Physics International 5 (1): 21-35, 2014

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1 Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 ISSN: Siene Publiation doi:.3844/pisp Published Online 5 () 4 ( ON TE ABSENCE OF ANTIMATTER FROM TE UNIVERSE, DARK MATTER, TE FINE STRUCTURE PARAMETER, TE FLUCTUATIONS OF TE COSMIC MICROAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION AND TE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETEEN TE NORTERN AND SOUTERN EMISPERE OF TE UNIVERSE Emmanuil Manousos Department of Physis, Astrophysis Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR 5783 Zographos, Athens, Greee Reeived 4--5; Revised 4-3-7; Aepted 4-3- ABSTRACT The theory of selfvariations orrelates five osmologial observations onsidered to be unrelated by the physial theories of the previous entury. The absene of antimatter from the Universe, the Dark Matter, the slight variation of the fine struture parameter, the temperature flutuations of the osmi mirowave bakground radiation and the temperature differene between the northern and southern hemisphere of the Universe an be justified by a ommon ause. This ause is the selfvariation of the eletri harge of material partiles. The antimatter partiles of the very early Universe lose their eletri harge with the passage of time and end up as eletrially neutral. These eletrially neutral partiles onstitute a signifiant part of Dark Matter. The osmologial Model of the Selfvariations predits another possible mehanism for the reation of Dark Matter partiles. Thus, we an justify the fat that the amount of Dark Matter is greater than the amount of the ordinary, luminous, matter. A flutuation of the eletri harge at osmologial distanes is predited in the region of the Universe that we observe. This flutuation is reorded in the osmologial data in the value of the fine struture parameter measured at osmologial distanes, in the temperature of the osmi mirowave bakground radiation and is responsible for the temperature differene between the two hemispheres of the Universe. The study we present proves in detail that the law of selfvariations ontains enough information to justify the totality of osmologial data that annot be justified by the standard osmologial model. These data have been observed by the ultrasensitive modern observation instruments. The high sensitivity of the instruments is neessary to reord the effets from the extremely small variation of the eletri harge. e regard as neessary a re-evaluation of the osmologial data based on the law of selfvariations. Keywords: Antimatter, Dark Matter, Fine Struture Parameter, CMBR, Oklo. INTRODUCTION The law of selfvariations expresses uantitatively a slight ontinuous inrease of the rest mass and the eletri harge of material partiles. In the maroosm, the law of selfvariations is expressed by a simple differential euation for the rest mass and by a similar one for the eletri harge of material partiles. The solutions resulting from these differential euations justify the totality of the osmologial data. Some osmologial data, like the redshift of distant astronomial objets, the Cosmi Mirowave Bakground Radiation (CMBR), the nuleosynthesis of hemial elements and the inreased luminosity distanes of Type Ia supernovae, result mainly as a onseuene of the selfvariation of the rest mass. The selfvariation of the eletri harge is respensible for large part of the Dark

2 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 Matter. The absene of antimatter from the Universe, the flutuation of the fine struture parameter observed at osmologial distanes, the temperature flutuation of the CMBR and the temperature differene between the two hemispheres of the Universe are exlusively due to the selfvariation of the eletri harge. In the miroosm, the law of selfvariations predits that the rest mass and the eletri harge of material partiles spread, are distributed, within spaetime. hen we try to define this distribution, the Shrödinger euation, as well as the relevant euations, appear and play a fundamental role. These euations for the miroosm, replae the simple differential euation given by the law of selfvariations for the maroosm. The selfvariation of the rest mass evolves only in the diretion of inrease of the rest masses of material partiles. On the ontrary, the selfvariation of the magnitude of the eletri harge an evolve in two different diretions. The eletri harge of material partiles an either inrease, or derease, in absolute value. This differene arises from the fat that the eletri harge exists in the Universe as pairs of opposite uantities. In this artile we examine in detail the evolution of the selfvariation of the eletri harge in two diretions and its onseuenes. A m ( r) m kr Aexp - (3) Between the rest mass m (r) of a material partile in a distant astronomial objet at distane r from Earth and the laboratory value of the rest mass m of the same partile on earth. Between parameters k and A, the following relation holds: ka A (4) where, is ubble s parameter. Parameter A inreases very slightly with the passage of time t aording to Euation 5: da A ka dt ɺ (5) hile it obeys ineuality: z A + z < < (6). FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF TE COSMOLOGICAL MODEL OF TE SELFVARIATIONS The law of selfvariations in the maroosm predits (Manousos, 3a, Euation 7 and 9) Euation: For every value of the redshift z. Solving Euation we similarly obtain: B ( r) k r Bexp - (7) m iħ mɺ + m i () For the rest mass m of material partiles and the orresponding Euation: iħ ɺ + V i () For the magnitude (>) of the eletri harge of material partiles. In Euation the eletromagneti potential V is independent of the selfvariations (Manousos, 3b). ith ( ) we denote the derivative with respet to time t. Euation and are solved in a flat and stati Universe (Manousos, 3a). Solving Euation we find relation: db B k B dt ɺ (8) Given the fat that we know the value of ubble s parameter, Euation 4 provides a relation between parameters k and A. Furthermore, Euation 6 onfines to a satisfatory degree the values parameter A an take. Thus, we were able to derive a large amount of information about the onseuenes of the selfvariation of the rest mass at osmologial sales (Manousos, 3a; 3b). Regarding the selfvariation of the eletri harge, we know that B> and that it evolves at an extremely slow rate (Manousos, 3b). e shall now repeat the proof of Euation 7 from Euation in order to highlight the fundamental parameters defining the selfvariation of the eletri harge.

3 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 From Euation we obtain: iħ ɺ + σ V (9) where, σ is the integration onstant, measured in units of eletri harge. By denoting Euation : x () σ Euation 9 an be written as: iħ xɺ iħ xɺ x + x V σ x V σ x ɺ iv σ dx iv σ ( ) ħ x ħ x x x dt ( x) ivσ dx dt x x ħ () e integrate Euation between moment t, when the eletri harge has value and x and moment σ t, now, when the eletri harge has value and x and after performing the alulations, we get: σ σ σ iv σ exp ħ ( t t ) () Euation and 3 an be written orrespondingly as: σ σ ( r) B k r exp - From whih we obtain: B B ( r) k r Bexp - hih is Euation 7. Similarly, Euation 8 results diretly from Euation 4. In the law of selfvariations (Manousos, 3a, Euation 65 and 66), the imaginary unit i has being introdued in order to inorporate into the statement of the law the onseuenes stemming from the internality of the Universe in the proess of measurement (Manousos, 3b). The final Euation 3 and 7, i.e., the solutions of Euation and, do not hange if we replae the imaginary unit with any onstant b in Euation and (Manousos, 3a). In the maroosm we measure the onseuenes of a real variation of the rest masses and the eletri harges of material partiles, something that annot be done in the miroosm (Manousos, 3b). e ould reformulate the law of selfvariations by initially assigning any arbitrary parameter b in the plae of i. In order to avoid the onfusion that might arise from the presene of the imaginary unit i, we write Euation 5 as: In order to find the value of the eletri harge (r) at a distant astronomial objet loated at distane r from r Earth, we replae t in Euation with t and get: σ ( r) (3) σ iv σ iv σ r exp ( t - t ) exp ħ ħ Denoting Euation 4: σ exp iv σ σ ħ ( t - t ) exp( k ( t t )) Β ivσ k ħ (4) (5) 3 bvσ k ħ (6) As we shall see, the arbitrary parameter b does not play any role in the resulting onlusions, sine they are determined by the value of parameter k. This is the parameter we an measure on the basis of the osmologial data. The variation of the eletri harge results in the variation of the fine struture parameter Euation 7: 4πε ħ (7) From the very slight variation of parameter for osmologial distanes (ebb et al., ; King et al., ; Molaro et al., 8; Murphy et al., 8; 7;

4 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 Tzanavaris et al., 5; Chand et al., 4; Murphy et al., 3; ebb et al., ; Dzuba et al., 999; ebb et al., 999), we onlude that the selfvariation of the eletri harge evolves at an extremely slow rate. 3. TE PARTICLES OF TE ELECTRICALLY CARGED ANTIMATTER OF TE EARLY UNIVERSE ARE CONVERTED, IT TE PASSAGE OF TIME, INTO DARK MATTER PARTICLES By omparing Euation and, we find that in plae of the eletromagneti potential V in Euation, fator > appears in Euation. This is a general harateristi of the Euations resulting from the law of selfvariations and appears from the begining in the Euations of the theory of selfvariations (Manousos, 3a, see: Energymomentum tensors 54, 59 and the remark in paragraph 4.8). The fat that > has as a onseuene that the selfvariation of the rest mass ours in the diretion of inrease of the rest mass of material partiles. There are also other arguments that strengthen this onlusion, whih we will not mention in the present artile. The eletromagneti potential V an be either positive (V >) or negative (V <). Aording to Euation 6, a hange of sign of the eletromagneti potential V brings about a hange of sign of parameter k. This auses parameter k to be either positive (k >) or negative (k <). But, aording to Euation 7, for k > the selfvariation of the eletri harge evolves in the diretion of inrease of the eletri harge in absolute value, whereas for k < the selfvariation evolves in the diretion of derease of the eletri harge in absolute value. Conseuently, the possibility for the eletromagneti potential V to be either positive or negative is the reason why the selfvariation of the eletri harge an evolve in two diretions. The eletri harge has an initial value at moment t in the distant past, in the very early Universe. In the ase where k > the eletri harge inreases in absolute value, at an extremely slow rate and reahes the value we measure in the laboratory today. But in the ase where k <, the eletri harge dereases in absolute value. If this happens for a long enough time, the eletri harge tends to vanish and the initially harged partiles are eletrially neutral today. e will now determine a differene between the atoms of matter and the atoms of antimatter, whih ould justify the hange in the sign of the eletromagneti potential V of Euation 6 between the two kinds of atoms. In the 4 ase of matter, in the hydrogen atom the negative eletri harge of the eletron overlaps the positive eletri harge of the proton. In the ase of antimatter, the positive eletri harge of the positron overlaps the negative eletri harge of the antiproton. This reversal of the sign of the eletri harge ould justify the hange in sign of the eletromagneti potential V at the moment when the opposite eletri harges appear. In the maroosm we know that the eletromagneti potential reated by two opposite eletri harges hanges sign, at every point in spae, if we reverse the sign of the two eletri harges. Of ourse, in the ase we are studying, further investigation is reuired, something natural sine the investigation of the law of selfvariations is at its initial stage. Nevertheless, the possibility of onversion of the antimatter partiles of the very early Universe into eletrially neutral partiles, is a lear predition of the theory of selfvariations. The hange of sign of potential V between matter and antimatter an justify in a unified way, with a ommon ause, the absene of antimatter in the Universe today and the origin of a large number of Dark Matter partiles. For the potential V for whih parameter k in Euation 6 is positive (k >), the eletri harge of partiles inreases with the passage of time. This leads to the hydrogen atom, as we observe it today. For the potential V for whih parameter k in Euation 6 is negative (k <), the initially eletrially harged partiles loose their eletri harge with the passage of time. Aording to the differene we speified between matter and antimatter regarding the sign of potential V, the antimatter partiles loose their eletri harge with the passage of time and end up eletrially neutral. These partiles, without eletri harge, behave like Dark Matter partiles. If initially there were eual uantities of matter and antimatter partiles in the Universe, 5% of the partiles loose their eletri harge and, with the passage of time, are onverted into Dark Matter partiles. The osmologial model of the selfvariations predits further reasons favoring the reation of Dark Matter partiles (Manousos, 3a; 3b). Thus, the large amount of Dark Matter reorded in the osmologial data, an be justified. A resulting indiret onlusion is that the antimatter partiles loose their eletri harge before the aumulation of matter for the formation of the large strutures in the Universe. This onlusion arises from the fat that antimatter is absent from the large-sale strutures of the Universe we observe today. Due to the extremely slow rate of evolution of the selfvariation of

5 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 the eletri harge, a very long time is reuired for the antimatter partiles to loose their harge. Therefore, a very long time is reuired for the Universe to evolve from its initial state into the state we observe today. This is onsistent with the predition of the model of selfvariations about the age and size of the Universe (Manousos, 3a; 3b). e note that the osmologial model of the selfvariations is selfonsistent and its preditions should be orrelated, where neessary, with the initial form of the Universe predited by the model itself and not with the initial form of the Universe predited by other models. 4. ON TE VARIATION OF TE FINE STRUCTURE PARAMETER Due to the very large age of the Universe, every material partile has its own past history and it is possible for external fators to at additively and bring about a slight flutuation in the value of the eletromagneti potential V. In suh a ase, a slight flutuation in parameter k will be observed aording to Euation 6. This flutuation will be manifested as a flutuation of the eletri harge aording to Euation 7 and it may be observed for distanes r of osmologi sale. For smaller sale distanes, the flutuation of the eletri harge annot be observed, due to the extremely slow rate with whih the selfvariation of the eletri harge evolves. e note that a orresponding flutuation annot our for the selfvariation of the rest mass. here the potential V appears in Euation, the onstant fator appears in Euation. By the very slight variation of the fine struture parameter (ebb et al., ) we onlude that parameter k has an extremely small value and by approximating: k B B (9) Euation 8 is written as: ( ) r ( ) r r + From Euation we get: r r () () The very small value of parameter k in Euation 9 r means a very small value of the uantity ; therefore we approximate Euation with Euation : ( ) r () r Aording to Euation 7 the fine struture parameter (r) at a distant astronomial objet is: ( r) ( r) 4πε ħ Combining Euation 7 and 3 we get: ( r) ( r) (3) (4) kr kr exp - In Euation 7, we obtain: ( ) r B k r B ( ) B ( r) r r k B r + + Denoting: B kb B (8) Combining Euation and 4 we get: ( r) ( r) r r r + r And ignoring the very small term we obtain: ( r) r (5) From Euation 5 we have: 5

6 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 ( r) ( r) r r r (6) e now ompare Euation 6 with the euation we have from the observational data (ebb et al., ): 9 ( ±.85) r os Θ (7) In this euation the distane r is measured in Mp and not in GLyr. Sine Mp Lyr, the uantity (.±.5) (ebb et al., ) beomes (3.587±.85) 9 in Euation 7. Aording to Euation 7 the maximum derease of the fine struture parameter is: 9 ( ±.85) r (8) For every speifi distane r. In Euation 8 we have the distane r and not the redshift z. If we use the relativisti euation: r ( z) ( z) km km For 3, 68 s smp and z 4, we get: (9) r 47Mp (3) Substituting this distane into Euation 8 we obtain Euation 3: 5.46 (3) hih is of the order of magnitude where uantity is measured. But in the model of the selfvariations (Manousos, 3a), the distane r is given as a funtion of the redshift z by Euation: A ln A r A A z ( A) km km For A s smp Euation 3 gives: (3) 5 3, 68,.999 and z 4, 6 r 765Mp (33) This distane is muh greater than the one given by Euation 3. Sine in the model of selfvariations we use Euation 3, we have to orret the numeri oeffiients in Euation 7 and 8. If the uantity had been expressed as a funtion of the redshift z and not as a funtion of the distane r in Euation 7, this orretion would not have been neessary. Taking into aount Euation 3 and 33, we orret the oeffiients of Euation 7 and 8 by multiplying with the ratio 47, in order to use Euation 3 and not 765 Euation 9. Thus, we obtain the following euation, orresponding to Euation 8: ( 8.7 ±.99) r (34) Similarly, we obtain the following euation, orresponding to Euation 7: ( 8.7 ±.99) r os Θ (35) Using the pair of Euation 3 and 35, whih is in agreement with the model of the selfvariations, we see that uantity inreases from values of order 6 for small distanes, up to values of order 5 5 for larger distanes. For z we get r 888Mp and , for z 7 we get r 5 339Mp and.56, whereas for z we 5 get r 5373Mp and 4.4. This smooth inrease is not observed when we use the pair of Euation 9 and 7. For z we have r 359 Mp 5 and.6, for z 7 we have r 475 Mp 5 and.53 and for z we get r 4366Mp 5 and.56. A re-evaluation of the available data on the variation of parameter (ebb et al., ) using the orret distanes of distant astronomial objets as

7 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 given by Euation 3, is reuired. The ratio depends on the distane r of the astronomial objet, but this annot be expressed as long as we use the erroneous, smaller than the atual, distanes of the standard osmologial model. e note that an analogous problem has arisen with the large luminosity distanes of Type Ia supernovae (Riess et al., 988; Perlmutter et al., 999). A problem that goes away if we take into aount the osmologial model of the selfvariations (Manousos, 3a; 3b). Comparing Euation 34 and 6 we get: ( 8.7 ±.99) Mp 5 And sine 3 km we get: s km smp 4 (.4 ±.3) (36) kb The uantity expresses for the selfvariation B ka of the eletri harge, what ubble s parameter A expresses for the selfvariation of the rest mass. From Euation 36 and for 68 km, we obtain Euation 37: smp 6.8 (37) Relation (37) shows an extremely slow rate of evolution of the selfvariation of the eletri harge, ompared to the rate of evolution of the selfvariation of the rest mass. In previous artiles about the osmologial model of the selfvariations, we have used the value 6 km smp for ubble s parameter instead of the value 68 km smp measured by the Plank satellite. The estimation 6 km was made at a time when the ubble smp parameter was given around 7 km, for speifi smp reasons (Manousos, 3a). For the same reasons we insist that the value of ubble s parameter will drop 7 below 68 km smp as the observational instruments improve and will stabilize around 6 km. In any ase, the smp preditions of the model of the selfvariations are not affeted by the hoie of one or the other value for ubble s parameter. Only a slight modifiation of the numerial values predited by the model results. If we repeat the proess with whih we arrived at Euation 7 and 8 to Euation 34 and 35, using the ubble parameter 6 km, Euation 34 and 35 are smp written as Euation 38 and 39: ( 8.7 ±.93) r (38) ( 8.7 ±.93) r os Θ (39) Similarly, Euation 36 an be written as Euation 4: km smp 4 (.±.9) (4) In order to alulate the exat value of parameter, as well as the arithmeti values of the preeding Euations, the re-evaluation of the observational data (ebb et al., ) on the basis of the model of the selfvariations is reuired. Of ourse, we expet the next generation of observational instruments to ontribute to the aurate measurement of the fundamental parameter. Taking into aount the dependene of the fine struture parameter on the angle Θ, aording to Euation 35, Euation is written: ( ) ( r) r z osθ (4) The flutuation of parameter k in Euation 9 implies the flutuation of parameter, as well. Furthermore, the Milky ay is loated at a random position in the Universe and, therefore, there are regions at whih we observe a smaller value of parameter (r) than the laboratory value < and regions in whih we observe a greater value of parameter (r) than the

8 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 laboratory value >. This fat, together with the flutuation of parameter, is expressed by the term osθ in Euation 35 and 4. e will now make two remarks as ounterarguments to the views expressed about a privileged position of the Milky ay in the Universe, or about privileged diretions in the Universe. Views that uestion the validity of Einstein s Relativity Priniple. The symmetri interval [-5 5, +5 5 ] in whih the ratio belongs (ebb et al., ) expresses the inability of our urrent observational instruments to measure the variation of parameter at larger distanes, 5 where this variation will be greater > 5. If we improve the observational instruments, we predit that the interval in whih the ratio varies will not be symmetri with respet to zero, as a onseuene of the random position of the Milky ay in the Universe. The seond remark onerns the angle Θ of Euation 35. Assuming a oordinate system r, θ, ϕ entered on the Milky ay and sine the Milky ay oupies a random position in the Universe, it will be Euation 4: Θ Θ ( r, θ, ϕ ) (4) That is, there will not be an eual distribution between the regions of the Universe where < and the regions where >. To be more preise, what must be done is a detailed study about the anisotropies predited by the osmologial model of the selfvariations. e stress again that the main reason for the anisotropies reorded by the observational instruments is the fat that we only observe a small part of the Universe (Manousos 3a; 3b). The isotropy of the Universe is expeted at muh larger sales, at muh greater distanes than the ones we observe today. 5. TE CONTRIBUTION OF TE SELFVARIATION OF TE ELECTRIC CARGE TO TE REDSIFT The ontribution of the selfvariation of the eletri harge, to the redshift of distant astronomial objets is small, beause of the slow rate of its evolution. 8 Nevertheless, this ontribution ould be deteted in high auray osmologial measurements. In this paragraph we alulate this ontribution. Taking into aount relation (6) we alulate the limit value of the ratio m ( r) m for A. From Euation 4 we get: k ( A) And write Euation 3 in the form: ( ) m r A m ( A) r Aexp - A A (43) Then, from Euation 43 easily follows that for A it is: m ( r) m r + e now get from Euation 4: ( ) 4 4 r r osθ And beause of the small value of make the approximation: ( ) 4 r 4 os r Θ z e now get: λ λ λ λ λ ( r) (44), we (45) n z (46) X X n The atomi exitation energy X n is proportional to the fator m 4, where m the rest mass and the eletri harge of the eletron and, therefore, Euation 46 an be written as: z m m ( r) ( r) 4

9 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 And with Euation 44 and 45 we obtain: r + z r 4 osθ r r + 4 osθ + 4 osθ r z z r r 4 osθ 4 osθ (47) From Euation 47, solving for the distane r of the astronomial objet, we obtain: z r 4 + ( + z) osθ (48) Beause of the way Euation 47 and 48 have been derived, they only hold for the visible Universe. For greater distanes Euation 7 and not Euation 4 and 35, should be used to determine the onseuenes of the selfvariation of the eletri harge. Combining Euation 44 and 48 we get: ( ) ( z) m r m osθ 4 ( + z) + osθ Taking into aount that Euation 49 euation: m ( r) m ( + z) (49) 6, we derive from hih results if we ignore the selfvariation of the eletri harge (Manousos, 3a). From Euation 49 we obtain euation: 4 m ( ) ( ) r + + z osθ m 4 ( + z) + osθ (5) During the onversion of rest mass m into energy m ON TE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION OF TE COSMIC MICROAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION The selfvariations affet almost all astrophysial parameters. In this and the next two paragraphs, we will see how the selfvariations affet the temperature of distant astronomial objets. As an aside, a temperature flutuation of the CMBR, of the order of the fourth or fifth deimal plae, emerges. e onsider a system of N partiles, whih is provided with energy through the proess of onversion of rest mass into energy. For the laboratory we get euation: 3 m N KT hile for a distant astronomial objet the same euation is written: 3 m z N KT z ( ) ( ) Combining the above euations we obtain: ( ) ( ) T z m z T m And with Euation 5 we see that: ( ) ( z) T z T osθ 4 ( + z) + osθ (5) Euation 5 gives the temperature T(z) of a distant astronomial objet ompared to the expeted temperature T, in the ase of an objet powered by the onversion of rest mass into energy. The very early Universe predited by the law of selfvariations, only slightly differs from the vauum at a temperature lose to K. Starting from this initial state of the Universe, the first energy onversions ame from hanges that ourred at the level partiles, long before the gravitational aumulation of matter began. Therefore, the energy of material partiles originated by the onversion of rest mass into energy during the formation and evolution of the primordial partiles.

10 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 Thus, we onlude that between the real temperature T(z) of the CMBR and the measured temperature T, Euation 5 holds. Considering the effet of the redshift z, we orret the energy of the CMBR photons by removing the onseuenes of the redshift. This orretion in Plank s law regarding a blak body, is euivalent with euation: ( )( + ).76 (5) T z z T K From Euation 5 we see that: ( ) T z T ( + z) And substituting T(z) into Euation 5 we get: And finally: 4 + osθ T T 4 + ( + z) osθ 4 + ( + z) osθ T T 4 + osθ (53) Euation 53 predits a flutuation of the measured temperature T beause of the flutuation of the eletri harge, ompared to the onstant temperature T of Euation 5 for the elimination of the onseuenes of the redshift on the CMBR. e estimate the differene T T-T based on Euation 53. After performing the neessary alulations, we get: 4z osθ T T T T 4 + ( + z) osθ Taking into aount that an be approximated as Euation 55: T T (54) 6,8, Euation (54) 4z osθ (55) 6 Considering that,8, T.76 K, the value of the redshift z at the boundaries of the 3 observable Universe, where the CMBR originated and that - osθ, a flutuation of the temperature of the CMBR results at the fourth or fifth deimal plae (inshaw et al., 9). 7. TE RELATION BETEEN TEMPERATURES T(Z) AND T IN TE CASE OF TE GRAVITATIONAL ACCUMULATION OF MATTER In the ase when a system of N partiles of total mass M auires its energy by the gravitational aumulation of matter, we have: 3GM 3 N KT 5R (56) For the laboratory and: ( z) N KT ( z) (57) 3GM 3 5R For the distant astronomial objet. From the previous Euations we obtain: ( ) ( ) T z M z T M And taking into aount Euation 49 we arrive at relation: osθ 4 ( z) os + + Θ ( ) ( z) T z T (58) Euation 58 gives the real temperature T(z) in relation to the expeted temperature T, for a distant astronomial objet powered by the gravitational 6 ollapse of matter. Considering that,8, Euation 58 gives the approximation: ( ) T z T ( + z) (59) Euation 58 should be used instead of Euation 59, in the ase of high auray measurements. In that ase,

11 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 however, a possible differene in the distane R between Euation 56 and 57, should also be taken into aount. Furthermore, one should onsider that the redshift affets the degree of atomi ionization and, therefore, the multitude N of partiles appearing in Euation 57 and also the opaity of stellar surfaes (Manousos, 3b). 8. TE SELFVARIATIONS DO NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT TE FUSION TEMPERATURE OF YDROGEN The fusion temperature T(z) of hydrogen at distant astronomial objets is pratially eual to the laboratory value T, beause of the extremely slow rate of evolution of the selfvariation of the eletri harge. During fusion, the thermal energy 3 KT of the protons balanes the potential energy due to their mutual repulsion,, so that Euation 6: 4πε d 3 KT (6) 4πε d The same Euation at a distant astronomial objet is written Euation 6: ( z) KT ( r) (6) 3 4πε d If we assume that the distane d is not affeted by the selfvariations, something very likely, we get by the above Euations: ( ) ( r) T r T Combining Euation 4 and 6 we get: ( ) T r T r osθ (6) (63) Combining Euation 63 and 48, we get after the alulations: 6 Sine,8, we onlude that T(z) T. Therefore, the fusion temperature of hydrogen is not affeted by the selfvariations in the region of the observable Universe. The general Euation is: ( ) T r T B kr Bexp hih it is obtained by ombining Euation 6 and ON TE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETEEN TE NORTERN AND SOUTERN EMISPERE OF TE UNIVERSE e write Euation 35 in the form: ros Θ Combining Euation 65 and 48 we obtain: z osθ 4 + ( + z) osθ Combining Euation 66 and 54 we obtain: (65) (66) T (67) T Euation 67 has the advantage that it is independent of the parameters, and osθ. It also allows the alulation of the ratio for very large values of the redshift z, at the boundaries of the observable Universe, T as a funtion of the ratio. T For the Northern hemisphere of the Universe we know (King et al., ; ebb et al., ) that on average <, so from Euation 67 we get Euation 68: T ( r) T ( z) + ( 4 + 3z) osθ T T 4 + ( + z) osθ (64) T < T (68) For the Southern hemisphere we know that on average >, therefore Euation 69: 3

12 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 T > T (69) The temperature differene between the Northern and the Southern hemisphere of the Universe is a onseuene of the selfvariation of the eletri harge. The slight flutuation of the eletri harge in the various regions of the observable Universe have as a onseuene a orresponding slight flutuation of the temperature, with smaller eletri harge in the past, orresponding to lower temperatures. e also ome to the same onlusion from the dependene of the Thomson κι Klein-Nishina sattering oeffiients, as well as the degree of atomi ionization, on the eletri harge of the eletron. In the regions of the Universe with slightly smaller eletri harge in the past, slightly lower temperatures are predited ompared to regions of the Universe where the eletri harge had slightly larger value. e shall not present these arguments in the urrent artile, but all analyses lead to the same onlusion about how the selfvariation of the eletri harge affets the temperature of the Universe.. ON TE OKLO NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR In Euation 4, fator osθ expresses the flutuation of the onstant k and the random position of the Milky ay in the Universe. There are regions of the Universe where parameter is slightly smaller than the laboratory value (osθ>) and parts where it is slightly larger (osθ<). For phenomena that our on earth, like the Oklo natural nulear reator, the onseuenes of the inrease of the eletri harge with the passage of time dominate. For the desription of suh phenomena, we use Euation 6. Before a time interval r t from now, Euation 6 gives: t (7) Considering that km smp 4.4, Mp km and yr s, Euation 7 is written Euation 7: 6.5 t (7) where, the time interval t is measured in year. 3 For t 9 yr, a time interval of the order of magnitude of the operation of the Oklo natural nulear reator, we get: 7 5 (7) This variation is extremely small and it is diffiult to measure (Petrov et al., 6; Meshik et al., 4; Gauthier-Lafaye, ; De Laeter et al., 98). e expet that the proessing of the osmologial data we possess, as well as the improvement of the observational instruments, will give us a more aurate value for the fundamental parameter. owever, this more aurate measurement annot onsiderably affet the theoretial predition about Oklo s reator, sine Euation 7 gives an extremely small value for the ratio.. RESULTS e summarize our obtained results. e predit the absene of antimatter in the Universe as a onseuene of the ability of the eletri potential V to bvσ be either positive or negative in Euation 6, k. ħ The antimatter partiles lose their eletri harge over time and are onverted into eletrially neutral partiles. A part of Dark Matter is obtained by this mehanism. e provide for the variation of the fine struture onstant by Euation 35 r osθ. e alulate the ontribution of the selfvariation of the eletri harge to the redshift z of astronomial objets through the Euation 47 and 48, + 4 osθ r z z r. r 4 4 osθ + ( + z) osθ e give the reason for the flutuation in the temperature of the CMBR by Euation 55, 4z T T osθ. 4 T ( z + ) ( + z) osθ The Euation 5, gives T 4 ( + z) + osθ the temperature T(z) auired by a distant astronomial objet when onverting rest mass into energy, ompared

13 Emmanuil Manousos / Physis International 5 (): -35, 4 with the temperature T auired by the same objet with the same mehanism in our galaxy. 4 T ( z) + ( + z) osθ The Euation 58, gives T 4 ( + z) + osθ the temperature T(z) auired by a distant astronomial objet due to gravitational aggregation of matter, ompared with the temperature auired by the same objet with the same mehanism in our galaxy. T ( r) T ( z ) + ( 4 + 3z) osθ The Euation 64, T T 4 + ( + z) osθ gives the fusion temperature of hydrogen T(z) as a funtion of redshift z within the limits of the observable Universe, ompared to the laboratory temperature T 8 K. The general euation valid for any distane r is T ( r) B. T kr B exp T The Euation 67, relates the variation T of the fine struture onstant at the limits of the observable Universe with the flutuation T T of the temperature of the CMBR. The Euation 7, t gives the hange of the fine struture onstant before a time period t, for measurements onduted on earth.. DISCUSSION The potential for the eletri harge to evolve in two diretions, onstitutes a pronouned anisotropy in the maroosm. Among the first onseuenes is the absene of antimatter from the Universe today. Sine the eletri harge appears in the Universe as pairs of opposite physial uantities and it does not have to start from a zero initial value, the potential for the evolution of the eletri harge in two diretions exists, even if we ould not determine the exat ause, i.e., the hange in sign of the eletromagneti potential V. But the law of selfvariations, that uantitatively determines this phenomenon, is ompatible with speial relativity and 33 the lorentz-einstein transformations. The anisotropy in the maroosm, due to the absene of antimatter, is apparent and not real. During the evaluation of the observational data on the flutuation of the fine struture parameter, the same problem appeared as in the evaluation of the luminosity distanes of Type Ia supernovae. The distanes of astronomial objets, espeially for large values of the redshift, are muh greater than those predited by the standard osmologial model. If we take into aount the preditions of the model of the selfvariations, the luminosity distanes of Type Ia supernovae are ompletely justified. Furthermore, it emerges that the flutuation of the fine struture parameter depends on the distane at whih we measure it. This information is lost from the evaluation of the observational data, if we onsider the preditions of the standard osmologial model. The flutuation of the eletri harge justifies both the temperature flutuation of the CMBR and the temperature differene between the two hemispheres of the Universe. The selfvariations affet almost the totality of parameters in Astrophysis. This fat reuires an overall re-evaluation of the observational data we possess. This artile is part of a general study whih provides a unified ause for the uantum phenomena and the osmologial data. The general study onverges to the law of selfvariations. The law of the selfvariations ontains enough information to justify the totality of the urrent osmologial data. The selfvariation of the rest mass is realized at an extremely slow pae. For this reason, the diret onseuenes of the selfvariation of the rest mass are reorded at osmologial distanes. The selfvariation of the eletri harge is realized at an even slower pae and its onseuenes are only reorded in high-preision measurements. The present day ultrasensitive observation instruments have the reuired preision and therefore the available osmologial data are also affeted by the onseuenes of the selfvariation of the eletri harge. This is exatly the reason why the standard osmologial model annot justify these partiular osmologial data. 3. CONCLUSION The onlusion we arrive at is that the selfvariation of the eletri harge an justify in ommon, as a unifying ause, the absene from the Universe of antimatter, whih with the passage of time is onverted into Dark Matter, the flutuation of the fine struture parameter, the temperature flutuation of the osmi mirowave

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