Time and Frequency metrology: e-infrastractures for Science and Society
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1 Time and Frequency metrology: e-infrastractures for Science and Society Davide Calonico Optics Division Istituto Nazionale Di Ricerca Metrologica
2 Time and Frequency Metrology: who cares?
3 T&F Users POSITIONING SYSTEMS TELECOMMUNICATIONS DATING TRANSPORTS AND NAVIGATION E-COMMERCE ELECTRIC POWER
4 T&F Users EQUIPMENT SPACE GEODESY FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AGRICOLTURE DEFENCE
5 T&F Worldwide Market Frequency Control Devices: 4,5 B$/ year (Quartz oscillators,atomic clocks) GNSS: 250 B /year by 2022 source: European GNSS Agency (GSA), 3 rd Market Report (2013) Telecommunications: 46.7 B$ in 2014 Source: Visiongain, Wireless Infrastructure Market Forecast Smart electrical grid: 400 B$ by 2020 Source: GTM Research
6 The Metre Convention Diplomatic Agreement Poltical Body Technical Body Scientific Body NATIONAL METROLOGICAL INSTITUTES Metre Convention, Parigi 1875 Today 56 members, Italy is co-founder CGPM: GENERAL CONFERENCE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS each 4 years, dall members CIPM: INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS Once a year, 18 members BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET DES MESURES (BIPM) ITALY: INRiM in Torino
7 The Heart of T&F: Atomic Clocks 1 m Commercial Hydrogen Maser clock 40 cm Commercial Cs clock 10 cm Commercial Rb Clock
8 T&F Relative Accuracy Quartz Oscillator s in 3 yr s in 1 yr Galileo Pendolum ca1650 Earth Rotation s in 30 yr Cs fountain (today) 1 s in yr Commercial Cs Clock Since 90s 2x s in 60 milion yrs
9 Cs Cryogenic Fountain INRIM ITCsF2 International SI second 2x10 16 ACCURACY Laser Cooled Cs at 1 µk; Liquid Nitrogen Cooled Structure at 89 K
10 Atomic Cs fountains worldwide Worldwide, six Laboratoris use Cs fountains for the generation of the International Atomic Time: USA (2 fontane); Francia (3); Italia (2); Germania (2); UK (2); Giappone (2)
11 Physics and T&F metrology: a Nobel Path to get a Cs Fountain 1989 Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul 1997 Stephen Chu, William Phillips, Claude Cohen-Tannoudj
12 Physics and T&F metrology: a Nobel Path going on 2005 John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch 2012 David J. Wineland Serge Haroche
13 Cs Fountain: how it works
14 INRIM clock ensemble Ultrastable Lasers Clock Laser 578 nm Optical Comb Cs Fountains H Masers Yb Optical Clock
15 Accurate Time for all: How to? National Metrological Institues (Atomic Clocks) Optical Fiber Techniques Satellite Techniques USERS
16 Spreading Accurate Time First Cs clock (1955) First Cs fountain (1996) Cs fountain (today) Dissemination by Satellite in1 day New optical clocks (today) Dissemination by Optical fiber in1 day
17 The Italian T&F Optical Fiber Link Funded by: Optical Fiber by:
18 Spreading Accurate Time From NMI to users 10-9 Relative Uncertainty Commercial Cs clocks Cs fountain clocks Optical Clocks Measuring time (s)
19 Spreading Accurate Time From NMI to users 10-9 Relative Uncertainty Satellite Dissemination Commercial Cs clocks Cs fountain clocks Optical Clocks Measuring time (s)
20 Spreading Accurate Time From NMI to users Relative Uncertainty Satellite Dissemination LIFT Fiber Link (650 km) Commercial Cs clocks Cs fountain clocks Optical Clocks Measuring time (s)
21 Spreading Accurate Time From NMI to users Relative Uncertainty Satellite Dissemination LIFT Fiber Link (650 km) Commercial Cs clocks Cs fountain clocks Optical Clocks Measuring time (s)
22 Relative Uncertainty Spreading Accurate Time Satellite Dissemination LIFT Fiber Link (650 km) From NMI to users Commercial Cs clocks Cs fountain clocks Optical Clocks Measuring time (s) Satellites: >4 h to spread a Commercial Cs >20 days to spread Cs Fountains >100 days for optical clocks Fiber Links: Always better than Commercial Cs 100 s to spread Cs fountains 1000 s for Optical Clocks
23
24 UNDER OPERATION END 2015 UNDER OPERATION SINCE 2013
25 INAF Radioatronomy CNR-LENS-UNIFI Atomic Physics ROME-FUCINO, Metrology, Space, Galileo MATERA, Space Geodesy INAF Radioatronomy INAF Radioatronomy MALTA Primary Metrology
26 LIFT present impact on research Frejus: Relativistic Geodesy Firenze: Atomic Physics Bologna Radio-astronomy VLBI Cagliari Noto Space Geodesy Matera
27 Testing Einsteins s geodetic motion INRIM-ASI-ISS triangle (July January 2018) Microwave Link Torino-ISS High accurate Atomic clocks Optical Link Matera-ISS Optical Link Torino-Matera Space Geodesy Center Bepi Colombo
28 LIFT present impact on industry Development Of Atomic Clocks for Space Milano Roma Acrtivities based on Galileo (Ground Segment )
29 Optical Fiber Link European Network
30 INRIM is partner of the project NEAT-FT ( ) Accurate time/frequency comparison and dissemination through optical telecommunication networks ? ? ? Partners: PTB-Germany (Coordinator), BEV (Austria), INRIM (Italy), MIKES (Finland), NPL (United Kingdom), OBSPARIS (France), SP (Sweden), UFE (Czech Republic), VSL (The Netherlands), CESNET (Czech Republic), AGH (Poland)
31 Optical Fiber Link European Network NMIs (OP, NPL, PTB, INRIM) ICOF project
32 Optical Fiber Link European Network Which Future Role for the European Community?
33 Conclusions Time and Frequency metrology is a relevant infrastructure for Science and Society; A wide variety of users depends upon T&F facilities; Spreading accurate time: from the most accurate atomic clocks to the user; The role of an Optical Fiber T&F Infrastracture; Forthcoming European Infrastracture for T&F Optical Fiber Dissemination; Which will be the role of European Union?
34 Italy-Germany fiber link: science and navigation GNSS GALILEO INRIM PTB: Link the Galileo Control Centers (Fucino, Oberpfaffenhofen) to National Metrological Institues (INRIM-PTB) Link INRIM and PTB Link Munich-Innsbruck- Florence (Atomic Physics Centers) together and to PTB and INRIM
35 T&F metrology and Earth Survey General Relativity: on Earth, clock shift /m over the Geoid. Investigation on Geoid changes at 10 cm level (10-17 ) 1263 m Height 240 m Height
36 INRIM to Bologna: Frequency reference For Radioastronomy INRIM Maser at INAF Medicina using the fiber link Medicina radiotelescope Allan deviation y free transfer laser transfer laser locked to HM INRIM averaging time /s
37 Fiber Link: how it works ULTRASTABLE TRANSFER LASER 1542 nm, < 10 Hz Optical Filter Faraday Mirror AOM1 BIDIRECTIONAL FIBER AOM2 Faraday Mirror PLL CLOCK A FIBER NOISE COMPENSATION CLOCK B
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