Characterising The RF Properties of Metamaterials
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1 Characterising The RF Properties of Metamaterials Aimee Hopper Prof Rebecca Seviour International Institute for Accelerator Applications, University of Huddersfield 1
2 Outline Metamaterials? Aims of study Characterise metamaterials and determine the Double Negative (DN) region(s) of the structures High powers melt structures (Meta Copenhagen 14 paper submitted) Experimental setup (how the experiment was conducted) Results 1) Single cell Cu SRR s on FR4 backplate (Al base) Results 2) Single cell Cu SRR s on Kevlar back plate (Brass base) Results 3) 7 cell Cu SRR s on Kevlar back plate (Brass base) Comparison and Discussions New method (collaborating with Lund University, Sweden) Conclusions aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 2
3 Metamaterials Artificial macroscopic composite with a periodic cellular structure which produces two or more responses not available in nature in response to a specific excitation Walser 2003 Illustration: coded/c/c7/negative_refraction.ogg/negative_refracti on.ogg.360p.webm aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 3
4 Why are they useful? Engineer dispersion relation Normal parabolic dispersion curve only gives limited interactions Maximise interaction between wave and beam Metamaterials cause an arbitrary phase shift Reduced size/weight of vacuum devices Size independent of λ depends on the macroscopic properties of the structure Note: v g ω k is only true for non(weakly)-dispersive media aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 4
5 Material of Study Characterising one realisation of a metamaterials wire + SRR Narrow region where both ε and μ are negative - caused by small resonant bandwidth aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 5
6 Power Issues Existing structures unable to withstand high power Building and characterising are DIFFICULT! Need to minimise attenuation minimise losses need VERY accurate measurements n, z, ε, μ Ref: R.Seviour, Fundamentals of Metamaterials for High-Power RF Applications,
7 7
8 Experimental Setup 2 X-band coaxial to waveguide launchers located at either end of the waveguide setup. Absorbing walls to ensure plane wave propagation Measuring S 11 and S 21 of the loaded system. Dimensions: Waveguide is 5.0cm across, 58.0cm long and 1.0cm high. Made of an Aluminium base, with microwave absorber walls. X-band coaxial to waveguide launchers located at either end of the guide. Structure place 29.0cm from Port 1, Aluminium plate placed on top to create a closed system (an aluminium block is used to improve connection between top plate to the launchers reduces oscillations in the data. aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 8
9 Empty System Single Cell FR4 backplate, (Al base) Loaded System 9 9
10 ε and μ Characteristics Extraction Technique α = 1 S S 21 2S 21 n = 1 kd cosh 1 (α) z = 1 + s s 21 1 s s 21 ε = n/z μ = nz Ref: D.Shiffer et al, Study of Split-Ring Resonators as a Metamaterial for High-Power Microwave Power Transmission and the Role of Defects 2013 Ref:Y.S.Tan and R.Seviour Wave Energy Amplication in a Metamaterial based Travelling Wave Structure 2010 aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 10
11 Single Cell Kevlar back plate (Brass base) 11
12 7 Cell Kevlar back plate (Brass base) 12
13 Comparison 13
14 DN region for the Single Unit depth DN region for the 7 Cell Unit depth aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 14
15 Discussions Demonstrates that a DN region exists in both the Single and 7 Cell Unit depth structures, and that these regions are in the same frequency range. Also demonstrates that the size of this range reduces for more unit cell depth, however an intermediary step would be useful to determine if this is true. Transmitted power drop also observed between 1 cell and 7 cell depth. aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 15
16 New Analysis Method? Forward Scattering Sum Rule Uses the scattering off an object to determine characteristics. only S 21 of the empty and loaded system required h k b = 4 k S 21,object S 21,empty 1 πkd 1 d d 1 2jd Re(h) related to cross section Im(h) related to absorbed power where d1 = distance to the structure and d = length of the waveguide Ref: I.Vakili et al, Sum Rules for Parallel Plate Waveguides: Experimental Results and Theory 2013 aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 16
17 Scattering parameter h h determined for Single cell FR4 Uncalibrated data Relative measurements Work on-going to fully understand this structure aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 17
18 Conclusions All structures have demonstrated DN regions Comparison of the single cell to 7 cell structure demonstrates that power reduces the more cells thick the structure is. Existing methods for characterising these structures are cumbersome New method developed to save time/easier measurements aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 18
19 Thank you for listening 19
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