Science Olympiad Astronomy Event Division C. Supervisor: JoDee Baker.

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1 Science Olympiad Astronomy Event Division C Supervisor: JoDee Baker jbakermaloney@gmail.com

2 From 2013 National Rules: ASTRONOMY, Division C DESCRIPTION: Students will demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts of mathematics and physics relating to stellar evolution and Type II supernova events. A TEAM OF UP TO: 2 APPROXIMATE TIME: 50 minutes THE COMPETITION: Each team is permitted to bring two laptops, or two 3-ring binders, or one laptop computer and one 3-ring binder (any size) containing information in any form from any source. The materials must be 3-hole punched and inserted into the rings (notebook sleeves are allowable). Each team member is permitted to bring a programmable calculator. No Internet access is allowed.

3 Circled above shows 2013 Competition focus on Stellar Evolution for a massive star through Type II Supernovas. Picture credit: 2013 Science Olympiad Inc.

4 Using information which may include Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams, spectra, light curves, motions, cosmological distance equations and relationships, stellar magnitudes and classification, multi-wavelength images (X-ray, UV, optical, IR, radio), charts, graphs, animations and DS9 imaging analysis software, participants will be asked to complete activities which include the following: Use all available information to determine answers relating to stellar evolution, including stellar nurseries and star formation, proto-stars, main sequence stars, Cepheid variables, semiregular variables, red supergiants, neutron stars, magnetars, pulsars, Wolf-Rayet stars, stellar mass black holes, x-ray binary systems, and Type II supernovas.

5 Definitions for and more information on variable stars can be found at: The rest of the list on the previous page more information can be obtained at: Questions based on physical characteristics on all the objects on the previous slide may be asked.

6 Students should be knowledgeable about the properties and characteristics of the stages of stellar evolution listed above, including spectral features and chemical composition, luminosity, blackbody radiation, color index (B-V), and H-R diagram transitions. A good source for a tutorial on how to read spectral lines to determine chemical composition etc. is from the sloan digital sky survey projects for students.

7 Summary of the Classification of Stars Spectral Class Temperature (ok) Strength of Balmer lines Other lines to look for O 30,000-60,000 weak or not visible Ionized He (4540Å) B 10,000-30,000 moderate A 7,500-10,000 strong F 6,000-7,500 weak Ionized Ca (3930Å, 3970Å) strong compared to neutral H (4340Å) G 5,000-6,000 weak Ionized Ca (3930Å, 3970Å) strong compared to neutral H (4340Å) K 3,500-5,000 weak or not visible Many lines, neutral Ca 4230 Å M < 3,500 not visible Many lines

8 Students will be asked to identify, know the location, be knowledgeable about, and/or answer questions relating to the three content areas outlined above for the following Objects: (Images on next several slides taken from AAVSO) Deep Sky Objects: A. Stellar Nurseries & Star Formation 1) rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex 2) IC 1396 (Elephant s Trunk Nebula) 3) NGC 3582 B. Stars 1) delta Cep Cepheid variable star 2) α Orionis (Betelgeuse) red supergiant 3) α Scorpii (Antares) red supergiant 4) V838 Mon red supergiant 5) NGC 6888/WR 136 (Crescent Nebula & Wolf-Rayet Star) C. Type II Supernova remnants/cores 1) Cas A 2) SXP ) M1 (Crab Nebula) 4) LHa115-N19 5) SN 2010JL 6) PSR J D. X-Ray Binaries 1) IGR J ) Cygnus X-1

9 Stellar Nurseries & Star Formation rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex

10 Stellar Nurseries & Star Formation IC 1396 (Elephant s Trunk Nebula)

11 Stellar Nurseries & Star Formation NGC 3582

12 Stars: Delta Cep (δ Cephei)

13 δ Cephei prototype of all Cepheid variable stars epsilon 4.2 delta cep zeta 3.6 alpha 2.4 iota 3.5 beta 3.2 gamma 3.2

14 Stars: α Orionis - Betelgeuse

15 Stars: α Scorpii Antares

16 Stars: V838 Monocerotis

17 Wolf-Rayet Star WR136 & NGC 6888 (Crescent Nebula)

18 Wolf-Rayet Star WR 136 & NGC 6888 (Crescent Nebula)

19 Type II Supernova: Cassiopeia A (Cas A)/ Neutron Star

20 Type II Supernova: SXP 1062/ Pulsar

21 Type II Supernova: M1 (The Crab Nebula)/ Pulsar

22 Type II Supernova: LHa115-N19

23 All Images may be shown with different filters, with different rotational aspects, or only portions of the pictures may be shown. On the Left: IC 1396 in a narrow band filter showing only a portion of the complex as circled in the picture to the right.

24 Resource for different filters/views of deep sky Objects SAOIMAGE DS9 Photometry package: Upload images from server and construct different images using different colored filters. Tutorials available on website.

25 Resource for different filters/views of deep sky Objects Search the Astronomy Picture of the Day site (APOD) for various views of the object,

26 Resource for different filters/views of deep sky Objects Search the Astronomy Picture of the Day site (APOD) for various views of the object,

27 Use all available information, including Kepler s laws, rotation and circular motion to determine answers relating to the orbital motions of binary and multiple star systems; use parallax, spectroscopic parallax, and the distance modulus to calculate distances to Cepheid variables. A resource that I find handy for learning how to calculate parallax: Students will have to understand how to read Luminosity vs. Period and Magnitude vs. Time to determine distances (see next slide) a good resource for this can be found at:

28 Cepheid Variable Stars: Period-Luminosity Relationship and The Distance Modulus Mv = m - 5log10 (distance/10 pc) Msun -M* = 2.5 log L*/Lsun

29 Important Formulas to Know Students should know how to use all the formulas given throughout these slides as well as the formulas given in the slide presentation for the science olympiad 2013 competition on the AAVSO website.

30 Resources/References I highly recommend watching the webinar on the chandra website for more information regarding the competition and clarification of certain topics: Also many of the slides in this presentation were taken from the AAVSO presentation which has many more slides and info can be found at: Sloan Digital Sky Survey Sdss: APOD: