Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air. Regents Biology

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2 Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air

3 Plants are energy producers Like animals, plants need energy to live unlike animals, plants don t need to eat food to make that energy Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY animals are consumers plants are producers

4 How do plants make energy & food? Plants use the energy from the sun to make ATP energy to make sugars glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, & more sun ATP sugars

5 Building plants from sunlight & air Photosynthesis 2 separate processes ENERGY building reactions collect sun energy use it to make ATP SUGAR building reactions take the ATP energy collect CO 2 from air & H 2 O from ground use all to build sugars H 2 O sun CO 2 + ATP carbon dioxide Regents CO Biology 2 + water H 2 O sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 sugars

6 Using light & air to grow plants Photosynthesis using sun s energy to make ATP using CO 2 & water to make sugar in chloroplasts allows plants to grow makes a waste product carbon dioxide oxygen (O 2 ) + water + sun energy (ATP) = used to build the sugar glucose + oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sun C 6 H 12 O 6 6O energy + 2

7 What do plants need to grow? The factory for making energy & sugars chloroplast Fuels sunlight carbon dioxide CO 2 sun ATP Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all And no one even notices! water The Helpers enzymes H 2 O enzymes sugars

8 Photosynthesis sun ADP ENERGY building reactions SUGAR building reactions ATP used immediately to synthesize sugars H 2 O CO 2 sugar

9 Chloroplasts are only in plants animal cells plant cells

10 Leaf Structure cuticle epidermis palisades layer spongy layer vascular bundle (vein) xylem (water) phloem (sugar) epidermis cuticle stomate guard cells

11 Transpiration xylem (water) O 2 H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 in O 2 out water out O 2 so it gets to leaves from roots stomate H 2 O CO 2 guard cells

12 Transpiration Water evaporates from the stomates in the leaves pulls water up from roots water molecules stick to each other more water is pulled up tree from ground

13 Function of Leaf Structures Cuticle waxy coating reduces water loss Epidermis skin protecting leaf tissues Palisades layer high concentration of chloroplasts collecting sun s energy photosynthesis making ATP & sugars Spongy layer air spaces gas exchange CO 2 in for sugar production, remove waste O 2

14 Stomates & Guard Cells Function of stomates CO 2 in O 2 out H 2 O out gets to leaves for photosynthesis Function of guard cells open & close stomates guard cell stomate

15 Guard cells & Homeostasis Homeostasis keeping the internal environment of the plant balanced Stomates open let CO 2 in needed to make sugars let H 2 O out needed for photosynthesis let O 2 out get rid of waste product Stomates close if too much H 2 O evaporating

16 Xylem carry water up from roots

17 So what does a plant need? Bring In light CO 2 H 2 O Let Out O 2 Move Around sugars leaves roots shoot 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 6O energy + 2

18 Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis 1. Temperature: increases rate up to a certain point 2. Light Intensity: increases rate up to a certain point 3. CO2 level: Increases rate up to a certain point 4. Water: decrease water, decrease photosynthesis 5. Minerals; Ex. Magnesium, Nitrogen

19 Chloroplasts Leaf absorb sunlight & CO 2 Leaves sun CO 2 Chloroplasts in cell Chloroplast Chloroplasts contain Chlorophyll Chloroplast make ENERGY & SUGAR

20 Trapping Energy from Sunlight Photosynthesis happens in two phases. 1. The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy. (ATP) 2. The molecules of ATP produced in the lightdependent reactions are then used to fuel the Calvin Cycle or light-independent reactions that produce simple sugars. The general equation for photosynthesis is written as 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

21 Trapping Energy from Sunlight The process that uses the sun s energy to make simple sugars is called photosynthesis.

22 THE LIGHT REACTIONS: CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY Visible radiation drives the light reactions Certain wavelengths of visible light drive the light reactions of photosynthesis Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Microwaves Radio waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)

23 Pigments Pigment: a substance that absorbs light of a particular wavelength Wavelengths that are NOT absorbed are reflected (bounce off) or transmitted (pass through) So the material in which the pigment is found appears to be the color of the wavelengths that are NOT absorbed Photosynthetic pigments: can absorb light energy & make it available for conversion to chemical energy Chlorophyll a: most common pigment in chloroplast (absorbs blue &red light and reflects green light thus giving the chloroplast a green color) Accessory pigments: additional pigments that absorb different wavelengths (carotene, chlorophyll b, & xanthophyll)

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25 An overview of photosynthesis Light H2O Chloroplast CO2 LIGHT REACTIONS (in grana NADP+ ADP +P ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma O2 O2 Sugar

26 Restoring electrons The oxygen produced by photolysis is released into the air and supplies the oxygen we breathe. The electrons are returned to chlorophyll. The hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid, where they accumulate in high concentration.

27 Phloem: food-conducting cells carry sugars around the plant wherever they are needed new leaves fruit & seeds roots

28 How are they connected? Respiration glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP Photosynthesis carbon dioxide 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 6O energy water + sun energy glucose + oxygen

29 Energy cycle sun Photosynthesis plants CO 2 H 2 O glucose sugars O 2 animals, plants Cellular Respiration The Great Circle of Life! Mufasa? ATP

30 Another view capture light energy sun Photosynthesis producers, autotrophs synthesis CO 2 waste H 2 O waste consumers, heterotrophs Cellular Respiration organic molecules food O 2 waste digestion release chemical energy ATP

31 The poetic perspective All of the solid material of every plant was built out of thin air All of the solid material of every animal was built from plant material air Then all the cats, dogs, mice, people & elephants are really strands of air woven together by sunlight! sun

32 Got the energy Ask Questions!!

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