Composting Swine Manure from High Rise Finishing Facilities

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1 University of Kentuky UKnowlege Plnt n Soil Sienes Reserh Report Plnt n Soil Sienes 1 Composting Swine Mnure from High Rise Finishing Filities Ewin L. Rithey University of Kentuky, ewin.rithey@uky.eu Kim Cook USDA ARS Clik here to let us know how ess to this oument enefits you. Follow this n itionl works t: Prt of the Plnt Sienes Commons, n the Soil Siene Commons Repository Cittion Rithey, Ewin L. n Cook, Kim, "Composting Swine Mnure from High Rise Finishing Filities" (1). Plnt n Soil Sienes Reserh Report.. This Report is rought to you for free n open ess y the Plnt n Soil Sienes t UKnowlege. It hs een epte for inlusion in Plnt n Soil Sienes Reserh Report y n uthorize ministrtor of UKnowlege. For more informtion, plese ontt UKnowlege@lsv.uky.eu.

2 Agriulturl Experiment Sttion University of Kentuky, College of Agriulture Foo n Environment, Lexington KY, 5 PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES RESEARCH REPORT Vol 5, No 1, 1 Composting Swine Mnure from High Rise Finishing Filities Ewin Rithey, Extension Soil Speilist, University of Kentuky Kim Cook, Reserh Miroiologist, USDA ARS, Foo Animl Environmentl Systems Reserh Unit Introution Swine proution hs restruture onsierly in reent yers with inrese proution on fewer frms (Key et l., 11). Most swine proution filities mnge mnure in liqui form either in eep pits unerneth proution filities or in lgoons jent to the proution filities (Key et l., 11). This mngement uses wter to rinse mnure from the filities, whih ilutes the nutrient onentrtion n vlue of the mnure. The liqui forms re pplie to ln through irrigtion systems or y liqui mnure spreers. Liqui mnure mngement n hve some opertionl onstrints tht omposting elimintes (Bernl et l., 9). The most ommon issue with hnling liqui mnure is tht the mnure hs ilute nutrients n it is often not eonomil to trnsport lrge volumes of lgoon effluent to off site lotions. Surfe spreing through n irrigtor is ommonly use, ut wet environments n ely pplition. Oor n e onern if liqui mnure is surfe pplie n not inorporte; n lthough soil inorportion oes reue mnure oors, they n still e onern. Composting is ontrolle iologil proess tht is mnge to enhne nturl eomposition to result in stle en prout (i.e. ompost). Composting reues volume, weight, oors, n pthogen numers ompre to the initil prout. The gol in ompost mngement is to provie n iel environment for growth of miroorgnisms (teri, fungi, n tinomyetes) responsile for eomposition. The miroorgnisms responsile for omposting get their energy from eomposing orgni ron (C). Cron n nitrogen (N) re oth to uil new ells. Oxygen (O) is use for respirtion. Het is proue s y prout of these retions. The het generte from omposting n reh tempertures exeeing 15 F. It is this het tht is responsile for killing wee sees, pthogens, n miroorgnisms ontine in the ompost mixture. This C, N, n oxygen requirement is lne y hoie of 1

3 ulking mterils, turning frequeny, n environmentl onitions uring omposting tht optimize proper moisture, gs exhnge, n nutrient rtios (Miller, 199). The restruturing of swine proution hs resulte in the umultion of lrge mounts of swine mnure eing onentrte in lolize res. Applition of mnure in lose proximity to proution filities n n le to elevte onentrtions of plnt nutrients, prtiulrly phosphorus (P), whih n e ssoite with egre wter qulity in nery wterwys (USEPA, 13). Composting swine mnure is n lterntive mnure mngement strtegy with severl vntges over onventionl mnure hnling proeures. Composting swine mnure reues mnure weight n volume, proues stle prout, reues pthogens, n llows for trnsporttion to greter istnes from proution filities. This metho of mnure mngement utilizes high rise finishing proution filities (HRFF) where the swine proution re is pproximtely 1 feet ove the groun level use for mnure mngement (Stowell, ). The groun level is ee with woohips or other mteril tht sors the mnure (urine n fees) tht flls through the sltte floor of the proution re ove. This mteril is turne multiple times week to uniformly mix the mteril n to istriute moisture throughout the eing. Turning the mteril uner the rn extens the life of the eing mteril n results in prtilly omposte mteril. The prtilly omposte mteril is remove from the filities when it eses to sor moisture n the ompost proess is omplete outsie in winrows. Ojetives This reserh investigte how the physil n hemil properties of finishe ompost were influene y turning frequeny n environmentl onitions of prtilly eompose swine mnure woohip mixtures from swine HRFF. Further, reommentions re provie to mximize omposting effiieny se on the results of this reserh. Mterils n Methos Woo hips were use s the ron soure n ulking gent. Hrwoo ws hippe n size to pss inh sreen prior to eing the rn. A mixture of prtilly eompose swine mnure n woohips ws remove from uner the HRFF n elivere to the Western Kentuky Agriulturl omplex in Fll 11 (FT) n Spring 1 (ST). The FT ontine 7 ui yrs of mteril tht weighe 1, ls n the ST ontine 1. ui yrs of mteril tht weighe 1, l. The mteril ws ivie into three tringulr shpe winrows eh seson (Figure 1). The FT piles were pproximtely 3 ft x 7 ft x 3 ft (L x W x H) n the ST piles were pproximtely 15 ft x 9 ft x ft (L x W x H) plus one onil shpe ft tll pile with 1.5 ft se tht ws not turne (X). All mnge piles were turne using winrow ompost turner (Moel CT 1, HCl Mhine Works, Dos Plos, CA) either one per week (1X), three times

4 per week (3X), or when internl tempertures t inhes rehe 15 F with ompost temperture proe (15F). The ST 15F tretment i not reh the esire temperture n fter 3 ys the pile ws turne on weekly sheule for the reminer of the experiment. Compost ws ollete t three lotions within eh ompost winrow n the ST. Within eh lotion, five smples were omine n nlyze s omposite smple. Smples were ollete on y (initil), y three, weekly for the first 1 weeks, n i weekly until omposting ws terminte. Compost tempertures were monitore t one hour intervls y HOBO Pro V temperture sensors (Onset Computer Corp., Bourne, MA) t three ifferent lotions in eh pile. Turning frequeny in 15F ws etermine y ifferent set of temperture mesurements. Amient temperture n preipittion were ollete from the Kentuky Mesonet wether sttion lote within 5 ft of the ompost site ( Compost moisture (%) ws etermine on ry mtter sis (wet weight ry weight/ry weight)*1. Dry weight ws etermine fter rying t 1 F for hours. Compost smples were extrte with M KCl n nlyze for mmonium n nitrte nitrogen y flow injetion nlysis (QuikChem FIA+, Lht Instruments, Milwukee, WI). Totl ron (TC) n totl nitrogen (TN) were etermine with Vrio Mx CN nlyzer (Elementr Ameris, Mt. Lurel, NJ). The remining elements were sujete to mirowve igestion with HNO 3 n HCl n mesure with inutively ouple plsm optil emission spetrosopy (Agilent Tehnologies, Snt Clr, CA). Compost ph ws etermine in 1:1 (w/v) ompost to wter solution y omintion eletroe (Auphst eletroe, Fisher Sientifi, Pittsurg, PA). Compost t ws presente s tretment mens. The mixe moel proeure ws use to etermine signifint ifferenes t p <.1 (SAS version 9.3, SAS Institute, 13, Cry, NC). A more etile esription of the methos use n e foun in Cook et l. (15). Results n Disussion Compost hrteristis vrie etween sesons (Tle 1). Compost ph for FT erese with the 1X n 3X tretment ut not in the 15F tretment nor ny of the ST tretments. Totl N i not hnge from the initil to the finl prout in the FT, ut erese for ll mnge piles in the ST (Tle 1). The reution in TN for the ST n not the FT oul e ue to the longer urtion of the ST omposting (31 ys longer) whih llowe for greter loss of mmoni y voltiliztion (Fukumoto n Kzuyuki, 9) n nitrte vi enitrifition n lehing of ifferent forms of minerl N (Prkinson et l., ). A reution in TC ws oserve with the 1X n 15F tretments, ut not in the 3X tretment in the FT. This ws not expete or the sme tren tht ourre in the ST where the 3X tretment resulte in the gretest reution of TC (Tle 1). It is resonle tht the more often pile is turne the more CO is relese to the tmosphere n this tretment ws turne three times more often thn the 1X 3

5 n the 15F tretment (Tiqui et l., ). The ST TC results were typil of the expete outome, CO evolution inrese (TC erese) s turning frequeny inrese. No signifint ifferenes in perent P O 5, K O, or S were oserve for the FT ut i our in ST (Tle 1). The ST onentrte perent P O 5, K O, n S in the 1X n X tretments n K O in the 15F tretments, ut no others. The onentrting of these elements is not unexpete euse lehing n voltiliztion losses re not typil with P O 5 n K O, n S woul only show voltile losses in highly neroi onitions. It is unler why the 3X tretment file to onentrte P O 5, K O, n S euse this tretment in ST resulte in the gretest reution of TC. One possile explntion is tht limite lehing of these nutrients from the rust (outsie of pile) ourre (Tiqui et l., ). Beuse this tretment ws turne the most often, there ws more opportunity for newly expose rust to e sujete to preipittion n greter potentil for lehing within the pile elow the smple olletion point. Prkinson n ssoites () oserve some inreses in molyte retive phosphorus onentrtions uring turning of ompost piles. The sme mehnism my help to explin why the X tretment resulte in the gretest P O 5, K O, n S onentrtions in ST, less totl exposure of ompost le to less lehing. There is no wy to onfirm this se on the t ollete. Compost moisture vrie ross tretment for oth trils lthough totl preipittion n verge tempertures were similr. There were 1.77 inhes of preipittion n verge mient temperture of 5.9 F for FT n 13.5 inhes of preipittion n n verge mient temperture of 5. F for ST. Although similr when verge ross the 11 n 13 ys of the experiment, the istriution of temperture n preipittion vrie (Figures n 3). The initil ompost moisture level in ST ws 7.7% wetter thn the initil ompost moisture level in FT (Tle 1). The iel moisture rnge for omposting is etween to % n oth initil prouts were in the iel rnge. Although the ompost moisture ontent for ST ws in the iel rnge, the higher moisture ontent n preipittion t the eginning of omposting ouple with ooler initil mient tempertures (< F) ontriute to slow initil heting in ST (Figure 3). The FT temperture profiles were typil of expete outomes: initilly the piles woul het, then ool when turne, then rehet until turne gin (Zuoni n e Bertoli, 197) (Figure ). All piles mintine this pttern s tempertures strte to erese fter 3 weeks, until y when turning i not provie n inrese in ompost temperture. Although the temperture profiles vrie ross tretment, they ll were very similr t the en of omposting t 11 ys n were very similr to the mient temperture (Figure ). All tretments were regre s finishe t this time. None of the tretments ppere to proue superior prout (se on nutrient profiles or physil pperne) t the en of omposting or enefit y reuing omposting ompletion time (Tle 1 n Figure ). The

6 results of the FT inite tht reuing ompost turn frequeny is not etrimentl to ompost ompletion, en prout, n woul reue mngement n energy inputs. The ST temperture profiles iffere from FT profiles (Figure 3). All tretments were slow to initilly het, ut the 1X ws the first pile to exee 1 F for ny of the tretments (y 3). The 3X tretment ws the next pile to exee 1 F (y 53). The X pile never exeee 95 F uring the time temperture ws mesure ( ); the mximum temperture ws hieve t y 3. ST tretment never hete to 15 F uring the first 3 ys n weekly turning ws initite t this time. It is interesting, ut not unexpete, tht the temperture profile mimike the X pile when the pile ws not eing turne n performe like the 1X temperture profile within one week of eing turne the first time (Figure 3). There ppere to e no etrimentl effets of not turning for 3 ys prior to inititing weekly turning on the temperture profile (Figure 3). For ST, onservtion of moisture, TN, TC, P O 5, K O, n S were generlly less thn the X n similr to the 1X tretment (Tle 1). The 3X ST tretment ws the only spring tretment tht ppere to e finishe (rehe mient temperture) when the projet ws terminte t y 13. However, ompost moisture levels roppe to 5.7% in the 3X ST n were elow the iel rnge for omposting. Tretments turne one per week still h moisture suffiient for omposting n were still showing eviene of yli heting/ooling with turning t y 13 when the projet ws terminte. This suggests tht either low moisture in the 3X ST tretment limite omposting or tht lower turning frequeny elye omposting in 1X ST. Aitionl moisture in the 3X ST or greter urtion for the 1X ST my hve llowe omposting to ontinue in this seson, lthough ll finl prouts h eptle pperne n nutrient profiles. Initil mmonium N onentrtion ws out 7 l/ton (~15% of TN) in FT n 11.5 l/ton (~19% of TN) in ST n very little inorgni N remine t the en of either tril (Figures n 5). Ammonium N in the 1X n 3X FT tretments n ll ST tretments ontinuously erese until the onentrtion ws elow 1 l/ton (Figures n 5). Nitrte N ws reltively low until y 5 in the 1X n 3X FT tretments n y 1 is ll ST tretments, thn egn to inrese with time, to mximum of 3 l/ton. Wrmer n rier onitions were present erly in FT where ST ws ooler n wetter whih supports these results (Figures n 5). It lso ppere tht the nitrifition proess in the 1X n 3X FT tretments generte iity suffiient to lower ompost ph in these tretments, ut this i not our in the ST tretments (Tle 1). The 15F FT tretment never ompletely onsume ll the mmonium N, nitrte N onentrtions remine lower, n ompost ph i not erese. Further, the X ST tretment ws not turne, ut nitrifition proeee fter y (Figure 5D). Although gs exhnge promotes the omposting proess, suffiient temperture n moisture ws present in this tretment n neroi onitions were not suffiient to hiner nitrifition. 5

7 Conlusions Bse on the results over the two sesons of this experiment, some generl oservtions n e me to i in ompost mngement. Moisture mngement n e hllenging when utilizing outsie omposting filities. Turning frequeny oes not pper to gretly influene ompost urtion or finl prout if omposting is initite when wether is wrm n moisture is equte (e.g. FT). Lower turning frequeny resulte in similr finl prouts with less energy expenitures. Lower mient tempertures ouple with erly rinfll re muh more hllenging when trying to strt the omposting proess. Turning frequently is more influentil when inititing omposting in ooler, wetter environments (e.g. ST). Turning will tully iminish evportion n hiner ompost heting within wet environmentl onitions. When rier environmentl onitions persist, turning will expose the pile to onitions tht enhne rying, sometimes with etrimentl effets. Environmentl n ompost onitions shoul e onsiere when etermining turning frequeny n timing rther thn mintining set sheule. Covering n outoor ompost opertion my not e fesile for ontrolling exess moisture; however ing supplementl moisture my e esirle to mnge ompost moisture ontent. Aknowlegements The uthors thnk O Bryn Grin Frms, In. for proviing ess to mterils, equipment, n filities in support of this projet. This projet woul not hve een possile without tehnil support provie y Mrty Hley, Json Simmons, Sty Antle, Derrek Brown, n Rohn Prekh, it ws gretly ppreite.

8 Referenes Bernl, M.P., J.A. Alurquerque, n R. Morl. 9. Composting of niml mnures n hemil riteri for ompost mturity ssessment. A review. Bioresour. Tehnol. 1: Cook, K.L., E.L. Rithey, J.H. Loughrin, M. Hley, K.R. Sistni, n C.H. Bolster. 15. Effet of turning frequeny n seon on omposting mterils from swine high rise filities. Wste Mng. 39: 95. Key, N., W.D. MBrie, M. Riuo n S. Sneeringer. 11. Trens n Developments in Hog Mnure Mngement: US Dept. of Agriulture, Wshington, D.C. p Miller, F.C Composting s proess se on the ontrol of eologilly seletive ftors. p In F.B. Meeting Jr (e.) Soil Miroil Eology, Applitions in Agriulturl n Environmentl Mngement. Mrel Dekker, In. New York, NY Prkinson, R., P. Gis, S. Burhett, n T. Misselrook.. Effet of turning regime n sesonl wether onitions on nitrogen n phosphorus losses uring eroi omposting of ttle mnure. Bioresour. Tehnol. 91: Stowell, R.R.. Appliility of high rise hog housing for finishing opertions. Nersk Swine Rep., 5 59 Tiqui, S.M., T.L. Rihr, n M.S. Honeymn.. Cron, nutrient, n mss loss uring omposting. Nutr. Cyl. Agroeosyst. : 15 USEPA. 13. Literture Review of Contminnts in Livestok n Poultry Mnure n Implitions for Wter Qulity. U.S. Environmentl Protetion Ageny, Wshington, D.C. p. 137 Zuoni, F. n M. e Bertoli Compost speifitions for the proution n hrteriztion of ompost from muniipl soli wste. p. 3 5 In M. e Bertoli, M. P. Ferrnti, P. L Gernutem F. Zuoni (Es) Compost: Proution, Qulity n Use. Elsevier, Essex, UK 7

9 Tle 1. Chemil hrteristis of initil n finl ompost s lulte on % ry mtter sis. Tretment ph Moisture % Totl N % Totl C % C/N rtio P O 5 % K O % S % Fll Tril Initil X (1) X (3) F (11) Spring Tril Initil X (1) X (5) F (1) X () numers in (prenthesis) inite the numer of times eh pile ws turne for iniviul tretments. Mens within olumn with no ommon letter iffer t P<.1 for iniviul trils.

10 Figure 1. Compost piles for the fll tril (FT).The finl prout shoul result in frile, esily sprele, non noxious mteril. 9

11 Temperture (F) Preipittion (in) 1 turn/week 3 turn/week 15F Amient Preipittion.. 7/5/11 /5/11 9/5/11 1/5/11 11/5/11 Figure. Compost temperture, mient temperture, n preipittion profiles for the Fll Tril (11 ys). 1

12 1. Temperture (F) Preipittion (in) No Turn 1 turn/week 3 turn/week F Amient Temp Preipittion. /1/1 /1/1 3/1/1 /1/1 /1/1 5/11/1 5/31/1 //1 7/1/1 Figure 3. Compost temperture, mient temperture, n preipittion profiles for the Spring Tril (1 ys). 11

13 1 1 Conentrtion (l ton 1 ) 1 1 e e e 1 1 Dy A Conentrtion (l ton 1 ) 1 1 e e e 1 1 Dy B 1 Conentrtion (l ton 1 ) Dy C Figure. Nitrogen ynmis for mmonium (lue she lines) n nitrte nitrogen (re soli lines) for the fll tril. Piles were turne one time per week (A), three times per week (B), or when piles rehe 15F (C). Different letters within nitrogen forms iffer t P<.1. 1

14 Conentrtion (l ton 1 ) e Dy A Conentrtion (l ton 1 ) f e ef g g g Dy B Conentrtion (l ton 1 ) Dy C Conentrtion (l ton 1 ) f f f f e f Dy D Figure 5. Nitrogen ynmis for mmonium (lue she lines) n nitrte nitrogen (re soli lines) for the spring tril. Piles were turne one time per week (A), three times per week (B), when piles rehe 15F (C), or not turne (D). Different letters within nitrogen forms iffer t P<.1. 13