Simulations and Observations of GNSS Ocean Surface Reflections
|
|
- Logan Dickerson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Simulations and Observations of GNSS Ocean Surface Reflections Per Høeg Hans-Henrik von Benzon
2 Ocean Surface Reflections Figure of the geometry of ocean reflections The presented simulations involve ocean scattering and the wave propagation between transmitter and receiver (a bi-static scattering system) The wave propagation is performed using a full-wave solution to the parabolic equation The wave propagation is performed using a solution to the parabolic equations, which is an approximation to the wave equation (Levy, 2000) The initial field for the wave propagation is calculated from the ocean scattering coefficients 2
3 Ocean Surface Reflections The theory of propagation of microwaves in the atmosphere is well established, and methods for propagation modeling range from ray tracing, numerical solutions, to the wave equation. The presented simulation tool is based on the solution of the parabolic equations. The parabolic equations in our simulator is solved using the split-step sine transformation. The ocean surface is modeled with the use of an impedance model. The value of the ocean impedance (conductivity tensor) is given as a function of the range along the surface of the ocean. This concept gives an accurate lower boundary condition in the determination of the electromagnetic field, and makes it possible to simulate reflections and the effects of transitions between different media. The analysis of both the simulated surface reflection signals and the measured reflection signals reveal spectral structures of the reflected signals leading to the extraction of sea surface roughness, surface wind speed and direction. 3
4 Ocean Surface Reflections Electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere can be approximated by a set of parabolic equations. A spatial impedance model characterizes the surface reflection conditions, (Dockery and Kuttler, 1996). The values of the impedances are given as a function of range along the ocean surface. The split-step/sine transform solution is given by: u( x + Δx, y) = e π p ikδx( 1 ik( n 1) Δx 1 2 k S { e 2 2 1) S{ u( x, y)}} S{} represents the sine-transformation, where Δx is the distance between the phase screens, p is the spatial frequency, and k is the wave-vector. The output is either amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic field or the corresponding I,Q components. 4
5 Ocean Surface Reflections Measurements (2004) Measured power spectrum (Data set 1) Measured power spectrum (Data set 2) 5
6 Ocean Surface Reflections Measurements (2004) Measured spectrogram for data set 1, showing the direct signal and the ocean-reflected ray Measured spectrogram for data set 2 6
7 Ocean Surface Reflections - Simulation Ocean scattering coefficients, which are used to calculate the initial field for the wave propagation Amplitude of the sum of the direct and reflected field 7
8 Ocean Surface Reflections - Simulation Spectrum of the simulated signal at the receiver Spectrogram of the received signal. The direct and a reflected main signal are seen in the center of the plot. 8
9 Simulations of Ocean Surface Reflections In the following simulations the inclination angle is small, i.e. a low grazing angle simulation (h = 20 meter). A number of different sea states and atmospheric conditions are analyzed for this setup. 9
10 Wind Speed and Ocean Wave Height The correlation function for the sea surface heights z is called K (Beckmann and Spizzichino, 1987; Garrison and Katzberg, 2000). The Fourier transformation of the correlation function K, for a Philips spectrum W, is given by (Levy, 2000): W (p, q) = B for ( p 2 + q 2 ) > g ( ) 2 π p 2 + q 2 W (p, q) = 0 for ( p 2 + q 2 ) < g U 2 U 2 Here, g is the gravity acceleration, B is a constant, while U is the wind speed. Assuming a Philips spectrum, the relation between wind speed U and RMS wave height h becomes: h = U 2 10
11 Wind Speed and Ocean Wave Height Sea State Wind Speed Wave Height (rms) m/s m m/s m m/s m m/s m m/s m m/s m 11
12 Calculation of Ocean Surface Impedance The rough sea surface impedance can be calculated using the following equation: ( δ = sinθ 1+ ρ )δ 0 + ( 1 ρ)sinθ ( 1 ρ)δ 0 + ( 1+ ρ)sinθ where θ is the grazing angle, ρ is the roughness reduction factor and δ 0 is the smooth surface impedance (normally is a function of the wave polarization). The roughness reduction factor is given by: " $ # ρ = e γ 2 % 2 & ' " γ 2 I0 $ # 2 % ' & where I 0 is the modified Bessel function of the first kind of order 0, and γ is the Rayleigh roughness parameter, given by: γ = 2 k h sinθ Here, k is wave number of the electromagnetic wave, and h is the RMS height of the ocean waves. 12
13 Surface Impedance as Function of Frequency The roughness reduction factor as a function of Rayleigh roughness Rough (sea state 4) and smooth (sea state 0) surface impedance as a function of frequency 13
14 Wave Propagation Simulations (at 10.6 GHz) Atmospheric ducting - a wave guide between atmosphere layers and ocean Simulation performed for a 10.6 GHz wave Incoming transmitted wave at a height of 25 m Smooth water surface (sea state 0), including a standard atmosphere No atmospheric ducting condition Same simulation conditions as in the left figure. Smooth water surface (sea state 0) and standard atmosphere Atmospheric ducting (atmospheric boundary layer with an inversion layer in a altitude of 30 m) 14
15 Wave Propagation Simulations (at 10.6 GHz) Simulation performed for 10.6 GHz for a rough ocean surface (sea state 4) The RMS wave height is m, with a grazing angle of 0.1 degree Atmospheric ducting is considered (boundary layer) 15
16 Wave Propagation Simulations Simulation performed for 10.6 GHz for a rough ocean surface (sea state 4) The RMS wave height is m, with a grazing angle of 3.0 degree Atmospheric ducting is considered (boundary layer) The wave travels longer due to lower wave energy loss in the wave guide 16
17 Wave Propagation for GNSS Signals - Evaporation An atmospheric evaporation duct The modified refractivity as a function of height - given by the Paulus-Jeske model (Paulus, 1990) This model corresponds to an evaporation duct as in many boundary conditions 17
18 Wave Propagation for GNSS Signals - Evaporation The amplitude of the electromagnetic field The collected power at the GNSS receiver as a function of receiver code delay (measured in chips) - equaling a phase delay mapping receiver (Garrison and Katzberg, 1998; Zhang et al., 2012) 18
19 Summary 1. The developed simulation tool identifies the main ocean scattering processes, their characteristics, and the spectral structures related to the reflected signal. 2. The tool, based on the parabolic wave equations for a multitude set of phase screens, describes the ocean reflections through an impedance model (the conductivity tensor). 3. The simulations reveal for low-elevation measurements the nonlinear relation between the elevation angle, size of the reflections zone, and the horizontal and vertical signal attenuation. 4. The model for the sea surface roughness impedance, wind speed and rms ocean wave height show for GNSS frequencies a stronger signal damping for a smoother ocean surfaces (sea state 0) compared to a rough sea (sea state 4). While the real part of the signal shows the reverse effect. At the same time the reflection zone becomes larger for rough sea states. 5. Simulations, including a standard atmosphere boundary layer, give a significant ducting of the received signal, leading to a much larger reflection zone (and broader received power spectra). The size of the elliptical reflection area is directly linked to the grazing angle of the received signal. 6. When adding an evaporation model into the simulations, a similar ducting is observed as identified for the atmosphere boundary layer. 19
Mandatory Assignment 2013 INF-GEO4310
Mandatory Assignment 2013 INF-GEO4310 Deadline for submission: 12-Nov-2013 e-mail the answers in one pdf file to vikashp@ifi.uio.no Part I: Multiple choice questions Multiple choice geometrical optics
More informationWAVE PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING IN RANDOM MEDIA
WAVE PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING IN RANDOM MEDIA AKIRA ISHIMARU UNIVERSITY of WASHINGTON IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society, Sponsor IEEE PRESS The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
More informationSound Propagation in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer. Roger Waxler Carrick Talmadge Xiao Di Kenneth Gilbert
Sound Propagation in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer Roger Waxler Carrick Talmadge Xiao Di Kenneth Gilbert The Propagation of Sound Outdoors (over flat ground) The atmosphere is a gas under the influence
More informationPropagation Prediction Over Random Rough Surface By Zeroth Order Induced Current Density
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses Dissertations and Theses 2014 Propagation Prediction Over Random Rough Surface By Zeroth Order Induced Current Density Narayana
More informationAcoustic Velocity, Impedance, Reflection, Transmission, Attenuation, and Acoustic Etalons
Acoustic Velocity, Impedance, Reflection, Transmission, Attenuation, and Acoustic Etalons Acoustic Velocity The equation of motion in a solid is (1) T = ρ 2 u t 2 (1) where T is the stress tensor, ρ is
More informationNumerical Studies of Backscattering from Time Evolving Sea Surfaces: Comparison of Hydrodynamic Models
Numerical Studies of Backscattering from Time Evolving Sea Surfaces: Comparison of Hydrodynamic Models J. T. Johnson and G. R. Baker Dept. of Electrical Engineering/ Mathematics The Ohio State University
More informationMeasuring Changes in Ice Flow Speeds
Measuring Changes in Ice Flow Speeds Ice flow speeds are commonly measured using a technique called Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). This is an active imaging technique the instrument
More information(Total 1 mark) IB Questionbank Physics 1
1. A transverse wave travels from left to right. The diagram below shows how, at a particular instant of time, the displacement of particles in the medium varies with position. Which arrow represents the
More informationQuarter wave plates and Jones calculus for optical system
2/11/16 Electromagnetic Processes In Dispersive Media, Lecture 6 1 Quarter wave plates and Jones calculus for optical system T. Johnson 2/11/16 Electromagnetic Processes In Dispersive Media, Lecture 6
More informationMagnetotelluric (MT) Method
Magnetotelluric (MT) Method Dr. Hendra Grandis Graduate Program in Applied Geophysics Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering ITB Geophysical Methods Techniques applying physical laws (or theory) to
More informationTen years analysis of Tropospheric refractivity variations
ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 47, N. 4, August 2004 Ten years analysis of Tropospheric refractivity variations Stergios A. Isaakidis and Thomas D. Xenos Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
More informationJones calculus for optical system
2/14/17 Electromagnetic Processes In Dispersive Media, Lecture 6 1 Jones calculus for optical system T. Johnson Key concepts in the course so far What is meant by an electro-magnetic response? What characterises
More informationNear-surface Measurements In Support of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Study
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Near-surface Measurements In Support of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Study Qing Wang Meteorology Department, Naval
More informationTh Guided Waves - Inversion and Attenuation
Th-01-08 Guided Waves - Inversion and Attenuation D. Boiero* (WesternGeco), C. Strobbia (WesternGeco), L. Velasco (WesternGeco) & P. Vermeer (WesternGeco) SUMMARY Guided waves contain significant information
More information7.4 GPS-Based Measurements of Ocean Surface Roughness. Stephen J. Katzberg NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23681
7.4 GPS-Based Measurements of Ocean Surface Roughness Stephen J. Katzberg NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 3681 1. INTRODUCTION: Recent results have shown that the GPS reflection technique can
More informationTropospheric Effects on GNSS
Tropospheric Effects on GNSS The Atmosphere and its Effect on GNSS Systems 14 to 16 April 008 Santiago, Chile Dr. M. Bakry El-Arini Background 1 of The troposphere contains about 80% of the atmosphere
More informationPHYS 102 Exams. PHYS 102 Exam 3 PRINT (A)
PHYS 102 Exams PHYS 102 Exam 3 PRINT (A) The next two questions pertain to the situation described below. A metal ring, in the page, is in a region of uniform magnetic field pointing out of the page as
More informationCalculating equation coefficients
Solar Energy 1 Calculating equation coefficients Construction Conservation Equation Surface Conservation Equation Fluid Conservation Equation needs flow estimation needs radiation and convection estimation
More informationSami Alhumaidi, Ph.D. Prince Sultan Advanced Technology Institute King Saud University Radar Symposium, Riyadh December 9, 2014
Anomalous Wave Propagation and its Adverse Effects on Military Operations Sami Alhumaidi, Ph.D. Prince Sultan Advanced Technology Institute King Saud University Radar Symposium, Riyadh December 9, 2014
More informationP5 Revision Questions
P5 Revision Questions Part 2 Question 1 How can microwaves be used to communicate? Answer 1 Sent from transmitter, received and amplified by satellite in space, re-transmitted back to earth and picked
More informationScattering of Electromagnetic Radiation. References:
Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation References: Plasma Diagnostics: Chapter by Kunze Methods of experimental physics, 9a, chapter by Alan Desilva and George Goldenbaum, Edited by Loveberg and Griem.
More information1. (P2.2D) Describe the acceleration and speed of an object that is experiencing uniform circular motion.
UNIT 5 Periodic Motion P2.2D P3.4D P3.6B P3.6d P3.6e P2.1h P2.2f State that uniform circular motion involves acceleration without a change in speed. Identify the force(s) acting on objects moving with
More informationGoal: The theory behind the electromagnetic radiation in remote sensing. 2.1 Maxwell Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Radiation Goal: The theory behind the electromagnetic radiation in remote sensing. 2.1 Maxwell Equations and Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to
More informationSupplementary Information
1 Supplementary Information 3 Supplementary Figures 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Supplementary Figure 1. Absorbing material placed between two dielectric media The incident electromagnetic wave propagates in stratified
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF OCEAN ACOUSTICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF OCEAN ACOUSTICS Third Edition L.M. Brekhovskikh Yu.P. Lysanov Moscow, Russia With 120 Figures Springer Contents Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the
More informationqq k d Chapter 16 Electric and Magnetic Forces Electric charge Electric charges Negative (electron) Positive (proton)
Chapter 16 Electric and Magnetic Forces Electric charge Electric charges Negative (electron) Positive (proton) Electrons and protons in atoms/molecules Ions: atoms/molecules with excess of charge Ions
More informationElectromagnetic Absorption by Metamaterial Grating System
PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2008 91 Electromagnetic Absorption by Metamaterial Grating System Xiaobing Cai and Gengkai Hu School of Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China Abstract
More informationC. Incorrect! The velocity of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is the same, 3.14 x 10 8 m/s.
AP Physics - Problem Drill 21: Physical Optics 1. Which of these statements is incorrect? Question 01 (A) Visible light is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (B) An electromagnetic wave is a
More informationΑ neural network based prediction method for troposheric ducting over the Hellenic region
Α neural network based prediction method for troposheric ducting over the Hellenic region THOMAS D. XENOS Assoc Professor Electrical and Computer Eng. Dept. Aristotelion University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki,
More informationEnd-of-unit 2. Answers to examination-style questions. Answers Marks Examiner s tips
(a) Arrowed lines drawn to show: two components at right angles vertical component in line with weight (b) (i) Horizontal component of T is T cos 60 = 25 0.5 = 2.5 N or 3 N to 2 significant figures. (ii)
More informationNON LINEAR ANOMALOUS SKIN EFFECT IN METALS
www.arpapress.com/volumes/vol7issue3/ijrras_7_3_14.pdf NON LINEAR ANOMALOUS SKIN EFFECT IN METALS Arthur Ekpekpo Department of Physics, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria E-mail: arthurekpekpo@yahoo.com
More informationEdwin Soeryadjaya Problem Theoretical 3: Mirage
The refractive index of the air varies with temperature. Cold air is denser than warm air and has therefore a greater refractive index. Thus a temperature gradient in the atmosphere is always associated
More informationFIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 07
FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 07 Analysis of Wave-Model of Light Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of
More informationElectromagnetic fields and waves
Electromagnetic fields and waves Maxwell s rainbow Outline Maxwell s equations Plane waves Pulses and group velocity Polarization of light Transmission and reflection at an interface Macroscopic Maxwell
More informationX-Ray Scattering Studies of Thin Polymer Films
X-Ray Scattering Studies of Thin Polymer Films Introduction to Neutron and X-Ray Scattering Sunil K. Sinha UCSD/LANL Acknowledgements: Prof. R.Pynn( Indiana U.) Prof. M.Tolan (U. Dortmund) Wilhelm Conrad
More informationRadiation in the Earth's Atmosphere. Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases
Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves are transversal. Electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular. In
More informationStudy of EM Signals Propagation Through Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Study of EM Signals Propagation Through Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Tihomir Hristov Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21218 Phone: (410) 516-8241 FAX:
More informationA longitudinal wave travels through a medium from left to right.
1. This question is about simple harmonic oscillations. A longitudinal wave travels through a medium from left to right. Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle P in
More informationKULLEGG MARIA REGINA BOYS SECONDARY MOSTA HALF-YEARLY EXAMINATIONS 2010/2011
KULLEGG MARIA REGINA BOYS SECONDARY MOSTA HALF-YEARLY EXAMINATIONS 2010/2011 SUBJECT: PHYSICS NAME : FORM : TIME: 1 HR 30 MIN INDEX NO : MARK: Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided on the Exam Paper.
More informationReflection Seismic Method
Reflection Seismic Method Data and Image sort orders; Seismic Impedance; -D field acquisition geometries; CMP binning and fold; Resolution, Stacking charts; Normal Moveout and correction for it; Stacking;
More informationOscillations and Waves
Oscillations and Waves Oscillation: Wave: Examples of oscillations: 1. mass on spring (eg. bungee jumping) 2. pendulum (eg. swing) 3. object bobbing in water (eg. buoy, boat) 4. vibrating cantilever (eg.
More informationI. Rayleigh Scattering. EE Lecture 4. II. Dipole interpretation
I. Rayleigh Scattering 1. Rayleigh scattering 2. Dipole interpretation 3. Cross sections 4. Other approximations EE 816 - Lecture 4 Rayleigh scattering is an approximation used to predict scattering from
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 2. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 2 Electromagnetic Radiation Can be described by means of a classical sinusoidal wave model. Oscillating electric and magnetic field. (Wave model) wavelength,
More informationElectromagnetic Waves Properties. The electric and the magnetic field, associated with an electromagnetic wave, propagating along the z=axis. Can be represented by E = E kˆ, = iˆ E = E ˆj, = ˆj b) E =
More informationSPECTROSCOPY Basic concepts part 1
SPECTROSCOPY Basic concepts part 1 Spectroscopy is the science of spectra, i.e. it involves a measurement of a property that is a function of the frequency of the light Umeå 2006-04-10 Bo Karlberg Light
More informationTypical anisotropies introduced by geometry (not everything is spherically symmetric) temperature gradients magnetic fields electrical fields
Lecture 6: Polarimetry 1 Outline 1 Polarized Light in the Universe 2 Fundamentals of Polarized Light 3 Descriptions of Polarized Light Polarized Light in the Universe Polarization indicates anisotropy
More informationCHAPTER 4 TEST REVIEW
IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: # Marks: 74 Raw Score: IB Curve: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER 4 TEST REVIEW 1. In which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is radiation
More informationLECTURE 11 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & POLARIZATION. Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
LECTURE 11 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & POLARIZATION Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 11 2 25.5 Electromagnetic waves Induced fields Properties of electromagnetic waves Polarization Energy of electromagnetic
More informationinter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering August 2000, Nice, FRANCE
Copyright SFA - InterNoise 2000 1 inter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering 27-30 August 2000, Nice, FRANCE I-INCE Classification: 0.0 BACKSCATTERING
More informationThe NASA EV-2 Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) Mission
International Ocean Vector Wind Science Team Meeting Kailua-Kona, Hawaii USA 6-8 May 2013 The NASA EV-2 Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) Mission Chris Ruf (1) (CYGNSS Principal Investigator),
More informationEvaporation Duct Height Climatology for Norwegian Waters Using Hindcast Data
Evaporation Duct Height Climatology for Norwegian Waters Using Hindcast Data Petter Østenstad Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) Horten NORWAY Petter.Ostenstad@ffi.no Marthe Marie Meltzer Norwegian
More informationAPPLIED PARTIM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS with Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems
APPLIED PARTIM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS with Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems Fourth Edition Richard Haberman Department of Mathematics Southern Methodist University PEARSON Prentice Hall PEARSON
More informationAward Number: ONR N
Study of EM Signals Propagation through Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer And Static Pressure Measurements in Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer During CBLAST Tihomir Hristov Department of Earth and Planetary
More informationChapter 12: Gravity, Friction, & Pressure Physical Science, McDougal-Littell, 2008
SECTION 1 (PP. 381-388): GRAVITY IS A FORCE EXERTED BY MASSES. Georgia Standards: S8P3b Demonstrate the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object in terms of gravity, inertia, and friction;
More informationLecture 5: Polarization. Polarized Light in the Universe. Descriptions of Polarized Light. Polarizers. Retarders. Outline
Lecture 5: Polarization Outline 1 Polarized Light in the Universe 2 Descriptions of Polarized Light 3 Polarizers 4 Retarders Christoph U. Keller, Leiden University, keller@strw.leidenuniv.nl ATI 2016,
More informationLinear and Nonlinear Rogue Wave Statistics in the Presence of Random Currents
Linear and Nonlinear Rogue Wave Statistics in the Presence of Random Currents Lev Kaplan (Tulane University) In collaboration with Alex Dahlen and Eric Heller (Harvard) Linghang Ying and Zhouheng Zhuang
More informationLECTURE 11 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & POLARIZATION. Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
LECTURE 11 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & POLARIZATION Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 11 2 25.5 Electromagnetic waves Induced fields Properties of electromagnetic waves Polarization Energy of electromagnetic
More informationElectromagnetic Radiation. Physical Principles of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation Physical Principles of Remote Sensing Outline for 4/3/2003 Properties of electromagnetic radiation The electromagnetic spectrum Spectral emissivity Radiant temperature vs. kinematic
More information(a) Show that the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted waves, corrrect to first order
Problem 1. A conducting slab A plane polarized electromagnetic wave E = E I e ikz ωt is incident normally on a flat uniform sheet of an excellent conductor (σ ω) having thickness D. Assume that in space
More informationBasic principles of the seismic method
Chapter 2 Basic principles of the seismic method In this chapter we introduce the basic notion of seismic waves. In the earth, seismic waves can propagate as longitudinal (P) or as shear (S) waves. For
More informationThermal Emission from a Layered Medium Bounded by a Slightly Rough Interface
368 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 39, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2001 Thermal Emission from a Layered Medium Bounded by a Slightly Rough Interface Joel T. Johnson, Member, IEEE Abstract
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING FOR RISKS ASSESSMENT. 1. Introduction
FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING FOR RISKS ASSESSMENT FRANÇOIS BECKER International Space University and University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; E-mail: becker@isu.isunet.edu Abstract. Remote sensing
More informationMain Notation Used in This Book
Main Notation Used in This Book z Direction normal to the surface x,y Directions in the plane of the surface Used to describe a component parallel to the interface plane xoz Plane of incidence j Label
More informationElectromagnetic Waves Across Interfaces
Lecture 1: Foundations of Optics Outline 1 Electromagnetic Waves 2 Material Properties 3 Electromagnetic Waves Across Interfaces 4 Fresnel Equations 5 Brewster Angle 6 Total Internal Reflection Christoph
More informationLagrangian description from the perspective of a parcel moving within the flow. Streamline Eulerian, tangent line to instantaneous velocity field.
Chapter 2 Hydrostatics 2.1 Review Eulerian description from the perspective of fixed points within a reference frame. Lagrangian description from the perspective of a parcel moving within the flow. Streamline
More informationElectromagnetic Waves
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Electromagnetic Waves A wave is characterized by: Wavelength (λ - lambda) is the
More informationComparison of Travel-time statistics of Backscattered Pulses from Gaussian and Non-Gaussian Rough Surfaces
Comparison of Travel-time statistics of Backscattered Pulses from Gaussian and Non-Gaussian Rough Surfaces GAO Wei, SHE Huqing Yichang Testing Technology Research Institute No. 55 Box, Yichang, Hubei Province
More informationProceedings of Meetings on Acoustics
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics Volume 19, 2013 http://acousticalsociety.org/ ICA 2013 Montreal Montreal, Canada 2-7 June 2013 Underwater Acoustics Session 2pUWb: Arctic Acoustics and Applications
More informationMassachusetts Institute of Technology Physics 8.03SC Fall 2016 Homework 9
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Physics 8.03SC Fall 016 Homework 9 Problems Problem 9.1 (0 pts) The ionosphere can be viewed as a dielectric medium of refractive index ωp n = 1 ω Where ω is the frequency
More informationESTIMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC DUCT FROM RADAR SEA CLUTTER USING ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 135, 183 199, 2013 ESTIMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC DUCT FROM RADAR SEA CLUTTER USING ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM Chao Yang * School of Science,
More information(a) What is the magnitude of the electric force between the proton and the electron?
.3 Solved Problems.3. Hydrogen Atom In the classical model of the hydrogen atom, the electron revolves around the proton with a radius of r = 053. 0 0 m. The magnitude of the charge of the electron and
More informationRemote Sensing and GIS. Microwave Remote Sensing and its Applications
Subject Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Geology Remote Sensing and GIS Microwave Remote Sensing and its Applications RS & GIS XVII Principal Investigator Co-Principal Investigator Co-Principal
More informationOutline of College Physics OpenStax Book
Outline of College Physics OpenStax Book Taken from the online version of the book Dec. 27, 2017 18. Electric Charge and Electric Field 18.1. Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge Define
More informationSignal Loss. A1 A L[Neper] = ln or L[dB] = 20log 1. Proportional loss of signal amplitude with increasing propagation distance: = α d
Part 6 ATTENUATION Signal Loss Loss of signal amplitude: A1 A L[Neper] = ln or L[dB] = 0log 1 A A A 1 is the amplitude without loss A is the amplitude with loss Proportional loss of signal amplitude with
More informationSeismic wavepropagation concepts applied to the interpretation of marine controlled-source electromagnetics
Seismic wavepropagation concepts applied to the interpretation of marine controlled-source electromagnetics Rune Mittet, EMGS SUMMARY are very useful for the interpretation of seismic data. Moreover, these
More informationThe generation of terahertz frequency radiation by optical rectification
University of Wollongong Research Online Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers Australian Institute for Innovative Materials 29 The generation of terahertz frequency radiation by optical
More informationJ.-C. Zhang, Y.-Z. Yin, and J.-P. Ma National Laboratory of Antennas and Microwave Technology Xidian University Xi an, Shaanxi , P. R.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 6, 55 60, 2009 MULTIFUNCTIONAL MEANDER LINE POLARIZER J.-C. Zhang, Y.-Z. Yin, and J.-P. Ma National Laboratory of Antennas and Microwave Technology Xidian
More informationWave Propagation in Uniaxial Media. Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces
Lecture 5: Crystal Optics Outline 1 Homogeneous, Anisotropic Media 2 Crystals 3 Plane Waves in Anisotropic Media 4 Wave Propagation in Uniaxial Media 5 Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces Christoph
More informationModelling the acoustic reflection loss at the rough ocean surface
Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 009 3-5 November 009, Adelaide, Australia Modelling the acoustic reflection loss at the rough ocean surface Adrian D. Jones (1), Janice Sendt (), Alec J. Duncan (3), Paul A. Clarke
More informationSurface Waves and Free Oscillations. Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Surface waves in in an an elastic half spaces: Rayleigh waves -Potentials - Free surface boundary conditions - Solutions propagating along the surface, decaying with depth - Lamb s problem Surface waves
More informationElectromagnetic Theory for Microwaves and Optoelectronics
Keqian Zhang Dejie Li Electromagnetic Theory for Microwaves and Optoelectronics Second Edition With 280 Figures and 13 Tables 4u Springer Basic Electromagnetic Theory 1 1.1 Maxwell's Equations 1 1.1.1
More informationA New Finite-Difference Method for General Long-Range Rotorcraft Acoustics: Initial Comparisons with Intermediate- Range Data
A New Finite-Difference Method for General Long-Range Rotorcraft Acoustics: Initial Comparisons with Intermediate- Range Data Subhashini Chitta, John Steinhoff (B.H. Goethert Professor, UTSI), Andrew Wilson
More informationControl Volume. Dynamics and Kinematics. Basic Conservation Laws. Lecture 1: Introduction and Review 1/24/2017
Lecture 1: Introduction and Review Dynamics and Kinematics Kinematics: The term kinematics means motion. Kinematics is the study of motion without regard for the cause. Dynamics: On the other hand, dynamics
More informationLecture 1: Introduction and Review
Lecture 1: Introduction and Review Review of fundamental mathematical tools Fundamental and apparent forces Dynamics and Kinematics Kinematics: The term kinematics means motion. Kinematics is the study
More informationINTRODUCTION TO APPLIED GEOPHYSICS
INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED GEOPHYSICS EXPLORING THE SHALL0W SUBSURFACE H. Robert Burger Anne F. Sheehan Craig H.Jones VERSITY OF COLORADO VERSITY OF COLORADO W. W. NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON Contents
More informationLecture 10 March 15, 2010, Monday. Atmospheric Pressure & Wind: Part 1
Lecture 10 March 15, 2010, Monday Atmospheric Pressure & Wind: Part 1 Speed, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Pressure Atmospheric Pressure & Its Measurement Ideal Gas Law (Equation of State) Pressure Gradient
More informationTHE CYGNSS NANOSATELLITE CONSTELLATION HURRICANE MISSION
SSTDM2014, International Workshop on Small Satellites andsensor Technology for Disaster Management THE CYGNSS NANOSATELLITE CONSTELLATION HURRICANE MISSION Chris Ruf (1), Scott Gleason (2), Zorana Jelenak
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON. Answer all questions in Section A and two and only two questions in. Section B.
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS2023W1 SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATION 2009/10 WAVE PHYSICS Duration: 120 MINS Answer all questions in Section A and two and only two questions in Section B. Section A carries 1/3
More informationA new second order absorbing boundary layer formulation for anisotropic-elastic wavefeld simulation
A new second order absorbing boundary layer formulation for anisotropic-elastic wavefeld simulation Junxiao Li, Kris Innanen and Bing Wang University of Calgary China University of Petroleum-Beijing Summary
More informationProjectile motion. Objectives. Assessment. Assessment. Equations. Physics terms 5/20/14. Identify examples of projectile motion.
Projectile motion Objectives Identify examples of projectile motion. Solve projectile motion problems. problems Graph the motion of a projectile. 1. Which of the events described below cannot be an example
More informationCoherent vs. Incoherent light scattering
11. Light Scattering Coherent vs. incoherent scattering Radiation from an accelerated charge Larmor formula Rayleigh scattering Why the sky is blue Reflected and refracted beams from water droplets Rainbows
More informationProjectile Motion. Figure 1. The system of coordinates for the projectile motion.
Projectile Motion (1) Introduction and Theory: Consider a projectile motion of a ball as shown in Fig. 1. At t = 0 the ball is released at the position (0, y0) with horizontal velocity vx. Figure 1. The
More informationComputational Electromagnetics and Applications Professor Krish Sankaran Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Lab Tour 4
Computational Electromagnetics and Applications Professor Krish Sankaran Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Lab Tour 4 So now we are going to do a different kind of experiment, now in a little bit in
More informationPresented at the COMSOL Conference 2009 Milan. Analysis of Electromagnetic Propagation for Evaluating the
Presented at the COMSOL Conference 2009 Milan Analysis of Electromagnetic Propagation for Evaluating the Dimensions of a Large Lossy Medium A. Pellegrini, FCosta F. 14-16 October 2009 Outline Introduction
More informationSatellite Remote Sensing SIO 135/SIO 236. Electromagnetic Radiation and Polarization
Satellite Remote Sensing SIO 135/SIO 236 Electromagnetic Radiation and Polarization 1 Electromagnetic Radiation The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source to illuminate the target.
More informationPOLARISATION. We have not really discussed the direction of the Electric field other that that it is perpendicular to the direction of motion.
POLARISATION Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. We have not really discussed the direction of the Electric field other that that it is perpendicular to the direction of motion. If the E field
More informationSIO 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination Wednesday, November 2, :00 2:50 PM
SIO 210 Introduction to Physical Oceanography Mid-term examination Wednesday, November 2, 2005 2:00 2:50 PM This is a closed book exam. Calculators are allowed. (101 total points.) MULTIPLE CHOICE (3 points
More informationINTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES
INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES B. R. Sutherland Departments of Physics and of Earth&Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta Contents Preface List of Tables vii xi 1 Stratified Fluids and Waves 1 1.1 Introduction
More informationATS150 Global Climate Change Spring 2019 Candidate Questions for Exam #1
1. How old is the Earth? About how long ago did it form? 2. What are the two most common gases in the atmosphere? What percentage of the atmosphere s molecules are made of each gas? 3. About what fraction
More information1/3/2011. This course discusses the physical laws that govern atmosphere/ocean motions.
Lecture 1: Introduction and Review Dynamics and Kinematics Kinematics: The term kinematics means motion. Kinematics is the study of motion without regard for the cause. Dynamics: On the other hand, dynamics
More information