PROCESSES WITH QUANTUM JUMPS IN THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM

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1 PROCESSES WITH QUANTUM JUMPS IN THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM Stoian Petrescu 1, Monica Costea 1, Adrian S. Petrescu 2, Valeria Petrescu 1, Nicolae Boriaru 1, Radu Bolohan 3, B. Borcilă 1 1 University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest 2 Bellevue University, Greater Omaha, Nebraska, USA 3 Clinical Centre of Emergency Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease Dr. Constantin Zamfir Bucharest, Clinic of Cardiology, Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology ABSTRACT: As part of the authors work to extend Thermodynamics with Finite Speed to the study of Biological Systems, once discovered the Stationary Quantum States of the Human Cardio-Pulmonary System, we moved on to studying inside system processes resulting from position changes or performing actions like eating, walking, climbing or descending stairs. We experimentally made evident five such processes similar to those from the Classic Reversible Thermodynamics (isothermal, isometric, isobaric etc.). In our new diagrams, Stationary Quantum States and Processes with Quantum Jump of the Cardio-Pulmonary System are represented similarly as Thermodynamic States and Processes in p-v, T-S, h-s, U-S, p-time diagrams. Keywords: Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, Processes with Quantum Jump, Cardio-Pulmonary Quantum Interaction, Quantum Numbers in Heart-Lung Interaction. PROCESE CU SALTURI CUANTICE IN SISTEMUL CARDIO-PULMONAR - REZUMAT: Ca parte a efortului autorilor de a extinde Termodinamica cu Viteză Finită la studiul sistemelor biologice, odată descoperite stările staționare cuantice ale sistemului cardiopulmonar uman, am trecut la studiul proceselor de interacțiune din interiorul sistemului rezultate ale schimbărilor de poziţie sau al efectuării unor acțiuni ca mâncatul, mersul încet, urcatul sau coborâtul scărilor. Am evidențiat experimental cinci asemenea procese ale sistemului cardiopulmonar similare celor din Termodinamica Clasica Reversibilă (izoterm, izocor, izobar, etc.). In noile noastre diagrame sunt reprezentate stările staționare cuantice şi procesele cu salturi cuantice ale sistemului cardio-pulmonar similar cu starile si procesele termodinamice îdiagramele p-v, T-S, h-s, U-S, p-timp. Cuvinte cheie: Termodinamică cuantică biologică cu viteză finită, procese cu salt cuantic, interacțiune cardio-pulmonară cuantică, numere cuantice în interacțiunea inimă-plămâni. 1. INTRODUCTION The state equation of the perfect gases, from the Classical Reversible (Equilibrium) Thermodynamics (CRT) is: p.v =R.T (1) Writing (1) in two successive equilibrium states we get: p 1.v 1 = R.T 1 (2) p 2.v 2 = R.T 2 (3) From these two equations we get the equations of simple thermodynamic processes: isothermal, isometric and isobaric, by imposing the condition that one state parameter remains constant during the respective process:

2 PROCESSES WITH QUANTUM JUMPS IN THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM 203 p 1 / p 2 =T 1 / T 2, if: v 1 = v 2, isometric (4) v 1 / v 2 = T 1 / T 2, if : p 1 = p 2, isobaric (5) p 1. v 1 = p 2. v 2, if : T 1 = T 2, isothermal (6) Studying experimentally (on about 50 people of all ages between 9 and 80 - men and women) the Heart- Lungs states and interactions we have introduced in (Petrescu et al., 2014a) two new concepts: Stationary States, and Processes between Stationary States, similar with the concepts of Classical Thermodynamics: equilibrium states and processes between equilibrium states. Based on these new concepts we started to extend Thermodynamics with Finite Speed (TFS) to the Cardio-Pulmonary System (CPS) (Petrescu and Enache, 2013; Petrescu et al., 2014a, c; 2015a, b, c; Enache et al., 2015). Continuing this research we believe that a new branch of Biological Thermodynamics may be build. We already named it: Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed (QBTFS) (Petrescu et al., 2015a). In order to achieve such an objective we have to discover first the equations for processes between stationary states in the human CPS. We believe that these equations can be obtained exactly like those of the simple processes (isotherm, isometric and isobaric) from the CRT, if we find a state equation similar to (1) for the stationary states in the CPS. Then, processes similar to adiabatic and polytropic ones from the CRT should be studied, too. 2. STATIONARY STATES AND PROCESSES IN THE CARDIO- PULMONARY SYSTEM After studying experimentally thousands of stationary states in the human CPS, we have established the following formula (Petrescu et al., 2014a; 2015a, b): F H = F L. (2 + N/4) (7) where: F H = Heart frequency (pulse); F L = Lungs frequency; N = quantum (integer) number characterizing a certain stationary state. In many of these cases we observed three types of processes, taking place either at a frequency of the heart beat (Pulse), F H = constant or at a breath rhythm (Lungs frequency) F L = constant or at N = constant - the Quantum Number (QN) of Heart- Lungs interaction. All these situations may be considered as stationary states. We named them, respectively: -Heart Iso-Pulse, F H = constant; -Lungs Iso-Rhythm, F L = constant; -Iso-Quantum (Heart and Lungs) interaction N = constant. 3. EQUATIONS DESCRIBING STATIONARY PROCESSES OF THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM The two previously mentioned frequencies (F H or F L ) may be constant (for minutes, tens of minutes or even hours) in what we called stationary quantum states (SQS), while laying, sitting on chair, walking, doing repetitive physical work etc. Applied to the successive SQS, 1 and 2, representing the initial and final states of a process, (7) can be written as follows: F H,1 = F L,1.(2+N 1 /4) (8) F H,2 = F L, 2.(2+N 2 /4) (9) Similar with before, in CRT, from (8) and (9) three equations of the human CPS shall result, with a parameter of state remaining constant during each process (representing the passage from one stationary state to another): F L, 2 / F L, 1 = (8+N 1 )/(8+N 2 ), at F H = constant, Iso-Pulse process (10) F H, 2 / F H, 1 =(8+N 2 )/(8+ N 1 ), at F L = constant, Iso- Rhythm process (11) (F H, 2 / F H, 1 ) = (F L, 2 /F L, 1 ), at N = constant, Iso-Quantum process (12) For other processes, although we do not benefit yet of simple equations similar to those from above, by carefully inspecting figures 1 and 2 we can draw nonetheless certain conclusions. 4. DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES AND PROCESSES In figures 1, 2 are presented four new diagrams that we have invented and introduced (Petrescu et al., 2014a) as being similar to those well known from CRT (p-v, T-S, h-s, U-S, p-time), in the attempt to construct (build) QBTFS: F H = f(f L ); F L = f(f H ), R f = f(f L ), R f = f(f H ) (13) R f being the Heart and Lungs Frequency Ratio given by relation: R f = F H / F L = (2+ N/4) (14) From (14) we can get the QN characteristic for a certain stationary quantum state: N = 4. (R f -2) (15)

3 204 Lucrările celei de-a X-a ediţii a Conferinţei anuale a ASTR, 2015 and diagrams R f = f(f H ) and R f = f(f L ) or the new diagrams: N= f(f H ) and N= f(f L ) where the lines between two quantum stationary states represent a process in the CPS, when passing from a certain interactional state (with N 1 ) to another (with N 2 ). Many process lines from these diagrams (fig. 1 and 2) are parallel. Those processes having all the same slope (DF L /DF H, DN/DF H, DF H /DF L, DN/DF L ) may be characterized as iso-slope (I-S) processes: - Iso-Rhythm (F L = constant): 13-14& other I-S processes: 4-5&5-6; 6-7&20-21; 11-12&12-13& Fig. 1. Diagrams F L =f(f H ) and Rf, N = f(f H ) representing stationary quantum states and processes with quantum jump.

4 PROCESSES WITH QUANTUM JUMPS IN THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM 205 Fig. 2. Diagrams F H = f(f L ) and Rf, N = f(f L ) representing stationary quantum states and processes with quantum jump. Their same slope shows in fact that for these processes the ratio between the variations of the respective stationary state parameters is the same. We expect here a similar situation as in CRT, namely that the slope depends on the ratio of the heat flux and consumed power (by skeletal system or nutritionmetabolism system muscles) and thus on the speed of the process (of position change for example).

5 206 Lucrările celei de-a X-a ediţii a Conferinţei anuale a ASTR, EQUATIONS OF OTHER STATIONARY PROCESSES OF THE CARDIO- PULMONARY SYSTEM These stationary processes may be similar to the adiabatic or to the polytropic proceses from the CRT. If the body position change is made at constant ambient temperature without changing clothes, then the process may be called "adiabatic" (or even better, thermal izoflux ), but if during the change of position, a temperature difference appears too, or clothing is changed, then the process becomes polytropic. For example, if we get out of bed in pajamas, and the room is cooler (or even cold), because the outside body temperature changed, the heat transfer from our body towards the room air obviously changes too, through both skin-pajamas and breathed air. If we pass from one room to another with different air temperature, in the bathroom for instance or in the kitchen (for breakfast) or, in a very hot summer day, from outside we enter a space with air conditioning, there will be an instant change in frequencies F H and F L and therefore the QN of the Heart-Lungs interaction N will change too. Equations of other processes may not be obtained from the state equation (7), but will require either experimental studies or the use of the 1 st Principle of Thermodynamics for processes with finite speed from TFS applied 3 times: -once to the dynamic-stationary quantum state 1, -then to the dynamic-stationary quantum state 2, and finally -to the transition from state 1 to 2, determined either by changing position (out of bed on the chair, standing from bed directly, standing from sitting, sitting from standing, laying in bed from standing etc.). 6. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES These processes may be further studied experimentally. As a result of this analysis, correlations describing them quantitatively may be established empirically. As we have done previously for different thermodynamic cycles, from Stirling engines to refrigeration machines (Stoicescu and Petrescu, 1964a, b; 1965a, b, c; Petrescu, 1969; Costea, 1997; Petrescu et al., 1993, 1996, 2002, 2006a, b, 2010, 2011, 2013a, b; Petrescu and Harman 1994, 2001; Dobre, 2012; Enache et al., 2015), once these equations for human CPS cycles are deduced we expect to be able to study them quantitatively, determining the Efficiency and the Power of the human CPS for various persons of diverse ages, sex and state of health. Another connected paper (Petrescu et al., 2015a) tackles this question, offering the basics of QBTFS development in this direction, essential for a deeper understanding of both normal processes and pathological ones, linked to the malfunction of the human CPS, and also for finding ways and means for the effective quantitative study on various techniques used in Physiology and for Relaxation (Yoga, Reiki, Bowen, Meditation, Prayer etc.). We think also that the development of this direction of QBTFS can help in the design of optimized artificial hearts and artificial lungs, in personalized correlation for each age class of individuals: kids, youth, mature and old persons (otherwise healthy but injured, sick in a certain stage--with atrial or ventricular fibrillation, for example). Thus Bio- Engineering will make serious steps in the direction of the Optimized and Personalized Design, as it already happens in the field of Thermal Machines, using the Direct Method from TFS. When estimating the importance of this work we should note that 6 million persons with fibrillation are estimated in the EU. In the case of ventricular fibrillations every minute counts, before reaching the hospital emergency room. Moreover, if the treatment is not fast enough and well administrated, the defibrillation is an expensive and not always successful procedure. A recently invented and already commercialized in the USA device is used, worn as a belt, for the early detection of such probability. For those not affording the money to buy such a belt, the graph from Fig. 1 and 2 built by themselves for their own situation (by just measuring F H and F L ), could make them aware about an imminent fibrillation risk. Ultimately, this potentially life saving procedure can be produced into an easy to use software application incorporated in modern health suites available on most smartphones. REFERENCES Costea, M., (Advisers: S. Petrescu and M. Feidt) (1997), Improvement of heat exchangers performance in view of the thermodynamic optimization of Stirling Machine; Unsteady-state heat transfer in porous media, Ph.D. Thesis, UPB & U.H.P. Nancy 1. Dobre, C., (Advisers: S. Petrescu, P. Rochelle) (2012), Contribution to the Development of Some Methods of Irreversible Engineering Thermodynamics Applied to the Analytical and Experimental Study of Stirling and cvasi-carnot Machines, Ph.D. Thesis, U. P. Bucureşti U. Paris X. Enache, V., Petrescu, S., Bolohan, R. (2015), Condiții de optim în sistemul Cardio-Vascular- Pulmonar obținute în cadrul Termodinamicii Ireversibile cu Viteză Finită. II. Optimizarea puterii utile furnizate de organism, Rev. Chim., (in press).

6 PROCESSES WITH QUANTUM JUMPS IN THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM 207 Petrescu, S., (Adviser: L. Stoicescu) (1969), Contribution to the study of thermodynamically non-equilibrium interactions and processes in thermal machines, Ph.D. Thesis, I.P.B., Bucharest, Romania. Petrescu, S., Stanescu, G., Iordache, R., Dobrovicescu, A. (1992), The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems, Considerring the Irreversibilities Generated by the Friction Piston-Cylinder, the Throttling of the Working Medium and Finite Speed of the Mechanical Interaction, Proc. of ECOS'92, Zaragoza, Spain, Ed. A. Valero, G. Tsatsaronis, ASME, Petrescu, S., Petrescu, V., Stanescu, G., Costea, M. (1993), A Comparison between Optimization of Thermal Machines and Fuel Cells based on New Expression of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Processes with Finite Speed, Proc. First International Thermal Energy Congress, ITEC - 93, Marrakech, Morocco. Petrescu, S., Harman, C. (1994), The Connection Between the First Law and Second Law of Thermodynamics for Processes with Finite Speed - A Direct Method for Approaching and Optimization of Irreversible Processes, Journal of The Heat Transfer Society of Japan, 33, 128, Petrescu, S., Zaiser, J., Petrescu, V. (1996), Lectures on Advanced Energy Conversion, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA. Petrescu, S., Harman, C. (2001), The Jump of an Electron in a Hydrogen Atom using a Semiclassical Model, Rev. Chim., Bucharest, English Edition, 2, 1-2, Petrescu, S., Costea, M., Harman, C., Florea, T. (2002), Application of the Direct Method to Irreversible Stirling Cycles with Finite Speed, Int. Journal of Energy Research, 26, Petrescu, S., Zaiser, J., Harman, C., Petrescu, V., Costea, M., Florea, T., Petre, C., Florea, T.V., Florea, E. (2006), Advanced Energy Conversion - Vol II, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA, 2006a Petrescu, S., Harman, C., Costea, M., Florea, T., Petre, C. (2006), Advanced Energy Conversion- Vol I, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA , USA, 2006b. Petrescu, S., Petre, C., Costea, M., Boriaru, N., Dobrovicescu, A., Feidt, M., Harman C. (2010), A Methodology of Computation, Design and Optimization of Solar Stirling Power Plant using Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cells, Energy, 35, Petrescu, S., Costea, M. (2011), et al., Development of Thermodynamics with Finite Speed and Direct Method, Editura AGIR, Bucureşti, România. Petrescu, S., Maris, V., Costea, M., Boriaru, N., Stanciu, C., Dura, I. (2013), Comparison between Fuel Cells and Heat Engines. I. A Similar Approach in the Framework of Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, Revista de Chimie, 64, 7, , 2013a. Petrescu, S., Maris, V., Costea, M., Boriaru, N., Stanciu, C., Dura, I. (2013), Comparison between Fuel Cells and Heat Engines. II. Operation and Performances, Revista de Chimie, 64, 10, , 2013b. Petrescu, S., Enache, V. (2013), Applying the Finite Speed Thermodynamics (FST) to the Human Cardiovascular System, National Conf. of Thermodynamics. (NACOT), Constanta, 2013c. Petrescu, S., Costea, M., Timofan, L., Petrescu, V. (2014), Means for qualitative and quantitative description of the Cardio-Pulmonary System Operation within Irreversible Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, ASTR Conference, Sibiu. Petrescu, S., Petrescu, V., Costea, M., Timofan L., Danes S., Botez G. (2014), Discovery of Quantum Numbers In the Cardio-Pulmonary Interaction studied In Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, ASTR Conference, Sibiu, 6-7 November, 2014c. Petrescu, S., Costea, M, Petrescu, A.S., Petrescu, V. (2015), From Thermodynamics with Finite Speed toward Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, NACOT Conference, Iasi, 2015a. Petrescu, S., Costea, M., Petrescu, V., Bolohan, R., Petrescu, A.S., Boriaru, N. (2015), Stationary Quantum States in the Cardio-Pulmonary System. Conferinta ASTR-Galati, 9-10 Octombrie, 2015b. Petrescu S., Enache V, Bolohan R. (2015), Condiții de optim în sistemul Cardio-Vascular-Pulmonar obținute în cadrul Termodinamicii Ireversibile cu Viteză Finită, I. Debitul de oxigen în funcție de viteza sângelui, Revista de Chimie, București. 2015c, (In Press). Stoicescu, L., Petrescu, S. (1964), The First Law of Thermodynamics for Processes with Finite Speed, in Closed Systems, Bulletin I.P.B., Bucharest, Romania, XXVI, 5, , 1964a. Stoicescu, L., Petrescu, S. (1964), Thermodynamic Processes Developing with Constant Finite Speed, Bull. I.P.B. Romania, XXVI, 6, Stoicescu, L., Petrescu, S. (1965), Thermodynamic Processes with Variable Finite Speed, Buletin I.P.B., Romania, XXVII, 1, 65-96, 1965a. Stoicescu, L., Petrescu, S. (1965), Thermodynamic Cycles with Finite Speed, Bulletin I.P.B., Bucharest, Romania, XXVII, 2, 82-95, 1965b. Stoicescu, L., Petrescu, S. (1965), The Experimental Verification of The New Expression of the First Law for Thermodynamic Processes with Finite Speed, Bull. I.P.B., Bucharest, XXVII, 2, ,1965c.

STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES IN THE CARDIO- PULMONARY SYSTEM

STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES IN THE CARDIO- PULMONARY SYSTEM Stoian Petrescu 1, Monica Costea 1, Valeria Petrescu 1, Radu Bolohan 3, Nicolae Boriaru 1, Adrian S. Petrescu 2, B. Borcila 1 1 University Politehnica