y [Mm] y [arcsec] brightness temperature at λ = 1.0 mm [103 K] x [arcsec]

Transcription

1 ... Solar photosphere and chromosphere Continuum surface intensity (λ. Å) δirms= 5. % y [Mm] y [Mm] x [Mm] x [Mm] y [arcsec] μ =. μ =. μ =. μ =. μ =. brightness temperature at λ =. mm [ K] Fig.. Left: Quiet solar granulation as observed with the m Swedish Solar Telescope (courtesy Mats Carlsson ). Right: High-resolution CO5BOLD simulation of solar surface convection on a nx ny nz = 5 grid. Both images show the emergent continuum intensity (using identical scaling) at λ. nm in a field measuring 5 5 ( Mm). Reproduced from [7Ste] Fig. 9. Top: Gas temperature at a geometric height of z = km above τross = in the nonmagnetic D chromospheric model by [Wed]. Temperatures range from K (black) to 7 K (white). Bottom: Brightness temperature Tb of synthetic continuum images at λ mm, computed from the snapshot shown at left for different inclination angles (μ = : disk-center, μ =.: close to limb). Tb ranges from K (black) to 7 K (white). Adapted from [7Wed]. Lando lt -Bö rnst ein New Ser ies VI/B

2 corona transition region hot plasma moss ~.5 Mmclassical temperature minimum photosphere chromosphere ~.5 Mm c s = c A ~ Mm Mm τ 5 = convection zone spicule II C network Alfvén waves canopy domain D f i b r i l current sheets granulation E sub-canopy domain fluctosphere weak fields small-scale canopies / HIFs B reversed granulation p-modes / g-modes internetwork f i b r i l shock waves spicule I network A canopy domain F sub-canopy domain fluctosphere network }supergranulation Wedemeyer-Böhm et al. () Fig.. Schematic, simplified structure of the lower atmosphere of the quiet Sun (dimensions not to scale). Reproduced from [Wed]....5 Solar transition region and quiet corona Fig.. A small coronal hole seen on the solar disk in the Mg IX (7. nm) line (middle panel). In the continuum near 7 nm (on the left) the magnetic network structure is the same inside and outside the coronal hole. The Doppler image shows LOS velocities of ± km s with outflows (blue shifts) in the hole area. Landolt-Börnstein New Series VI/B

3 5.. Solar activity... Active regions Fig.. Moss region observed in the 7. nm wavelength band on June 999. The square box with an angular size of 9 9 contains bright moss structures with a brightness distribution given in the histogram inset. AR loops can be seen in the neighbourhood (from [Mar]).... Solar activity cycle Fig. 5. Butterfly diagram of the radial component of the solar magnetic field [Hat]. For each Carrington rotation, the magnetic flux is summed in longitude in each latitude bin. Landolt-Börnstein New Series VI/B

4 ... Sun spots Fig.. Image of a complex sunspot with two umbrae observed in the red continuum with the Swedish Solar Telescope on La Palma. With kind permission of J. Hirzberger. Landolt-Börnstein New Series VI/B

5 7...5 Prominences and ejecta Fig. Spicule activity at the solar limb in O V emission at.97 nm with the corresponding Doppler diagram in the lower panel. The frame dimensions are Mm Mm. The tallest feature protrudes approximately Mm from the limb and is a macrospicule judged by its length. The size of the Earth is shown for comparison in the upper panel.. The planets and their satellites.. Introduction Fig.. The eight planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are shown with their correct relative sizes (the distances are not to scale). The compilation also includes the dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon. The dark spot on Jupiter is the shadow of Io, one of the four Galilean Moons. C.J. Hamilton Lando lt -Bö rnst ein New Ser ies VI/B

6 .. Terrestrial planets and satellites... Geodetic and geophysical data (a) Venus (b) Radius 5. [km] Mars Radius 9 [km] Moon (c) Radius 77. [km] Fig.. Planetary radii models of Venus, Mars and the Moon. All images are in a Hammer projection with a central meridian of W. The values are referenced to a sphere of radius 5., 9 and 77. km for Venus, Mars and the Moon, respectively. Note the data gaps for Venus and the rotational flattening present for Mars. Lando lt -Börnst ein New Ser ies VI/B

7 9 Fig.. Radial gravity anomaly gr and geoid height N for the Earth, Venus, Mars and the Moon. All images are in a Hammer projection with a central meridian of W. (a)-(b) gr and N for the Earth, evaluating the model EIGENGLC [För] at a reference radius Rp = 7. km and setting the zonal degree- term C to zero. (c)-(d) gr and N for Venus, evaluating the model SHGJ [Rap] at Rp = 5 km (e)-(f) gr and N for Mars, evaluating the model MGS95J [5Tyl] at Rp = 9 km and setting the zonal degree- term C to zero. (g)-(h) gr and N for the Moon, evaluating the model LP5P [97Lem] at Rp = 7 km and setting the zonal degree- term C and C to zero. Lando lt -Bö rnst ein New Ser ies VI/B