COSMOLOGY The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Structure

Transcription

1 COSMOLOGY The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Structure Peter COLES Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, United Kingdom Francesco LUCCHIN Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita di Padova, Italy JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto Singapore

2 Contents Preface General References: Textbooks xi xix PART I: Cosmological Models 1 The Relativistic Universe Introduction to General Relativity The Cosmological Principle The Robertson-Walker Metric The Hubble Law Redshift The Deceleration Parameter Cosmological Distances The M-Z and N-Z Relations The Friedmann Equations A Newtonian Approach The Cosmological Constant Friedmann Models 28 References 29 2 The Friedmann Models Perfect Fluid Models / The Einstein-de Sitter Model General Properties of Curved Models Dust Models Radiative Models Evolution of the Density Parameter Cosmological Horizons 44

3 vi CONTENTS References 46 3 Alternative Cosmologies: Past and Present Introduction Hierarchical Cosmologies Olbers Paradox The Steady State Model The Dirac Theory Brans-Dicke Theory Hoyle-Narlikar (Conformal) Gravity The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 57 References 59 4 Observational Properties of the Universe Introduction The Hubble Constant The Distance Ladder The Age of the Universe The Density of the Universe Deviations from the Hubble Expansion "Classical Cosmology" The Cosmic Microwave Background 91 References 94 PART II: Evolution of the Big Bang Model 5 Physical Properties of the Hot Big Bang The Standard Hot Big Bangi Recombination and Decoupling Matter-Radiation Equivalence Thermal History of the Universe Radiation Entropy per Baryon Time Scales in the Standard Model 104 References The Big Bang and Quantum Gravity The Big Bang Singularity The Planck Time The Planck Era Quantum Cosmology 114 References 117

4 CONTENTS vii 7 Phase Transitions and Inflation The Hot Big Bang Fundamental Interactions The Physics of Phase Transitions Cosmological Phase Transitions Problems of the Standard Model The Monopole Problem The Cosmological Constant Problem The Cosmological Horizon Problem The Cosmological Flatness Problem The Inflationary Universe Types of Inflation Successes and Problems of Inflation 154 References The Hadron and Lepton Eras The Quark-Hadron Transition Chemical Potentials The Lepton Era Neutrino Decoupling The Cosmic Neutrino Background Cosmological Nucleosynthesis Non-Standard Nucleosynthesis 173 References The Plasma Era The Radiative Era The Plasma Epoch Hydrogen Recombination The Matter Era Evolution of the CMB Spectrum 184 References 187 PART III: Structure Formation by Gravitational Instability 10 Introduction to Jeans Theory Gravitational Instability Jeans Theory Jeans Instability in Collisionless Fluids Jeans Theory in Cosmology 197 References 201

5 viii CONTENTS 11 Jeans Instability in Friedmann Models Introduction: an Approximate Analysis Newtonian Theory in a Dust Universe Solutions for the Flat Dust Case The Growth Factor Solution for Radiation-Dominated Universes The Method of Autosolution The Meszaros Effect Relativistic Solutions 217 References The Origin of Structure I: Baryons Only Introduction Adiabatic and Isothermal Perturbations Evolution of the Sound Speed Evolution of the Jeans Mass Evolution of the Horizon Mass Dissipation of Acoustic Waves Dissipation of Adiabatic Perturbations Radiation Drag A Two-Fluid Model The Kinetic Approach Structure Formation 241 References The Origin of Structure II: Non Baryonic Matter Introduction The Boltzmann Equation for Cosmic Relics Hot Thermal Relics Cold Thermal Relics The Jeans Mass and the Free-Streaming Mass Structure Formation Problems and Other Scenarios.* 261 References Cosmological Perturbations Introduction The Perturbation Spectrum The Mass Variance Types of Primordial Spectra Spectra at Horizon-Crossing Fluctuations from Inflation The Transfer Function 281

6 CONTENTS ix 14.8 Gaussian Density Perturbations Covariance Functions Non-Gaussian Fluctuations? 290 References Non Linear Evolution of Perturbations The Spherical "Top Hat" Collapse The Zel'dovich Approximation The Adhesion Model Self-Similar Evolution The Mass Function N-Body Simulations Hydrodynamics and Dissipation Biased Galaxy Formation Angular Momentum and Morphology of Galaxies Comments 328 References 329 PART IV: Observational Tests 16 Statistics of Galaxy Clustering Introduction Correlation Functions: Definitions The Limber Equations Correlation Functions: Results Cluster Correlations and Biasing Counts in Cells The Power Spectrum, Fractal Analysis Percolation Analysis Topology Comments 362 References The Cosmic Microwave Background Introduction The Angular Power Spectrum The CMB Dipole Large Angular Scales Intermediate Scales Smaller Scales: Extrinsic Effects The Sunyaev-ZePdovich Effect 389

7 x CONTENTS 17.8 Prospects for the Future? 391 References Peculiar Motions of Galaxies Velocity Perturbations Velocity Correlations Bulk Flows Velocity-Density Reconstruction Redshift-Space Distortions Implications for fl 406 References The Post-Recombination Universe Introduction High-Redshift Objects The Intergalactic Medium The Infra-Red Background and Dust : Number-Counts Revisited The Epoch of Galaxy Formation? Concluding Remarks 431 References 432 Index 433