Payloads and experiments on Foton M-1

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1 Payloads and experiments on Foton M-1 The Foton spacecraft The ESA role on Foton missions The Foton-M1 mission FluidPac and its experiments Biopan and Stone Autonomous experiments TeleSupport and Data network ESA-CNES experiments in Ibis ESA-DLR experiments in Agat and Polizon The SCCO experiment package Pietro Baglioni, Renè Demets, Antonio Verga

Foton Foton is a Russian spacecraft, designed and built by TsSKB-Samara, operated by TsSKB and the Space Forces in Plesetsk under the supervision of RosaviaKosmos.

2 Foton Foton is a Russian spacecraft, designed and built by TsSKB-Samara, operated by TsSKB and the Space Forces in Plesetsk under the supervision of RosaviaKosmos. The spacecraft consists of 3 modules - battery module, service module and re-entry module - of which only the latter is retrieved at landing. Foton has a typical mass of 6.5 tons, and may carry a scientific payload of 650 kg. The daily average power available to payloads is about 500 Watt throughout the mission (14.5 days).

3 Mission parameters for Foton Foton lifts off from Cosmodrome Plesetsk (62.8 N; N 40.1 E), E south of Arkhangelsk, launched by a Soyuz-U 3-stages rocket in a slightly elliptical orbit (~400km apogee, ~230Km perigee). The Foton descent vehicle lands in the steppe close to the Russia- Kazakhstan border. Landing is assisted with a parachute and retro-rockets, in order to limit the impact shock within 40g for about 50ms.

4 Environmental conditions on board Pressurised environment Stable air temperature (18 o C to 25 o C, typically) Good relative humidity (40% to 70% RH) Low residual acceleration level (less than 10-5 g from DC to 12Hz) Clean power supply (~26V to ~28V) Good heat exchange within the capsule air Temperatures o C T1 min T1 max 17 T2 min T2 max 15 7-Sep-99 9-Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep-99

5 ESA and Foton/Bion

A reduced mission simulation is then performed.

6 Payload integration and test Payloads are integrated and tested at TsSKB-Progress factory in Samara, starting 3 months before launch. A reduced mission simulation is then performed. Foton and its launcher are finally transported from Samara to the launch site by train.

7 Close-out and late access After transport, all payloads and instruments on board are once more tested at the integration hall of Cosmodrome Plesetsk. The second reduced mission simulation sequence is repeated. Experiments and samples can be loaded until 72 hours prior to the launch.

Most of the scientific and housekeeping data of the experiments on

8 Operation during the mission The orbital flight of Foton is monitored from TsSUP, Moscow and EIK-3, Samara. Most of the scientific and housekeeping data of the experiments on board are received at ESRANGE, Kiruna, where from they are distributed on line to the science community.

Landing and retrieval of experiments Operations are carried out within minutes after landing De-installation of Biopan, Stone, and autonomous experiments De-installation of Ibis and retrieval of its

9 Landing and retrieval of experiments Operations are carried out within minutes after landing De-installation of Biopan, Stone, and autonomous experiments De-installation of Ibis and retrieval of its experiments Removal and disposal of dosimeters Draining of FluidPac s cooling loop Removal of Digital Tape Recorder Inspection of H/W Read-out of environmental data recorded on data logger Duplication of flight data

Schedule of the Foton-M1 mission ESA, Rosaviakosmos and TsSKB signed the contract for Foton-M1 on 11/4/2001 Launch date agreed for mid- October 2002 First I/F meeting

10 Schedule of the Foton-M1 mission ESA, Rosaviakosmos and TsSKB signed the contract for Foton-M1 on 11/4/2001 Launch date agreed for mid- October 2002 First I/F meeting with TsSKB held on mid-july 2001 in Samara (Russia) Delivery of flight H/W for integration by end of July 2002 Improvements of the spacecraft are in progress at TsSKB

11 Payload composition for Foton M-1 FluidPac 186 kg 4 fluid physics experiments TeleSupport 24 kg will assist FluidPac and Agat Biopan-4 27 kg 9 experiments in exobiology and radiation exposure Ibis (CNES) 76 kg 8 experiments from CNES and ESA in cellular biology Agat (DLR) 37 kg 6 experiments from ESA-DLR on diffusion coefficient measurements Autonomous 7 kg 3 experiments from ESA s OUTREACH program for students Stone 3 kg 2 meteoritic re-entry experiments Polizon (KBOM) 144 kg 4 DLR s and 2 ESA s experiments on crystal growth Others ~30 kg new ESA s experiments (among which SCCO, jointly with CSA)

Large volume (~700 litres) but relatively low mass (185kg).

12 The Fluid Physics Facility (FluidPac) Instrument to conduct fluid physics experiments (3-4) in weightlessness. Large volume (~700 litres) but relatively low mass (185kg). High power handling capability (500W). Two separate assemblies (Experiment Box and Electronic Boxes) dimensioned to sustain high mechanical loads (up to 90g shock).

13 FluidPac performances Very accurate (±0.1 o C) temperature control from 5 o C to 80 o C, with good stability conditions (±0.01 o C/hour). 30W heat rejection capability at the experiment cold plate for T=5 o C (120W at 40 o C). Very low induced disturbances from moving parts.

14 FluidPac provisions to experiments 13 different optical diagnostic tools, including three interferometers and one infrared camera. More than 100 signals for housekeeping and scientific in-situ measurements. Automatic user-selected image compression for 2- to 20-fold data reduction. 5 Gbytes on board data storage capacity.

Outcome of FluidPac experiments on Foton-12 MAGIA : model experiment for crystal growth from melts, with a low viscosity liquid

chaotic behaviour; most of the scientific objectives were met and published in two scientific papers.

forces set on when a thermal gradient is applied; despite the very low residual acceleration (3 9 µg at 1.

15 Outcome of FluidPac experiments on Foton-12 MAGIA : model experiment for crystal growth from melts, with a low viscosity liquid contained in a ring between a cold centre and a hot brim; for high T, the surface instabilities switch from oscillatory waves to chaotic behaviour; most of the scientific objectives were met and published in two scientific papers. TRAMP : the experiment searched for a prove of the existence of thermal forces inside liquids, seeded with solid particles; those forces set on when a thermal gradient is applied; despite the very low residual acceleration (3 9 µg at 1.66 mhz), no drifts by thermal forces could be distinguished from the induced convective flows. BAMBI : a blown fuse prevented the injection of oil in the cell; the experiment was completely lost.

16 New FluidPac experiments BAMBI (Univ. of Bruxelles), as flown on Foton-12 ARIEL (Univ. of Pisa), pool boiling with electric field SIMBA (Univ. of Bruxelles), Soreteffect instabilities DAGOBERT (Univ. of Darmstadt), advanced capillary structure

Biopan Multi-user exposure facility, designed for exobiology, radiation biology, radiation dosimetry and material science investigations in space.

17 Biopan Multi-user exposure facility, designed for exobiology, radiation biology, radiation dosimetry and material science investigations in space. 1 test flight and 3 operational flights successfully completed (Foton 9 in 94, Foton 11 in 97 & Foton 12 in 99). Installed on the external surface of the Foton descent capsule, is protected with a heat shield for re-entry. Mission profile includes late installation at the launch site and early retrieval after landing. Provided with a motor-driven hinged lid, is opened in orbit to expose the samples to the harsh space environment. Equipped with a variety of temperature, pressure and radiation sensors (UV, radiometers, detectors). Telemetry and telecommand capability

18 Biopan experiments on Foton-12 VITAMIN Dr. N. Dousset, Univ. Toulouse (F) YEAST Prof. J. Kiefer, Univ. Giessen (D) DOSIMAP Dr. G. Reitz, DLR Cologne (D) SURVIVAL Dr. G. Horneck, DLR Cologne (D)

Thereafter the experiment samples are removed from the two half shells and

19 Return of Biopan experiments 24 hours after landing of Foton, Biopan is transported back to ESTEC in a temperature controlled box. Thereafter the experiment samples are removed from the two half shells and returned to the scientific teams for analysis. Results are known within a couple of months.

20 Experiments for Biopan-4 on Foton-M1 Dr. Maria Teresa Giardi IBEV - CNR Roma, Italy Dr. V. A. Shurshakov SRC IBMP RAS, Moscow, Russia Prof. P. Ehrenfreund Leiden Observatory, NL Dr. T. Dachev, /Prof. Hader University of Sofia, Bulgaria/Un. Erlangen D Dr. L. G. Sancho University of Madrid, Spain Dr. P. Rettberg DLR Koln, Germany Dr. N. Vana, Dr. T. Berger Atominstitute, Vienna, Austria Prof. J. Kiefer Justus-Liebig Univ. Giessen, Germany Dr. D. A. Gilichinsky Russian Academy of Sciences PHOTO RADO ORGANICS RD3-B LICHENS MARSTOX LETVAR YEAST II PERMAFROST RADIATION BIOLOGY RADIATION DOSIMETRY EXOBIOLOGY RADIATION DOSIMETRY EXOBIOLOGY EXOBIOLOGY RADIATION DOSIMETRY RADIATION BIOLOGY EXOBIOLOGY

lost during landing) Good and interesting results after analysis of the morphological and chemical changes induced by the

21 The STONE experiment World s first artificial meteorite experiment, designed to look at changes suffered by meteorites during the passage through the atmosphere Flown on Foton-12, when 2 out of 3 samples were retrieved after flight (1 sample lost during landing) Good and interesting results after analysis of the morphological and chemical changes induced by the atmosphere entry conditions Strong interest of the scientific community in follow-on experiments 4 samples will fly on Foton-M1

Taylor-made on board image processing with very high compression ratio (up to 1:500).

22 The Telescience Support Unit (TeleSupport) Advanced electronic unit to acquire scientific data from FluidPac and Agat and transmit them to ground. Taylor-made on board image processing with very high compression ratio (up to 1:500). Mail box -style telecommand interface to modify FluidPac and Agat experiment parameters from ground. Two omni-directional antennae with cross-polarisation RF-beams.

Ground Station Network during Foton M-1 flight ESRANGE, Kiruna, will be the main operation centre. Foton will be visible over ESRANGE four times/day between 18:00 and 24:00 CET.

23 Ground Station Network during Foton M-1 flight ESRANGE, Kiruna, will be the main operation centre. Foton will be visible over ESRANGE four times/day between 18:00 and 24:00 CET. Fairbanks, Alaska, could also receive data from FluidPac, Agat and TeleSupport four times/day between 06:00 and 12:00 CET. Scientific data will be readily available to universities via Internet and FTP procedures.

24 Autonomous Experiments on Foton-M1 3 Autonomous Experiments, from the Outreach educational program will be accommodated in 3 BB containers. Floatin Protein (University of York, UK) Winograd (University of Edinburgh, UK) Chondro (Federal Institute of technology, Zurich, CH) Experiment samples will be installed in Foton-M1 at L-74 hours at the integration site in Plesetsk.

25 ESA-CNES experiments in Ibis Ibis, developed by CNES, is at its 4 th flight on Foton. It performs, automatically, cell biology experiments. It consists of a cold chamber (4 o C-22 o C), a hot chamber (22 o C- 37 o C), a static tray, and a continuously rotating centrifuge simulating the earth gravity. Ibis will accommodate 2 experiments selected by ESA s scientific peer: ATSPACE (Univ. of Bonn, D), studying the first stage of growth of seeds in weightlessness and BIOCLEAR (Univ. of Groningen, NL), conducting survival tests on bacteria used to clean and purify water.

6 sample cartridges with attached heating elements (50K/cm)and thermocouples.

26 Agat High temperature (1000 o C) furnace for crystal growth, directional solidification, shear cell technique under vacuum (10-3 mbar). 6 sample cartridges with attached heating elements (50K/cm)and thermocouples. The experiment program is coordinated by three European universities (Technical University of Berlin, Laboratory MADYLAM in Grenoble, and University of Karlsruhe). Agat will use TeleSupport for the first time on Foton-M1.

Multi-zone electro-vacuum furnace (1200 o C) with translation unit (0.05-50mm/h) and rotating magnetic field (5mT, 400Hz). The experiment samples are loaded sequentially from a cartridge drum.

27 Multi-zone electro-vacuum furnace (1200 o C) with translation unit ( mm/h) and rotating magnetic field (5mT, 400Hz). The experiment samples are loaded sequentially from a cartridge drum. Two experiments selected by ESA m-g board: growth of Ge-Si crystals with vibrating unit and magnetic field (Crystallographic Institute of Freiburg, Technical University of Freiberg, Mendeleyev Institute of Moscow, University of Marseille, Institute for Continuous Media Mechanics in Perm). Polizon

28 The SCCO experiment Measurement of Soret coefficient in crude oil. Originally conceived for a flight inside a GAS container. Study in progress to adapt the existing hardware for accommodation inside Foton-M1. Available room and mass margin for two columns (12 experiment samples). The conduct of the experiment is compatible with the on board resources.

29 Future Foton flights Included in the ELIPS programme New experiments to be proposed Improvement of payload performances Extended use of TeleSupport Full exploitation of Foton flight opportunities for other ESA directorates

METHODS OF BALLISTIC SUPPORT AND SUPERVISION OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS OF FOTON SC

METHODS OF BALLISTIC SUPPORT AND SUPERVISION OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS OF FOTON SC Jury. M. Ustalov RSC TsSKB-Progress, Samara, Russia Abstract A wide range of research and technological