CIRCADIAN CYCLES OF THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM STUDIED IN QUANTUM BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS WITH FINITE SPEED

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1 CIRCADIAN CYCLES OF THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM STUDIED IN QUANTUM BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS WITH FINITE SPEED Stoian PETRESCU 1, *Bogdan BORCILA 1, Monica COSTEA 1, Romi BOLOHAN 2, Valeria PETRESCU 1, Michel FEIDT 3, Georgeta BOTEZ 4 1 University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 2 Clinical Centre of Emergency Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease dr. Constantin Zamfir, Bucharest 3 University of Lorraine LEMTA Nancy, France, 4 Sindan Pharma, Bucharest Abstract. Using tools and new concepts introduced in Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed (QBTFS), circadian cycles of the Cardio-Pulmonary System can now be studied comparatively in order to discover similarities and differences between different persons, by using different experimental protocols. The data obtained using this procedure provide important information regarding the state of normality or illness of the Cardio- Pulmonary system of a person. Hence it could help in the future the teams of designers of artificial hearts (mechanical engineers, electrical and electronic engineers, cardiology doctors and physiologist) to design Optimized and Personalized Artificial Hearts either for temporary implants or for permanent ones that will suit better for each patient. Keywords: Personalized Artificial Heart; Optimal Design of Artificial Hearts; Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed; Circadian Cycle of Cardio-Pulmonary System; Experimental Protocols for Study of Cardio- Pulmonary System. 1. INTRODUCTION In the last 5 years we have extended Thermodynamics with Finite Speed (TFS) [1, 2] to one of the most important Biological System, namely the Cardio-Pulmonary System. As a consequence of this research, a new field of Irreversible Processes applied to Biological Systems has been discovered/ invented, [3] that we called from the very begining: Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed of the Cardio-Pulmonary System (QBTFS) [4-13]. The main discovery in this field of research is the fact that the interaction between the Heart and Lungs in human body is very well organized in healthy people and not so well organized (or even chaotic/disorganized) in ill persons. In order to see if this interaction is well organized and hence, to figure out if a person is healthy form the point of view of heart-lungs interaction, it would be necessary to do some measurements of just 3 parameters: Lung Frequency, F L, Heart Frequency, F H, and Oxygen Percentage O 2 (%) in the blood. These very easy measurements can be done with a pulse-meter which indicates in several seconds the value of F H and the Oxygen Percentage in the blood O 2 (%). The Frequency of the lung oscillations, F L, can be measured by any person (by itself) by counting the number of breaths per minute. (One respiration is an inspiration and expiration of the air in normal breath). By checking the Heart Lung healthy or not healthy interaction which also means order or disorder interaction (from the point of view of QBTFS), we discovered a formula based on thousands of measurements on more than 50 persons (between the age of 9 and 82 years, men and women). In healthy people the ration between the two frequencies, F H and F L, must be quantified, based on the formula: F N R H f 2 (1) FL 4 Corresponding author: bbd1188@yahoo.com TERMOTEHNICA 1/

2 Stoian PETRESCU, Bogdan BORCILA, Monica COSTEA, Romi BOLOHAN, Valeria PETRESCU, Michel FEIDT, Georgeta BOTEZ The value of N can be calculated from equation (1) and thus, one can see if it is an integer, a close to an integer, or a far of an integer number: F H N 4 2 (2) FL Actually, N must be an integer number (or very closed to an integer number) and we call it the quantum number of the stationary state where the person is at a moment during the circadian cycle of a day and night. The above measurements must follow an experimental protocol that can be settled at least in two ways: 1 - Measuring the above parameters F H, F L and O2 (%) every hour from the moment of awakening in the morning until the moment of going to bed for the night slip, or 2 - Measuring the same parameters after any moment when something happens in daily activity (changing the posture, eating the breakfast, lunch or dinner, walking, running, doing physical work, doing mental work ) After each experimental protocol the person interested to find out how healthy he/she is at present or in the future have to build 5 diagrams, corresponding to his/her circadian cycle. These 5 diagrams (invented by us) are: F H = f(f L), R f = f(f L), F L = f(f H), R f = f(f H), F H, F L, R f and N as a function of the states of the processes, and they are illustrated here for a male (SP) aged of 77 years, as an example. Based on these diagrams we can see if all or almost all states given by the measured parameters are stationary states with quantum numbers N (indicating a very well organized interaction between Heart and Lung) in the time of circadian cycle. If all are stationary state with a clear integer quantum number, the person is perfectly healthy. If the number N (from eq. (2)) is not an integer, the states are not stationary ones, indicating that the person is ill in the present or will be in the future, depending on how many states are not stationary ones with a clear N integer. On these 5 diagrams presented in the paper also appears the 4 processes between stationary states, with or without quantum jump (when N is changing or not), namely Iso-Pulse (F H = ct.), Iso- Rhythm (F L = ct.), Iso-Quantum (N = ct.), and Polytropic process. For a person following the experimental protocols and drawing such diagrams can be seen at a time that is healthy, and later in the future that this interaction is not any more an organized interaction and an artificial heart implant would be needed. This heart must be designed and build as a personalized heart to suit to that person. We believe that the future design of artificial hearts will benefit of the discoveries we did in this new field called by us QBTFS. 2. FIVE DIAGRAMS FOR DESCRIBING THE CIRCADIAN CYCLE, THE STATIONARY STATES AND PROCESSES BETWEEN THEM, WITH OR WITHOUT QUANTUM JUMP We invented the following 5 diagrams, inspired form the Classical Thermodynamics diagrams PV, TS, HS etc., which describe processes and cycles in thermal machines [14-22]. Our approach considers the human body as a Biological-Electrochemical- Mechanical Machine that consumes fuel (food) and Oxygen as oxidant (O 2 (%) from air). In these diagrams we present the stationary states and processes between them in time of a day for SP (77 years). If we look at the above Figures 1-3, we see whether the points describing stationary states 1, 2, 3 etc. are quantum state or not, with a corresponding number N (indicated on the bottom diagram of Figures 1 and 2). For the person (SP) we see that almost all the states are on quantum levels. Just few states are not exactly on a quantum level (which can be observed very easy also in the diagram from Figure 3), namely the states denoted by 5, 11, 14, 17, 19. Even these states are quite closed to quantum stationary states. We can conclude about this person that from the point of view of Heart-Lung interaction he is OK, in the moment of doing the measurements and diagrams. If several stationary states would be not on quantum level, it would show that the person is ill in that moment, or potentially ill in the future, and he/she should consult a cardiologist for some specific investigation. Furthermore, the 5 diagrams allow to analyse what kind of processes are happening between stationary states. Obviously, that there are several simple processes with: constant N (without quantum jump): 12-13; 22-23; constant F L: 5-6; 17-18; 19-20; 20-21; constant F H : 8-9; 26-27, and complicated processes, where all the 3 parameters are changing, that we call Polytropic processes (similar like in classical thermosdynamics): 0-1, 1-2, 15-16, 6-7, 7-8 etc. Even in these processes there is still a certain order observed from the fact that for many of them the lines are parallel. This means that the slope from the Polytropic equation has the same value [2-13] 20 TERMOTEHNICA 1/2017

3 CIRCADIAN CYCLES OF THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM Fig. 1. Diagrams FH = f(fl) and Rf, N = f(fl). TERMOTEHNICA 1/

4 Stoian PETRESCU, Bogdan BORCILA, Monica COSTEA, Romi BOLOHAN, Valeria PETRESCU, Michel FEIDT, Georgeta BOTEZ Fig. 2. Diagrams FL =f(fh) and Rf, N = f(fh); [SP]. 22 TERMOTEHNICA 1/2017

5 CIRCADIAN CYCLES OF THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM Fig. 3. The variation of O2, FH, FL, Rf and N with the states of the processes. TERMOTEHNICA 1/

6 Stoian PETRESCU, Bogdan BORCILA, Monica COSTEA, Romi BOLOHAN, Valeria PETRESCU, Michel FEIDT, Georgeta BOTEZ 3. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Based on Equation (1) and on the 5 diagrams presented here and built in a similar way to those from Classical Thermodynamics, but using new fundamental concepts such as stationary states, processes between stationary states, with or without quantum jump, one can conclude that Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed of Cardio-Pulmonary System (QBTFSCPS) is both a discovery and an invention. This discovery is in agreement with the Bejan s Constructal Law [23-26] in the sense that the natural Process that designed the human being has Optimized the functioning of this essential system, the Cardio - Pulmonary System. This optimization consists of a well-organized interaction between Hearth and Lung, characterized by an integer quantum number N in stationary states. Unfortunately, the perturbation of this interaction emphasized on our invented diagrams by stationary states with noninteger quantum number may cause illness of both subsystems. This new branch of Irreversible Thermodynamics, QBTFS, (Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed) that we applied here to Cardio- Pulmonary System can help the integrated design of Optimized and Personalized Artificial Hearts to better suit for different patients in the near future. 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7 CIRCADIAN CYCLES OF THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM through Use of a PV/Px Diagram, ISI Proceedings of the International Symposion on Efficiency, Costs, Optimization Simulation and Environmental Aspects of Energy Systems ECOS'2000, edited by G.G. Hirs, Enschede, Netherlands, , [22] Petrescu, S., Harman, C., Costea, M., Florea, T., A Method for Determining the Performance of Stirling Machines based on the First Law for Processes with Finite Speed and Using a PV/Px Diagram, Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Integrated Design & Process Technology, Dallas, USA, [23] Bejan, A., Shape and Structure from Engineering to Nature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, [24] Bejan, A., Lorente, S., Design with Constructal Theory, Wiley, Hoboken, [25] Bejan A., Zane, J. P., Design in Nature. How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organization, Doubleday, New York, [26] Bejan, A., The Physics of Life: The Evolution of Everything, St. Martin's Press, New York, TERMOTEHNICA 1/