Predictions of microwave breakdown in rf structures
|
|
- Jennifer Cain
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Predictions of microwave breakdown in rf structures I. Nefedov, I. Shereshevskii D. Dorozhkina, E. Rakova, V. Semenov D. Anderson, M. Lisak, U. Jordan, R. Udiljak J. Puech T. Olsson Predictions of microwave breakdown in rf structures Institute of Physics for Microstructures RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden Centre National d'etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France Powerwave Technologies, Täby, Sweden 1
2 Predictions of microwave breakdown in rf structures Outline of the Presentation 1. Introduction (motivation and brief description of the breakdown phenomenon).. Electron interaction with microwave field (rough estimates of parameters which are dangerous from the breakdown point of view). 3. Basic theories of multipactor and corona breakdown. 4. Simplified models and their limitations. Predictions of microwave breakdown in rf structures Outline of the Presentation (continuation) 5. Detailed numerical simulations are necessary for accurate predictions of the breakdown threshold. 6. Demonstration of the software developed to simulate the corona and the multipactor effects inside rf filters. 7. Conclusions.
3 Introduction. Progress in communication systems Increase in power and frequency bandwidth Design of more compact devices More complicated geometries & Higher intensity of rf field Higher risk of breakdown & More complicated prediction of breakdown threshold Microwave breakdown phenomena vacuum conditions: l >> L 0 length of electron free path Vacuum discharge (multipactor effect) 0 secondary electron emission from the walls l [ cm] gas environment: l << L p[torr] size of device gas pressure Gas discharge (corona effect) electron impact ionization of neutral gas molecules 3
4 Microwave breakdown phenomena Vacuum discharge (multipactor effect) Gas discharge (corona effect) W e Necessary condition There should be electrons with energy > W eV W e > W i We 10 0eV first cross-over point of SEY curve ionization energy Study of electron interaction with microwave field Electron acceleration in microwave field under vacuum conditions max W e 4 W mv W ω ω = Necessary distance: ω E ω ω ee V ω ω = mω Λ = πv ω ω electric field amplitude circular frequency of the field electron oscillatory velocity Operation of a vacuum rf device is potentially dangerous from the multipactor point of view when 4 ω W > W1 L > Λ 4
5 Electron heating in microwave field in the presence of collisions with neutral molecules In gaseous environment the interaction of electrons with microwave field depends on extra parameters: Collision frequency ν Energy loss factor δ ν p in air: gas pressure ν [s -1 ] = p[torr] δ depends on the sort of gas δ (1 3) 10-3 for gases with singleatom molecules δ (1 3) 10 - for gases with multi-atom molecules Electron heating in microwave field in the presence of collisions with neutral molecules rarefied gas: ν << ω dense gas: ν >> ω average gain of electron energy between two collisions: W e W ω W e W ω ω ν ω W W ω average e electron energy ( ) δ ω + ν W e δ ( W δ ) ( ω ν ω ) W ω W e Operation of rf device under gas environment is potentially dangerous from the breakdown point of view if W e > 5 ev L > l δ 0 5
6 Basic theory of microwave gas breakdown Evolution of electron density n is governed by ionization, attachment and diffusion processes: n = t ( Dn) + ( ν )n i ν a ν i is the frequency of impact ionization of neutral particles ν a is the frequency of electron attachment to neutral particles D is diffusivity of free electrons in a gas D 1 when ν i and ν a depend on average electron energy and are proportional to gas pressure when is fixed p W e W e is fixed Basic theory of microwave gas breakdown n = t Boundary conditions: ( Dn) + ( ν )n n = 0 i ν a at solid surface Breakdown criterion: an exponential increase of electron density in time n exp( γ t) γ > 0 γ > 0 t in case of CW operation t in pulse operation regime with pulse duration 6
7 Simplified model of microwave gas breakdown The simplified model of gas breakdown is based on the approximation of spatially uniform distribution of microwave field intensity Breakdown criterion: increase in diffusion losses since D 1 γ > 0 t γ = ν i ν a ν d, ν d = D L E Paschen curve p ω p[torr] ~ f [GHz] p estimate of electron loss rate due to diffusion Eω p W e since ( E ν ) ω Simplified model of microwave gas breakdown The main limitation of the simplified model The accuracy is not high enough especially in systems with complicated geometry. The only way for reliable predictions of the breakdown threshold is to solve numerically the diffusion problem for the electron density. 7
8 Basic theory of multipactor discharge In contrast to the gas discharge theory the theory of multipactor consider the motion of separate electrons in the microwave field: electron mass d r e dr = ee + H dt c dt m electron charge electric field magnetic field Boundary conditions: Collisions of an electron with a solid surface is accompanied by emission of new secondary electrons. The number of secondaries depends on the energy of the primary electrons. Basic theory of multipactor discharge Necessary condition: There should be electrons with energy Secondary emission yield curve 1 W e > W 1 W1 W Multipactor criterion: an exponential increase of average electron number in time N exp γ > 0 We ( γ t) 8
9 Simplified model of multipactor discharge The simplified model of multipactor is based on the resonance concept The multipactor is related to such electron trajectories which are repeated periodically in time. Main requirements: the resonance trajectory must be stable with respect to small deviations of initial time and position. resonance trajectory cross-section of rectangular waveguide trajectory with small deviation of initial position Simplified model of multipactor discharge The main limitations of the model A spread in initial velocities of the secondary electrons is neglected A typical situation in systems with complicated geometry is spatial instability of resonance trajectories Considerable reduction of prediction accuracy for resonances of high order The resonance trajectory completely changes character The only way to obtain reliable predictions of the multipactor threshold is extensive numerical simulations 9
10 Requirements on numerical algorithms Main requirements on software for breakdown simulations Corona Accurate calculations of the spatial distribution of the rf electric field intensity Accurate solution of the diffusion problem for the electron density Requirements on numerical algorithms Main requirements on software for breakdown simulations Multipactor Accurate calculations of the rf electric and magnetic field strengths Calculations of electron trajectories taking into account a spread of electron initial velocity and the action of the rf magnetic field on the electron motion 10
11 Software SEMA. Electromagnetic calculations. Model space configuration: rectangular configuration; the filter is symmetric relative to the plane YZ; Assumptions: y The filter walls are assumed to be perfectly conducting (i.e. the tangential component of the electric field is assumed to be zero on the walls). The entrance and exit cross-sections of the filter are supposed to be nonreflecting. x z Software SEMA. Variable parameters. Variable filter parameters: number of sections; height X, length Z of each section; width Y (the filter dimension along y axis) Variable field parameters: field frequency f [GHz]; input wave polarization height X length Z set by a user x y set by a user z 11
12 Software SEMA. Input wave polarization. Quasi two-dimensional cases: the structure of the electromagnetic field is fixed in the y-direction TE n0 -mode (n = 1, 3, 5, ) a = height X filter cross-section x b = width Y y E 0 y = E ~ 0 y nπ x cos a independently of the relation between the values of a and b inside the filter: E x, E z = 0 E y does not depend on y coordinate Software SEMA. Input wave polarization. TE n1 -mode (n = 0,, 4, ) transversal structure of electric field x E E 0 y 0 x = = E nb a ~ 0 x ~ E 0 x nπ x π y cos cos a b nπ x π y sin sin a b a = height X y inside the filter: E y sin π y E x, E cos z ( b) ( π y b) b = width Y 1
13 Simulation of the diffusion problem Variable parameters: Input Power [W] Gas Pressure p [Torr] Sort of gas: (i) Air a 4 p Eeff 4 10 p D = 10 6 p; ν = 6 10 ; ν i = 100p (ii) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, D ν = 5 10 E eff set by a user -1 [ cm s], p[ Torr], ν[ s ] -1 [ V cm ], ν [ s ] E eff 9 p i, a ν = E ν + ω N, O, H, Cl, F, HCl, CF 4, SiH 4, CH 4, SF 6 Simulation of the diffusion problem He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N, O, H, Cl, F, HCl, CF 4, SiH 4, CH 4, SF 6 Singlo Data base, CPAT and Kinema Software, n = t ( Dn) + ( ν )n i ν a Initial and boundary conditions: n = 1 in the whole volume FDTD scheme is used for simulation of the diffusion problem of the filter at t = 0; n = 0 on the metal walls; n/ z = 0 in the entrance and exit filter cross sections. 13
14 Calculation of electromagnetic problem Numerical calculations of electromagnetic field inside a filter are based on mode-expansion algorithm. The electromagnetic field in a filter section can be presented as a sum of Eigen modes of this section. A A + n n E + { An ( z) An ( z) } = + n E amplitudes of the waves: out = An zs + exp ikn z zs in = An ( zs + ) exp ikn( zs z) ( ) ( ( )) z s z z n ( ) s+1 vector function E n describes the transverse structure of the eigen modes for the filter section z z z k n s s+1 are propagation constants The complete set of equations for the mode amplitudes A n includes: in = ˆ out A zs+ 1 P+ A zs + 1) propagation equations: in + = ˆ out A zs P A zs+ 1 ) transmission-reflection equations: A A Mode-expansion expansion algorithm out out ( ) ˆ in( ) ˆ in z = R A z + + T A ( z ) s + + s + ( z ) =... s A out ( z ) s z = z s A out ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) s ( z + ) A in( zs+1 ) A in A in out ( zs ) ( zs + ) A ( z ) s s+1 14
15 Mode-expansion expansion algorithm Matrices of propagation In particular, Pˆ P ˆ, ˆ + P are known. { exp( ih ( z z ))} + n s+ 1 Matrices of reflection R ˆ +, R ˆ and transmission T ˆ, ˆ can be calculated using: 1) the continuity conditions for electromagnetic field components in the junction-planes of filter sections; ) the boundary conditions for the mode amplitudes: in out A z = A z + A A in s + T ( 1 ) ( 1 ) = input _ wave out ( z ) = A ( z ) 0 N N + 1 = Advantages of the mode-expansion expansion algorithm The advantages of the mode-expansion algorithm compared with grid-methods of electromagnetic calculations: 1) no problem of scale matching of grids in the junction-planes of the filter sections; ) no need for numerical calculations of electromagnetic field inside filter sections since analytical solutions are available there. The code based on the mode-expansion algorithm demonstrates high computational speed & high accuracy of calculations 15
16 Software SEMA. Additional advantages of the software SEMA: 1) Visualization of electric field distribution ) The possibility to chose one (or several) filter section for calculations of the diffusion problem. It significantly reduces the computing time for calculating the electron avalanche growth (if any) and increases the accuracy of these calculations. Software SEMA. Electrodynamics. The software 1) Electrodynamic part. Calculation of dispersion matrix: parameters S 11, S 1 has been tested in different manners. SEMA Courtesy of Alcatel Alenia Space SPAIN ideal circuit simulation (CNES) 16
17 Software SEMA. Breakdown simulations. ) Breakdown simulations. Comparison with experimentally observed data for breakdown thresholds. In particular, measurements of corona breakdown was made in a waveguide switch used at CNES: the threshold at the pressure 1 hpa (~ 9Torr) was found to be 410 W The simulation result: 10 Torr, 410 W breakdown! 10 Torr, 400 W no breakdown Courtesy of Alcatel Alenia Space FRANCE Software MulSym. Multipactor simulations. A software MulSym for simulations of multipactor problem in a rectangular filter has been developed. It is based on the Monte-Carlo algorithm. The electric field distribution in the filter is computed by SEMA. MulSym makes it possible the study the development of multipactor discharges in real time in different filter sections. The software takes into account: 1) a spread of initial velocities of secondary electrons; ) the action of the rf magnetic field on the electron motion. The software MulSym is currently being tested. 17
18 Software SEMA. Demonstration. Setting of filter parameters. Example. Courtesy of Alcatel Alenia Space SPAIN Software SEMA. Demonstration. Test of CNES-filter Frequency = 11.7 GHz Simulation of diffusion problem in the fourth resonator Air: Power = 3 W; Pressure = 8 Torr; Breakdown! 30 W & 8 Torr; No breakdown! Experimental result: threshold level W Courtesy of Alcatel Alenia Space SPAIN 18
19 Conclusions. Classical understanding and modelling of corona and multipactor breakdown is not sufficient for accurate prediction of breakdown thresholds in many modern rf structures and communication scenarios. Main complications are caused by: (i) electric field inhomogeneity (complicated geometries); (ii) time varying electric field (multi-carrier operation). Breakdown predictions require: Finding the electric & magnetic fields in the rf device. Solving for the evolution of the electron density in these fields. Present work. Numerical code have been developed for: (i) finding the electric and magnetic fields in wave guide configurations built on rectangular elements; (ii) determining the evolution of the electron density in the corresponding fields. Corona discharges (the diffusion equation) Multipactor discharges (electron trajectories) 19
20 Present work. The codes have been applied to study: (i) corona breakdown in different filters and around sharp corners and wedges (ii) multipactor in rectangular wave guides, wave guides with irises, coaxial lines, etc. (iii) multipactor in multi-carrier operation The presented work represents a significant step forward in the predictive modelling of breakdown in geometrically complicated rf devices and for multi-carrier operation scenarios. 0
Microwave multipactor breakdown in open two-wire transmission systems
Microwave multipactor breakdown in open two-wire transmission systems Joel Rasch*, D. Anderson*, V. E. Semenov, E. Rakova, J. F. Johansson, M. Lisak* and J. Puech *Chalmers University of Technology Outline
More informationMultipactor breakdown in microwave pulses
Multipactor breakdown in microwave pulses J. Rasch 1,D.Anderson 1, and V. E. Semenov 2 1) Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden 2) Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia A
More informationSupplementary Information
1 Supplementary Information 3 Supplementary Figures 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Supplementary Figure 1. Absorbing material placed between two dielectric media The incident electromagnetic wave propagates in stratified
More informationTHE CHALLENGE OF MONTE CARLO METHOD IN TWO SIDED MULTIPACTOR
Proceedings of SRF29, Berlin, Germany TUPPO58 THE CHALLENGE OF MONTE CARLO METHOD IN TWO SIDED MULTIPACTOR M. Mostajeran*, M. Lamehi Rachti Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics
More informationThesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Multipactor in Low Pressure Gas and in Nonuniform RF Field Structures.
Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Multipactor in Low Pressure Gas and in Nonuniform RF Field Structures Richard Udiljak Department of Radio and Space Science Chalmers University of Technology
More informationMULTIPACTOR ON A DIELECTRIC SURFACE WITH LONGITUDINAL RF ELECTRIC FIELD ACTION
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 24, 177 185, 211 MULTIPACTOR ON A DIELECTRIC SURFACE WITH LONGITUDINAL RF ELECTRIC FIELD ACTION F. Zhu *, Z. Zhang, J. Luo, and S. Dai Key Laboratory
More informationIonization Detectors. Mostly Gaseous Detectors
Ionization Detectors Mostly Gaseous Detectors Introduction Ionization detectors were the first electrical devices developed for radiation detection During the first half of the century: 3 basic types of
More informationBeams and magnetized plasmas
Beams and magnetized plasmas 1 Jean-Pierre BOEUF LAboratoire PLAsma et Conversion d Energie LAPLACE/ CNRS, Université Paul SABATIER, TOULOUSE Beams and magnetized plasmas 2 Outline Ion acceleration and
More informationHigh-Gradient, Millimeter Wave Accelerating Structure
DPF2015-337 August 31, 2015 High-Gradient, Millimeter Wave Accelerating Structure S.V. Kuzikov 1,2, A.A. Vikharev 1,3, N.Yu. Peskov 1 1 Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanova Str., Nizhny Novgorod,
More informationw w w. o n e r a. f r
w w w. o n e r a. fr SEY properties of dielectric materials, modeling and measurements M. Belhaj ONERA\Centre de Toulouse\DPHY Motivation (@ONERA) Multipactor in RF components -metals and dielectric -Incident
More informationPlasma Astrophysics Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Plasma. Yosuke Mizuno Institute of Astronomy National Tsing-Hua University
Plasma Astrophysics Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Plasma Yosuke Mizuno Institute of Astronomy National Tsing-Hua University What is a Plasma? A plasma is a quasi-neutral gas consisting of positive and negative
More informationSecondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS)
Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) Analyzing Inorganic Solids * = under special conditions ** = semiconductors only + = limited number of elements or groups Analyzing Organic Solids * = under special
More informationScattering in Cold- Cathode Discharges
Simulating Electron Scattering in Cold- Cathode Discharges Alexander Khrabrov, Igor Kaganovich*, Vladimir I. Demidov**, George Petrov*** *Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory ** Wright-Patterson Air Force
More informationMODELING OF AN ECR SOURCE FOR MATERIALS PROCESSING USING A TWO DIMENSIONAL HYBRID PLASMA EQUIPMENT MODEL. Ron L. Kinder and Mark J.
TECHCON 98 Las Vegas, Nevada September 9-11, 1998 MODELING OF AN ECR SOURCE FOR MATERIALS PROCESSING USING A TWO DIMENSIONAL HYBRID PLASMA EQUIPMENT MODEL Ron L. Kinder and Mark J. Kushner Department of
More informationLASERS. Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion)
L- LASERS Representative applications: Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion) Oscillators: Blasting: Energy States: Hydrogen atom Frequency/distance reference, local oscillators,
More informationIonization Detectors
Ionization Detectors Basic operation Charged particle passes through a gas (argon, air, ) and ionizes it Electrons and ions are collected by the detector anode and cathode Often there is secondary ionization
More informationMONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF RADIATION TRAPPING IN ELECTRODELESS LAMPS: A STUDY OF COLLISIONAL BROADENERS*
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF RADIATION TRAPPING IN ELECTRODELESS LAMPS: A STUDY OF COLLISIONAL BROADENERS* Kapil Rajaraman** and Mark J. Kushner*** **Department of Physics ***Department of Electrical and
More informationNumerical simulation of Vibrationally Active Ar-H2 Microwave Plasma
Numerical simulation of Vibrationally Active Ar-H2 Microwave Plasma F. Bosi 1, M. Magarotto 2, P. de Carlo 2, M. Manente 2, F. Trezzolani 2, D. Pavarin 2, D. Melazzi 2, P. Alotto 1, R. Bertani 1 1 Department
More information3. Gas Detectors General introduction
3. Gas Detectors 3.1. General introduction principle ionizing particle creates primary and secondary charges via energy loss by ionization (Bethe Bloch, chapter 2) N0 electrons and ions charges drift in
More informationLongitudinal Beam Dynamics
Longitudinal Beam Dynamics Shahin Sanaye Hajari School of Particles and Accelerators, Institute For Research in Fundamental Science (IPM), Tehran, Iran IPM Linac workshop, Bahman 28-30, 1396 Contents 1.
More informationCharacteristics and classification of plasmas
Characteristics and classification of plasmas PlasTEP trainings course and Summer school 2011 Warsaw/Szczecin Indrek Jõgi, University of Tartu Partfinanced by the European Union (European Regional Development
More informationChapter VI: Cold plasma generation
Introduction This photo shows the electrical discharge inside a highpressure mercury vapor lamp (Philips HO 50) just after ignition (Hg + Ar) Chapter VI: Cold plasma generation Anode Positive column Cathode
More informationLecture 5 Notes, Electromagnetic Theory II Dr. Christopher S. Baird, faculty.uml.edu/cbaird University of Massachusetts Lowell
Lecture 5 Notes, Electromagnetic Theory II Dr. Christopher S. Baird, faculty.uml.edu/cbaird University of Massachusetts Lowell 1. Waveguides Continued - In the previous lecture we made the assumption that
More informationIntroduction Introduction
1 Introduction This book is an introduction to the theory of charged particle acceleration. It has two primary roles: 1.A unified, programmed summary of the principles underlying all charged particle accelerators.
More informationLongitudinal dynamics Yannis PAPAPHILIPPOU CERN
Longitudinal dynamics Yannis PAPAPHILIPPOU CERN United States Particle Accelerator School, University of California - Santa-Cruz, Santa Rosa, CA 14 th 18 th January 2008 1 Outline Methods of acceleration
More informationEffect of Noble Gas. Plasma Processing Laboratory University of Houston. Acknowledgements: DoE Plasma Science Center and NSF
Ion Energy Distributions in Pulsed Plasmas with Synchronous DC Bias: Effect of Noble Gas W. Zhu, H. Shin, V. M. Donnelly and D. J. Economou Plasma Processing Laboratory University of Houston Acknowledgements:
More informationTraveling Wave Undulators for FELs and Synchrotron Radiation Sources
LCLS-TN-05-8 Traveling Wave Undulators for FELs and Synchrotron Radiation Sources 1. Introduction C. Pellegrini, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA 1 February 4, 2005 We study the use of a traveling
More informationEffect of Applied Electric Field and Pressure on the Electron Avalanche Growth
Effect of Applied Electric Field and Pressure on the Electron Avalanche Growth L. ZEGHICHI (), L. MOKHNACHE (2), and M. DJEBABRA (3) () Department of Physics, Ouargla University, P.O Box.5, OUARGLA 3,
More informationUSAGE OF NUMERICAL METHODS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDS OPTIMIZATION
October 4-6, 2007 - Chiinu, Rep.Moldova USAGE OF NUMERICAL METHODS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDS OPTIMIZATION Ionu- P. NICA, Valeriu Gh. DAVID, /tefan URSACHE Gh. Asachi Technical University Iai, Faculty
More informationICPMS Doherty Lecture 1
ICPMS Doherty Lecture 1 Mass Spectrometry This material provides some background on how to measure isotope abundances by means of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometers create and separate ionized atoms
More informationAxial symmetric open magnetic traps with depressed transversal losses of plasmas
Axial symmetric open magnetic traps with depressed transversal losses of plasmas A. Sidorov, S. Golubev, I. Izotov, S. Razin, V. Skalyga and A. Vodopyanov Institute of Applied Physics, RAS, 603950 Nizhny
More informationAccelerators. W. Udo Schröder, 2004
1 Accelerators Overview Electrostatic Accelerators Cascade Van de Graaff V.d.G. Tandem generator Accelerator 2-3 stages steady (DC) beam, high quality focusing, energy, currents; but low energies Accelerators
More informationElectrical Breakdown in Low-Pressure Nitrogen in Parallel Electric and Magnetic Fields
Electrical Breakdown in Low-Pressure Nitrogen in Parallel Electric and Magnetic Fields Karim Abu-Elabass Department of machinery and electrical equipment, Prince Sultan Industrial Institute, Military Industries
More informationRF Breakdown analysis in microstrip structures
RF Breakdown analysis in microstrip structures F J Pérez Soler () F Quesada (2) M Mattes (3) J M Montero (4) D Raboso (5) T Pinheiro-Ortega () S Anza () C Vicente () B Gimeno (6) V Boria (7) J Gil () A
More informationNovel Features of Computational EM and Particle-in-Cell Simulations. Shahid Ahmed. Illinois Institute of Technology
Novel Features of Computational EM and Particle-in-Cell Simulations Shahid Ahmed Illinois Institute of Technology Outline Part-I EM Structure Motivation Method Modes, Radiation Leakage and HOM Damper Conclusions
More informationPHYSICS OF HOT DENSE PLASMAS
Chapter 6 PHYSICS OF HOT DENSE PLASMAS 10 26 10 24 Solar Center Electron density (e/cm 3 ) 10 22 10 20 10 18 10 16 10 14 10 12 High pressure arcs Chromosphere Discharge plasmas Solar interior Nd (nω) laserproduced
More informationCONTROL OF MICROWAVE HEATING IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
ISTP-16, 2005, PRAGUE 16 TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TRANSPORT PHENOMENA CONTROL OF MICROWAVE HEATING IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE Kazuo AOKI*, Masatoshi AKAHORI*, Kenji OSHIMA** and Masato MORITA* *Nagaoka
More informationE. Ya. Zlotnik and V. V. Zaitsev
INTERPRETATION OF FINE STRUCTURE IN SOLAR NON THERMAL RADIO EMISSION (ZEBRA PATTERN AND BROAD BAND PULSATIONS) AND DIAGNOSTICS OF POST FLARE CORONAL PLASMA E. Ya. Zlotnik and V. V. Zaitsev Abstract Observations
More informationWaves in plasmas. S.M.Lea
Waves in plasmas S.M.Lea 17 1 Plasma as an example of a dispersive medium We shall now discuss the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a hydrogen plasm an electrically neutral fluid of protons
More informationCharacterising The RF Properties of Metamaterials
Characterising The RF Properties of Metamaterials Aimee Hopper Prof Rebecca Seviour International Institute for Accelerator Applications, University of Huddersfield aimee.hopper@hud.ac.uk 1 Outline Metamaterials?
More informationCERN Accelerator School. RF Cavities. Erk Jensen CERN BE-RF
CERN Accelerator School RF Cavities Erk Jensen CERN BE-RF CERN Accelerator School, Varna 010 - "Introduction to Accelerator Physics" What is a cavity? 3-Sept-010 CAS Varna/Bulgaria 010- RF Cavities Lorentz
More informationDesign of an RF Photo-Gun (PHIN)
Design of an RF Photo-Gun (PHIN) R. Roux 1, G. Bienvenu 1, C. Prevost 1, B. Mercier 1 1) CNRS-IN2P3-LAL, Orsay, France Abstract In this note we show the results of the RF simulations performed with a 2-D
More informationProportional Counters
Proportional Counters 3 1 Introduction 3 2 Before we can look at individual radiation processes, we need to understand how the radiation is detected: Non-imaging detectors Detectors capable of detecting
More informationMODELING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
MODELING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN ANISOTROPIC INHOMOGENEOUS MAGNETIZED PLASMA OF ECR ION SOURCES G. Torrisi (1), D. Mascali (1), A. Galatà (2), G. Castro (1), L. Celona (1), L. Neri (1), G. Sorbello
More informationBreakdown behavior in radio-frequency argon discharges
PHYSICS OF PLASMAS VOLUME 10, NUMBER 3 MARCH 2003 H. B. Smith, C. Charles, and R. W. Boswell Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University,
More informationCHAPTER 9 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
CHAPTER 9 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Outlines 1. Waves in one dimension 2. Electromagnetic Waves in Vacuum 3. Electromagnetic waves in Matter 4. Absorption and Dispersion 5. Guided Waves 2 Skip 9.1.1 and 9.1.2
More informationWorkshops on X-band and high gradients: collaboration and resource
Workshops on X-band and high gradients: collaboration and resource 25 October 2012 International workshop on breakdown science and high gradient technology 18-20 April 2012 in KEK 25 October 2012 International
More informationSURFACE PLASMONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRO-OPTICAL DEVICES
SURFACE PLASMONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRO-OPTICAL DEVICES Igor Zozouleno Solid State Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linöping University Sweden igozo@itn.liu.se http://www.itn.liu.se/meso-phot
More informationNumerical Simulation of the Rarefied Gas Flow through a Short Channel into a Vacuum
Numerical Simulation of the Rarefied Gas Flow through a Short Channel into a Vacuum Oleg Sazhin Ural State University, Lenin av.5, 6283 Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: oleg.sazhin@uralmail.com Abstract. The
More informationRESEARCH ON TWO-STAGE ENGINE SPT-MAG
RESEARCH ON TWO-STAGE ENGINE SPT-MAG A.I. Morozov a, A.I. Bugrova b, A.D. Desiatskov b, V.K. Kharchevnikov b, M. Prioul c, L. Jolivet d a Kurchatov s Russia Research Center, Moscow, Russia 123098 b Moscow
More informationSCALING OF PLASMA SOURCES FOR O 2 ( 1 ) GENERATION FOR CHEMICAL OXYGEN-IODINE LASERS
SCALING OF PLASMA SOURCES FOR O 2 ( 1 ) GENERATION FOR CHEMICAL OXYGEN-IODINE LASERS D. Shane Stafford and Mark J. Kushner Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Urbana, IL 61801 http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu
More informationElectromagnetic waves in free space
Waveguide notes 018 Electromagnetic waves in free space We start with Maxwell s equations for an LIH medum in the case that the source terms are both zero. = =0 =0 = = Take the curl of Faraday s law, then
More informationElectron-Acoustic Wave in a Plasma
Electron-Acoustic Wave in a Plasma 0 (uniform ion distribution) For small fluctuations, n ~ e /n 0
More informationAll about sparks in EDM
All about sparks in EDM (and links with the CLIC DC spark test) Antoine Descoeudres, Christoph Hollenstein, Georg Wälder, René Demellayer and Roberto Perez Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas
More informationNonlinear Optics (WiSe 2015/16) Lecture 12: January 15, 2016
Nonlinear Optics (WiSe 2015/16) Lecture 12: January 15, 2016 12 High Harmonic Generation 12.1 Atomic units 12.2 The three step model 12.2.1 Ionization 12.2.2 Propagation 12.2.3 Recombination 12.3 Attosecond
More informationEtching Issues - Anisotropy. Dry Etching. Dry Etching Overview. Etching Issues - Selectivity
Etching Issues - Anisotropy Dry Etching Dr. Bruce K. Gale Fundamentals of Micromachining BIOEN 6421 EL EN 5221 and 6221 ME EN 5960 and 6960 Isotropic etchants etch at the same rate in every direction mask
More informationApplication of Plasma Phenomena Lecture /3/21
Application of Plasma Phenomena Lecture 3 2018/3/21 2018/3/21 updated 1 Reference Industrial plasma engineering, volume 1, by J. Reece Roth, Chapter 8-13. Plasma physics and engineering, by Alexander Fridman
More informationUsing a Microwave Interferometer to Measure Plasma Density Mentor: Prof. W. Gekelman. P. Pribyl (UCLA)
Using a Microwave Interferometer to Measure Plasma Density Avital Levi Mentor: Prof. W. Gekelman. P. Pribyl (UCLA) Introduction: Plasma is the fourth state of matter. It is composed of fully or partially
More informationFundamentals of Plasma Physics
Fundamentals of Plasma Physics Definition of Plasma: A gas with an ionized fraction (n i + + e ). Depending on density, E and B fields, there can be many regimes. Collisions and the Mean Free Path (mfp)
More informationTheory of Gas Discharge
Boris M. Smirnov Theory of Gas Discharge Plasma l Springer Contents 1 Introduction 1 Part I Processes in Gas Discharge Plasma 2 Properties of Gas Discharge Plasma 13 2.1 Equilibria and Distributions of
More information1 The formation and analysis of optical waveguides
1 The formation and analysis of optical waveguides 1.1 Introduction to optical waveguides Optical waveguides are made from material structures that have a core region which has a higher index of refraction
More informationAnna University B.E/B.Tech Degree Examination November/December 2010, Seventh Semester, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, EE1402-HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING Answer all the questions. Part-A (10*2=20)
More informationLecture 8: Mass Spectrometry
intensity Lecture 8: Mass Spectrometry Relative abundance m/z 1 Ethylbenzene experiment CH 2 CH 3 + m/z = 106 CH 2 + m/z = 91 C 8 H 10 MW = 106 CH + m/z = 77 + 2 2 What information can we get from MS spectrum?
More informationApplication of Rarefied Flow & Plasma Simulation Software
2016/5/18 Application of Rarefied Flow & Plasma Simulation Software Yokohama City in Japan Profile of Wave Front Co., Ltd. Name : Wave Front Co., Ltd. Incorporation : March 1990 Head Office : Yokohama
More informationPhysique des plasmas radiofréquence Pascal Chabert
Physique des plasmas radiofréquence Pascal Chabert LPP, Ecole Polytechnique pascal.chabert@lpp.polytechnique.fr Planning trois cours : Lundi 30 Janvier: Rappels de physique des plasmas froids Lundi 6 Février:
More informationPresented at the COMSOL Conference 2009 Milan. Analysis of Electromagnetic Propagation for Evaluating the
Presented at the COMSOL Conference 2009 Milan Analysis of Electromagnetic Propagation for Evaluating the Dimensions of a Large Lossy Medium A. Pellegrini, FCosta F. 14-16 October 2009 Outline Introduction
More informationLecture 8: Mass Spectrometry
intensity Lecture 8: Mass Spectrometry Relative abundance m/z 1 Ethylbenzene CH 2 CH 3 + m/z = 106 CH 2 + m/z = 91 C 8 H 10 MW = 106 CH + m/z = 77 + 2 2 What information can be obtained from a MS spectrum?
More informationMicrowave Engineering 3e Author - D. Pozar
Microwave Engineering 3e Author - D. Pozar Sections 3.6 3.8 Presented by Alex Higgins 1 Outline Section 3.6 Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Slab Section 3.7 Stripline Section 3.8 Microstrip An Investigation
More informationBack to basics : Maxwell equations & propagation equations
The step index planar waveguide Back to basics : Maxwell equations & propagation equations Maxwell equations Propagation medium : Notations : linear Real fields : isotropic Real inductions : non conducting
More informationMonte Carlo Collisions in Particle in Cell simulations
Monte Carlo Collisions in Particle in Cell simulations Konstantin Matyash, Ralf Schneider HGF-Junior research group COMAS : Study of effects on materials in contact with plasma, either with fusion or low-temperature
More informationMagnetic Field Configuration Dependence of Plasma Production and Parallel Transport in a Linear Plasma Device NUMBER )
Magnetic Field Configuration Dependence of Plasma Production and Parallel Transport in a Linear Plasma Device NUMBER ) Daichi HAMADA, Atsushi OKAMOTO, Takaaki FUJITA, Hideki ARIMOTO, Katsuya SATOU and
More informationRepositorio Institucional de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid https://repositorio.uam.es Esta es la versión de autor del artículo publicado en: This is an author produced version of a paper published
More informationLangmuir Probes as a Diagnostic to Study Plasma Parameter Dependancies, and Ion Acoustic Wave Propogation
Langmuir Probes as a Diagnostic to Study Plasma Parameter Dependancies, and Ion Acoustic Wave Propogation Kent Lee, Dean Henze, Patrick Smith, and Janet Chao University of San Diego (Dated: May 1, 2013)
More informationStudy of a Micro Hollow Cathode Discharge at medium argon gas pressure
Study of a Micro Hollow Cathode Discharge at medium argon gas pressure Claudia LAZZARONI Antoine ROUSSEAU Pascal CHABERT LPP Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, FRANCE Nader SADEGHI LSP Grenoble, FRANCE I-V
More informationA Multi-beamlet Injector for Heavy Ion Fusion: Experiments and Modeling
A Multi-beamlet Injector for Heavy Ion Fusion: Experiments and Modeling G.A. Westenskow, D.P. Grote; LLNL J.W. Kwan, F. Bieniosek; LBNL PAC07 - FRYAB01 Albuquerque, New Mexico June 29, 2007 This work has
More informationEE6701 HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING UNIT II-DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN PART A
EE6701 HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING UNIT II-DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN PART A 1. Mention the gases used as the insulating medium in electrical apparatus? Most of the electrical apparatus use air as the insulating
More informationProduction of Over-dense Plasmas by Launching. 2.45GHz Electron Cyclotron Waves in a Helical Device
Production of Over-dense Plasmas by Launching 2.45GHz Electron Cyclotron Waves in a Helical Device R. Ikeda a, M. Takeuchi a, T. Ito a, K. Toi b, C. Suzuki b, G. Matsunaga c, S. Okamura b, and CHS Group
More informationTHEORY OF FIELD-ALTERED NUCLEAR BETA DECAY
Paul Scherrer Institute 12 March 2012 THEORY OF FIELD-ALTERED NUCLEAR BETA DECAY H. R. Reiss 1 OUTLINE Intent of the investigation Subject of the investigation Qualitative requirements Continuous operation
More informationStep index planar waveguide
N. Dubreuil S. Lebrun Exam without document Pocket calculator permitted Duration of the exam: 2 hours The exam takes the form of a multiple choice test. Annexes are given at the end of the text. **********************************************************************************
More informationMain Magnetic Focus Ion Trap, new tool for trapping of highly charged ions
V. P. Ovsyannikov a Main Magnetic Focus Ion Trap, new tool for trapping of highly charged ions Hochschulstr. 13, 01069, Dresden, Germany It is proposed to produce the highly charged ions in the local ion
More informationNASA Contractor Report. Application of FEM to Estimate Complex Permittivity of Dielectric Material at Microwave Frequency Using Waveguide Measurements
NASA Contractor Report Application of FEM to Estimate Complex Permittivity of Dielectric Material at Microwave Frequency Using Waveguide Measurements M. D.Deshpande VIGYAN Inc., Hampton, VA C. J. Reddy
More informationModule 6 : Wave Guides. Lecture 40 : Introduction of Parallel Waveguide. Objectives. In this course you will learn the following
Objectives In this course you will learn the following Introduction of Parallel Plane Waveguide. Introduction of Parallel Plane Waveguide Wave Guide is a structure which can guide Electro Magnetic Energy.
More informationIon Beam Cocktail Development and ECR Ion Source Plasma Physics Experiments at JYFL
Ion Beam Cocktail Development and ECR Ion Source Plasma Physics Experiments at JYFL Olli Tarvainen 11th International Conference on Heavy Ion Accelerator Technology Venice, Italy 8-12 June 29 Outline JYFL
More informationThe electron diffusion into the channel of stationary plasma thruster
The electron diffusion into the channel of stationary plasma thruster IEPC-215-397 Presented at Joint Conference of 3th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science 34th International Electric
More informationPIC-MCC simulations for complex plasmas
GRADUATE SUMMER INSTITUTE "Complex Plasmas August 4, 008 PIC-MCC simulations for complex plasmas Irina Schweigert Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk Outline GRADUATE SUMMER
More informationCavity basics. 1 Introduction. 2 From plane waves to cavities. E. Jensen CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Cavity basics E. Jensen CERN, Geneva, Switerland Abstract The fields in rectangular and circular waveguides are derived from Maxwell s equations by superposition of plane waves. Subsequently the results
More informationFINAL EXAM IN FYS-3007
Page 1 of 4 pages + chart FINAL EXAM IN FYS-007 Exam in : Fys-007 Microwave Techniques Date : Tuesday, May 1, 2011 Time : 09.00 1.00 Place : Åsgårdveien 9 Approved remedies : All non-living and non-communicating
More information(Chapter 10) EE 403/503 Introduction to Plasma Processing
(Chapter 10) EE 403/503 Introdution to Plasma Proessing November 9, 011 Average Eletron Energy, [ev] P = 100 Hz P = 10 KHz P = 1 MHz P = 13.56 MHz P = 100 MHz P =.45 GHz P = 10 GHz P = 1 THz T e,mw > T
More informationAnalysis of recombination and relaxation of non-equilibrium air plasma generated by short time energetic electron and photon beams
22 nd International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry July 5-10, 2015; Antwerp, Belgium Analysis of recombination and relaxation of non-equilibrium air plasma generated by short time energetic electron and
More informationMicrowave Phase Shift Using Ferrite Filled Waveguide Below Cutoff
Microwave Phase Shift Using Ferrite Filled Waveguide Below Cutoff CHARLES R. BOYD, JR. Microwave Applications Group, Santa Maria, California, U. S. A. ABSTRACT Unlike conventional waveguides, lossless
More informationSupplementary Material for In situ frequency gating and beam splitting of vacuum- and extreme-ultraviolet pulses
Supplementary Material for In situ frequency gating and beam splitting of vacuum- and extreme-ultraviolet pulses Rajendran Rajeev, Johannes Hellwagner, Anne Schumacher, Inga Jordan, Martin Huppert, Andres
More informationENHANCEMENT OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN INTERNAL FLOWS USING AN ELECTRICALLY-INDUCED CORONA JET
ENHANCEMENT OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN INTERNAL FLOWS USING AN ELECTRICALLY-INDUCED CORONA JET Reza Baghaei Lakeh Ph.D. Candidate PRESENTATION OUTLINE Corona Discharge Corona Wind and Ion-Drag Flows
More informationIon Induced Beam disruption Mechanism
Ion Induced Beam disruption Mechanism C. Vermare CEA, Polygone d Expérimentation de Moronvilliers, France H. Davis, D.C. Moir, R. Olson Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, USA T. Hughes Mission Research
More informationLinac JUAS lecture summary
Linac JUAS lecture summary Part1: Introduction to Linacs Linac is the acronym for Linear accelerator, a device where charged particles acquire energy moving on a linear path. There are more than 20 000
More informationAdjustment of electron temperature in ECR microwave plasma
Vacuum (3) 53 Adjustment of electron temperature in ECR microwave plasma Ru-Juan Zhan a, Xiaohui Wen a,b, *, Xiaodong Zhu a,b, Aidi zhao a,b a Structure Research Laboratory, University of Science and Technology
More informationHuashun Zhang. Ion Sources. With 187 Figures and 26 Tables Э SCIENCE PRESS. Springer
Huashun Zhang Ion Sources With 187 Figures and 26 Tables Э SCIENCE PRESS Springer XI Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Major Applications and Requirements 1 1.2 Performances and Research Subjects 1 1.3 Historical
More informationCOMSOL Multiphysics Simulations of the Electric Field and Gas Flow in a Microwave Axial Injection Torch
COMSOL Multiphysics Simulations of the Electric Field and Gas Flow in a Microwave Axial Injection Torch A. Obrusník, P. Synek, L. Zajíčková Faculty of Science/CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611
More informationEECS 117 Lecture 3: Transmission Line Junctions / Time Harmonic Excitation
EECS 117 Lecture 3: Transmission Line Junctions / Time Harmonic Excitation Prof. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley University of California, Berkeley EECS 117 Lecture 3 p. 1/23 Transmission Line
More informationIntroduction to optical waveguide modes
Chap. Introduction to optical waveguide modes PHILIPPE LALANNE (IOGS nd année) Chapter Introduction to optical waveguide modes The optical waveguide is the fundamental element that interconnects the various
More informationUHV - Technology. Oswald Gröbner
School on Synchrotron Radiation UHV - Technology Trieste, 20-21 April 2004 1) Introduction and some basics 2) Building blocks of a vacuum system 3) How to get clean ultra high vacuum 4) Desorption phenomena
More information