characteristics 27 4 The Local Missing Mass 30 5 Implications 30 References 32

3 viii Contents Chapter 4. Evolution of Globular Clusters and the Globular Cluster System - I 35 J. P. Ostriker and C. Thompson 1 Globular Clusters 35 2 Basic Properties of Globular Clusters 36 3 Equilibrium Structure of Globular Clusters 37 4 Methods of Computing the Evolution of a Globular Cluster 42 5 Early Evolution of an Isolated Globular Cluster 42 6 Effects of Finite Stellar Size: Heating and Core Bounce 44 7 External Effects on the Evolution of a Globular Cluster 49 8 Evolution of the Globular Cluster System: Destruction of Clusters Outstanding Issues Nature of the Dark Halo of Our Galaxy 53 References 55 Chapter 5. Positive Energy Perturbations in Cosmology - II 57 J. P. Ostriker and C. Thompson 1 Hydrodynamics in a Cosmological Setting 57 2 Various Self-Similar Solutions for Blast Waves 60 3 Shell Structure 64 4 Equation of Motion of a Thin Shell 65 5 Gravitational Instability in a Shell 68 6 Interactions between Cosmological Blasts 69 References 70 Chapter 6. Dark Matter in Galaxies and Galaxy Systems 71 Scott Tremaine and Hyung Mok Lee 1 Introduction Virial Theorem History of Dark Matter A Quick Review of Cosmology Mass-to-light Ratio in the Solar Neighbourhood Classification Scheme of Dark Matter 78 2 Theory of Stellar Dynamics Collisionless Boltzmann Equation The Jeans Theorem Examples of Distribution Functions Plummer model Isothermal sphere 84

4 Contents ix 2.4 Moments of the Collisionless Boltzmann Equation 85 3 Elliptical Cores and Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies 86 4 The Extent of the Galactic Halo Local Escape Speed Magellanic Stream Local Group Timing Kinematics of Satellite Galaxies Summary 95 5 Binary Galaxies 95 6 Masses of Groups and Clusters of Galaxies Groups of Galaxies Rich Clusters: Coma Cluster 98 7 Summary 100 References 101 Chapter 7. Gravitational Lenses 103 Roger D. Blandford and Christopher S. Kochanek 1 Introduction History Simple Estimates Uses Organization of Lectures 107 References The Optics of Gravitational Lenses Vector Formalism The lens equation Image amplification and parity Distance measures Ill 2.2 Scalar Formalism: Fermat's Principle Propagation Formalism: The Optical Scalar Equations 115 References Gravitational Potential Wells Uniform Sheet Point Mass (Black Hole) Singular Isothermal Sphere Isothermal Sphere with Finite Core Elliptical Potentials Irregular Potentials Cosmic Strings 122 References 124

5 Contents Generic Features of Images Arrival Time Surfaces Caustics and Catastrophes Structural stability of images Isolated image Fold catastrophe Cusp catastrophe Higher order catastrophes Caustics as Conjugate Points of Ray Congruences 132 References 133 Microlensing Order of Magnitude Estimates The Character of Microimages: Low Optical Depth The Character of Microimages: Moderate Optical Depth The Character of Microimages: Large Optical Depth 137 References 137 Compound Lenses 138 References 140 The Observational Position A Reprise of Existing Candidates The double QSO: PG C The dark matter lenses: , , and Space Density of Sources Quasars, Galaxies, and Radio Sources Space Density of Lenses Galaxies and Clusters Amplification Bias Surveys and Future Prospects 146 References 147 Lenses as Probes of the Universe The Hubble Constant Galactic Masses Lensing by Dark Matter 155 References 156 Concluding Remarks 157

6 Contents xi Chapter 8. An Introduction to Inflation 159 William H. Press and David N. Spergel 1 Review of Big Bang Cosmology Inflation Additional Topics Not Covered Here 165 References 167 Chapter 9. Wimps in the Sun and in the Lab 169 William H. Press and David N. Spergel 1 WIMPS and the Solar Neutrino Problem Detecting WIMPS in the Lab 176 References 179 Chapter 10. An Introduction to Cosmic Strings 183 William H. Press and David N. Spergel 1 Birth of Cosmic Strings The Motion of a Cosmic String Loop Cosmic Strings and the Formation of Galaxies Spherical Accretion Model Competition between Loops Galaxy Morphology Observing Cosmic Strings 194 References 194 Chapter 11. A Departure from Newtonian Dynamics at Low Accelerations as an Explanation of the Mass- Discrepancy in Galactic Systems 197 Mordehai Milgrom 1 Introduction Dynamics at Low Accelerations A Nonrelativistic Formulation Effects of an Ambient Field Observational Consequences Disc Galaxies Elliptical Galaxies The General Expression for the "Dark Matter" Density The Sign of the Phantom Density Negative "Dark Matter" Phantom Matter in Galactic Discs 214 References 215

7 xii Contents Chapter 12. Dark Matter in Cosmology 217 Anthony Aguirre 1 Introduction Dark Matter and Structure Formation Initial Conditions and the Standard Cosmological Model Evolution of Perturbations Tests and Constraints from the Microwave Background Tests and Constraints from the Ly-a Forest and Distribution of Galaxies Dark Matter and Galaxy Formation Halo Formation The Halo Mass Function Halo Profiles Angular Momentum From a Dark Halo to a Galaxy Current Status of Galaxy Formation Theory Outstanding Problems, and Alternatives to (Cold) Dark Matter Conclusions 232 References 232