Industry Wage Survey Footwear March 1971

Transcription

1 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Industry Wage Survey Footwear March 97 Bulletin 7 92 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau f Labor Statistics 973

2 Industry Wage Survey Footwear March 97 Bulletin 792 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Peter J. Brennan, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ben Burdetsky, Deputy Commissioner 973 For sale by the Superintendent Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C , GPO Bookstores, or BLS Regional Offices listed on inside back cover. Price $.25 domestic postpaid or $.00 over-the-counter. Makes checks payable to Superintendent Documents. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Micriche edition available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 225, at 95 cents a set. Makes checks for micriche payable to NTIS.

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4 Preface This bulletin summarizes the results a Bureau Labor Statistics survey wages and related benefits in the footwear manufacturing industry in March 97. A similar survey was conducted in March 968 (BLS Bulletin 634). Information is provided separately for major product branches in the industry. Separate releases were issued in late 97 for the following States and areas: Men s Goodyear-welt dress shoes: Maine Brockton, Mass. Tennessee Wisconsin Women s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes: Maine Boston-Lynn, Mass. Haverhill, Mass. Lawrence -Lowell, Mass. Southeastern New Hampshire New York, N.Y. Arkansas Missouri Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif. Misses and children s Goodyear-welt shoes: Southeastern Pennsylvania Copies these releases are available from the Bureau Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 2022, or any its regional fices. This study was conducted in the Bureau s Office Wages and Industrial Relations. Joseph C. Bush the Division Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis in the bulletin. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Directors for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau s program industry wage studies, as well as the addresses the Bureau s regional fices, are listed at the end this bulletin. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Hi

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6 Contents Sum m ary... Industry characteristics... P ro d u c ts...2 L o catio n... 2 Size establishment...2 U nionization... 2 Occupations and s e x... 2 Method wage payment... 3 Average hourly earnings... 3 Occupational earnings...4 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions...5 Scheduled weekly hours and shift p ra c tic e s... 5 Paid holidays... 5 Paid v a c atio n s... 6 Health, insurance, and retirement p l a n s... 6 Other selected benefits...6 Tables: Average hourly earnings:. By selected characteristics...7 Earnings distribution: 2. Footwear in d u stry Men s Goodyear-welt dress shoes Men s Goodyear-welt work shoes Men s cement-process s h o e s Women s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Misses and children s cement-process (conventional-lasted) s h o e s Misses and children s Goodyear-welt shoes Moccasin-constructed shoes with hand-sewn p l u g...3 Occupational earnings: Men s Goodyear-welt dress shoes 0. All establishm ents By size com m u n ity By size establishm ent By size establishment and size com m unity Maine Brockton, Mass Tennessee Wisconsin...27 Men s Goodyear-welt work shoes 8. All establishm ents...30 Page Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis v

7 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis C o n ten ts C ontinued Tables Continued Occupational earnings Continued Men s cement-process shoes 9. All establishm ents Women s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes 20. All establishm ents By size co m m u n ity By size establishm ent By size establishment and size com m unity Maine Boston-Lynn, Mass Haverhill, Mass Lawrence-Lowell, Mass Southeastern New H am pshire New York, N.Y A rkansas M isso u ri Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif...59 Misses and children s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes 33. All establishm ents...6 Misses and children s Goodyear-welt shoes 34. All establishm ents Southeastern Pennsylvania Moccasin-constructed shoes with hand-sewn plug- 36. All establishm ents Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 37. Method wage payment Scheduled weekly h o u r s Paid holidays Paid v acatio n s Health, insurance, and retirement p l a n s Other selected benefits...7 Page Appendixes: A. Scope and method survey B. Occupational descriptions

8 Footw ear, M arch 97 Summary Straight-time earnings production and related workers in the leather footwear manufacturing industry averaged $2.42 an hour in March 97} Workers in the New England region, three-tenths the 45,58 workers within scope the Bureau s survey, averaged $2.52; averages in the other regions ranged from $2.6 in the Great Lakes to $2.6 in the Border States. Over nine-tenths the industry s production workers earned from $.60 to $4 an hour. The middle-half the workers ranged between $.88 and $2.77. Factors contributing to this wide dispersion earnings included the variety job skills required by the industry, extensive use incentive wage systems, and pay levels which varied according to location and type footwear. Women s cement process (conventional lasted) shoes had the highest employment the seven branches studied and accounted for approximately 4 0 workers in the industry; workers in these plants averaged $2.44 an hour. Earnings levels in the other branches ranged from $2.63 for workers in plants primarily making misses and children s Goodyear-welt shoes to $2.3 for those in misses and children s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoe plants. Wage levels also varied widely among occupations within each branch. In the women s cement process (conventional-lasted) shoe plants for example, average earnings for a number highly populated jobs were $2.40 for repairers, $2.4 for fancy stitchers; $2.88 for cement process sole attachers; $3.2 for machine side lasters; and $3.9 for machine cutters the vamp and whole shoe. Paid holidays, paid vacations, and life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance were provided to almost all production and fice workers. Sickness and accident insurance, and private retirement pension plans covered nearly three-fifths and two-thirds the plantworkers, respectively. Industry characteristics Footwear manufacturing plants within scope the survey employed 45,58 production and related workers in March 97 a reduction nearly 6 percent since a similar Bureau study in March Employment declined most in New England (down 29 percent) and the Middle West (24 percent), and, in women s cement-process, conventional lasted, shoes (26 percent), and moccasin-constructed shoes with handsewn plug (49 percent) branches the industry. Plant closings contributed to these employment declines. There were 577 establishments within scope the 97 survey compared with 674 in 968. The mean-size plant (285 total employees), however, was virtually the same in both surveys. Approximately 4.7 million pairs shoes (except slippers and rubber footwear) were produced in March 97 5 percent less than the 49. million pairs manufactured in March 968.3Men s shoe production decreased 4 percent and women s and misses 24 percent while shoe imports climbed steadily. In 968, the United States imported 23.8 million pairs men s leather shoes compared with 36.6 million in 97 a 54-percent increase.4 Corresponding imports women s shoes were 64 million pairs in 968 and 95.6 million in 97 (49 percent increase), and leather ski boots and other leather athletic footwear, 2.5 million in 968 and 6 million in 97 (37-percent rise). The domestic production shoes with soles vulcanized to fabric uppers, another competitor to the domestic leather footwear industry, increased only 2 percent from 5.3 million pairs in March 968 to 5.7 million pairs in March 97.5 In the leather footwear industry, productivity declined between 968 and 97. The 97 index for output per man-hour all employees was 0.3 See appendix A for scope and method survey and for definitions the regions used in the study. Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 See Industry Wage Survey: Footwear, March 968 (BLS Bulletin 634,969). 3 Current industrial Reports, Shoes and Slippers, Series M3 A(7)-3 and M3 A(69)-3, Bureau the Census. 4 U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports, SIC-Based Products, Report FT20,968 annual and Report FT 20, 97 annual, Bureau the Census. Data relate to imports for consumption. 5 Current Industrial Reports, Shoes and Slippers. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis

9 (967=00) compared with 03.5 in The 0.3 figure was substantially less than the 4.4 reported for the index on all manufacturing industries.7 Products. The industry makes a wide variety shoes in many combinations sizes, styles, and shapes, and by several different methods construction.8 Data in this report are tabulated separately for seven industry branches which accounted for slightly over four-fifths the industry s labor force. Establishments in these branches were classified according to the predominant method construction (bottoming, i.e., the means by which the outsole is attached to the shoe) and type shoe manufactured men s (dress and work), women s, misses, children s, and infants. Text table presents the proportions production workers in the branches for which data are tabulated. Other important types leather footwear produced by the industry include women s littleway (McKay) shoes and leather footwear with vulcanized or injection molded shoe construction. Location. Four the eight regions studied separately employed slightly more than three-fourths the work force: New England, three-tenths; Middle Atlantic, about one-fifth; and the Southeast and Great Lakes, slightly over one-eighth each. The Border States was the only region that gained employment (4 percent) between the 968 and 97 surveys. In the other regions, except the Southeast,9 employment declined from 29 percent in New England to 6 and 7 percent, respectively, in the Middle Atlantic and Southwest. The regional mix varied substantially among these seven industry branches. Workers in New England, for example, made up four-fifths those in the moccasinconstructed shoe branch, in contrast to one-fifth in men s Goodyear-welt dress shoes and one-third in women s cement process (conventional lasted) shoes. As in the 968 survey, workers in metropolitan areas accounted for slightly more than two-fifths the industry s work force. The corresponding proportions for the major regions were New England, one-half; the Middle Atlantic, four-fifths; Southeast, one-fifth; the Great Lakes, three-tenths; and the Middle West, onetenth. Variations by industry branch ranged from approximately one-fifth to one-half, as shown in text table. 6 Indexes o f Output Per Man-Hour, Selected Industries, 972 Edition (BLS Bulletin 758,972). 7 Table 33,Monthly Labor Review, March 973, p. 26. For descriptions various shoe construction methods, see How American Shoes Are Made, United Shoe Machinery Corporation, Boston, Mass., Data for the Southeast region were not published in March 968 because they did not meet publication criteria. Text table. Percent production workers in footwear plants by selected characteristics, United States, 97 Primary product All establishments In metropolitan areas Establishments With 250 workers or more With union contracts Men's Goodyear-welt dress shoes Men's Goodyear-welt work shoes Men's cement-process shoes Women s cementprocess (conventional lasted) shoes Misses' and children's cementprocess (conventional lasted) shoes Misses' and children's Goodyearwelt shoes Moccasin-constructed shoes with handsewn p lu g Size o f establishment. Establishments employing at least 250 workers accounted for three-fourths the work force. Regionally, the proportions ranged from about nine-tenths in the Middle West to four-tenths in the Pacific. Plants this size employed at least two-thirds the workers in each the industry branches studied separately. (See text table ). U n ionization. Establishments which had labor management contracts covering a majority their production workers accounted for slightly less than one-half the industry s production workers. Such establishments employed approximately one-third the workers in New England, two-fifths in the Middle Atlantic, three-tenths in the Southeast, three-fourths in the Great Lakes region, and nine-tenths in the Middle West. Text table presents the proportions workers in union establishments for seven industry branches. The major unions in the industry were the United Shoe Workers America and the Boot and Shoe Workers Union, both AFL-CIO affiliates. Occupations and sex. Shoemaking includes the assembly many separate parts through a series carefully controlled hand and machine operations. Some occupations in shoe factories require relatively short training periods, e.g., floor boys and girls; other jobs, such as Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 2

10 vamp and whole shoe cutters, are highly skilled. A large number workers operate various cutting, sewing, lasting, and bottoming machines. Women, slightly less than two-thirds the labor force, frequently are employed in top stitching, fitting, and inspection operations. Men, on the other hand, are prevalent in various cutting, lasting, bottoming, and maintenance jobs. Method o f wage payment Incentive wage systems, usually based on individual piecework, applied to nearly three-fourths the production workers (See table 37). The proportions incentive workers ranged from about two-fifths in the Pacific region to slightly over four-fifths in the Border States and Middle West. Among the industry branches, incentive workers constituted between two-thirds and four-fifths the employment. A majority the workers in nearly all the plant jobs selected for separate study were paid incentive rates; occupations which were usually time rated included floor boys and girls, inspectors (crowners), janitors, and maintenance mechanics. A majority the time workers were employed in plants having formal rate structures. These workers were divided nearly equally between systems that had single rates and those that had range rates for an occupation. Average hourly earnings Straight-time earnings the 45,58 production and related workers covered by the survey averaged $2.42 an hour in March 970 (See table ). This 5-percent increase was higher than the $2.0 recorded in the Bureau s March 968 study leather footwear plants and compares with a 20-percent rise for production workers in all manufacturing industries.2 Increases in regional averages for the footwear industry varied from 24 percent in the Middle West and 22-percent in the Great Lakes to 3-percent in both the New England States and Southwest. Between the 968 and 97 surveys wages also increased among industry branches from 0-percent for moccasin-constructed shoes with hand-sewn plug to 22-percent for men s Goodyear-welt work shoes. Other branches ranged from 4 to 8 percent. As indicated in the discussion industry characteristics, employment shifted among regions and types footwear plants between surveys. This movement, however, does not appear to be a major factor in the relatively low increase in the overall average for the 3-year period.3 Perhaps, the nature wage adjustments in the industry between 968 and 97 better explains the lagging earnings movements in footwear. In 970, for example, the median general wage increase under union contracts covering at least,000 workers in footwear (approximately 63,000 workers) was 5 cents compared with a median adjustment 26.3 cents per hour for similar collective bargaining agreements in all manufacturing.4 Two settlements negotiated in early 97 provided no general wage adjustment in the first year the contract. The United Shoe Workers, representing 3,500 employees, signed such an agreement with shoe manufacturers in Northeastern Massachusetts Prits pinched by increasing competition from abroad was cited as the reason.5 The other agreement was between the Brotherhood Shoe Workers, representing,050 employees, and Frolic Footwear, Inc., in Arkansas. Men, accounting for nearly three-eighths the industry s production workers, averaged $2.72 an hour in March 97 compared with $2.25 for women. Wage 0 The straight-time hourly earnings presented in this bulletin are not comparable with the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau s monthly hours and earnings series. The monthly series combines data for plants primarily manufacturing nonrubber footwear designed for street, work, play, or sportswear and for plants making house slippers as their primary product; the latter group and footwear plants employing fewer than 50 workers were not included in this study. Additionally, unlike the monthly series, estimates here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number individuals; in the monthly series, the sum the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. Estimates the number production workers within scope the study are intended only as a general guide to the size and composition the labor force in the survey. Planning for the survey required the assembling lists establishments considerably in advance data collection. Thus, establishments new to the industry are omitted, as are establishments originally classified in the footwear manufacturing industry but found in other industries at the time the survey. Also omitted are footwear plants classified incorrectly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled. BLS Bulletin Based on the Bureau s hourly earnings index, adjusted for seasonal variations, overtime, and interindustry employment shifts. 3 It is estimated that such shifts account for only a 2-cent decline in the overall 97 average. Holding employment constant between surveys by region or type footwear resulted in both cases, in a computed average $2.44 rather than $ Based on the Bureau s Current Wage Developments program. 5 See Developments in Industrial Relations, Monthly Labor Review, March 97, p. 78. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 3

11 advantages for men over women were found in all regions ranging from 29 cents in the Southeast to 57 cents in the New England and Great Lakes States. Average pay levels for men and women differ for several reasons, including the variation in the distribution the sexes among establishments with differing pay scales and, as pointed out in the discussion industry characteristics, among jobs with differing skill and pay levels. Differences in average earnings for men and women in the same job and area may reflect minor differences in duties performed. Job descriptions in wage surveys usually are more generalized than those in individual establishments to allow for minor differences among establishments in specific duties performed. Also, production at piece rates determine the earnings many workers. Variation in incentive earnings for individuals or sex groupings may be traceable to differences in work experience, work flow, or other factors which the worker may or may not control. Regionally, average hourly earnings ranged from $2.6 in the Great Lakes to $2.6 in the Border States. The remaining regions averaged $2.8 in the Southeast and Southwest; $2.39 in the Pacific; $2.42 in the Middle Atlantic; $2.47 in the Middle West, and $2.52 in New England. The regional variations in pay levels resulted partly from differences in the type footwear produced. Other factors, however, including the general differences in pay among regions, also were important. Among the seven industry branches, pay levels ranged from $2.63 for workers in plants primarily making misses and children s Goodyear-welt shoes to $2.3 for those making misses: and children s cement process (conventional lasted) shoes. Neither these branches, however, accounted for more than 6 percent the footwear work force. On the other hand, 58 percent the workers were employed in the two major branches women s cement process (conventional-lasted) shoes and men s Goodyear-welt dress shoes where hourly earnings averaged $2.44 and $2.48, respectively. Earnings relationships among the branches differed in New England and the Great Lakes, the only regions providing sufficient comparisions. In both regions, averages were lowest for the women s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes. Pay levels in the men s Goodyear welt dress were 6 percent higher than those in women s shoes in New England and 8 percent higher than those in the Great Lakes. The spread in averages between the men s and the women s cement process shoe branches was 2 percent in New England and 2 percent in the Great Lakes. Among areas and States studied separately, average hourly earnings ranged from $3.42 for New York metropolitan area workers in the women s cement process (conventional lasted) branch to $2.27 for their counterparts in Arkansas. (See individual earnings tables.) Earnings levels also varied in this branch shoe center in Massachusetts: $2.6 in Boston-Lynn; $2.67 in Lawrence-Lowell; and $2.75 in Haverhill. In the men s Goodyear-welt dress shoe branch, averages among the three States and one area studied separately ranged from $2.30 in Tennessee to $2.93 in Brockton, Massachusetts. Workers in metropolitan areas averaged $2.50 an hour 4 cents more than those in smaller communities. In all but one region permitting comparisons, metropolitan area workers averaged from 3 to 9 cents more an hour than those in smaller communities. In the Border States, the averages were identical ($2.6). In the New England, Border States, Great Lakes, and Middle West regions, average hourly earnings in plants with 250 workers or more were from 5 to 27 cents higher than earnings in smaller plants. In the Middle Atlantic States, the relationship was reversed, with a difference 4 cents between the averages. This variation is due partly to the heavy concentration employment in the small plants in the relatively highwage New York area. The nationwide relationship ($2.40 for workers in smaller plants and $2.42 in larger plants) resulted largely from the regional mix the two size groups. These comparisons average hourly earnings do not isolate the influence individual characteristics as a determinant wages. Thus, the wage differences noted in the preceding paragraphs may reflect the interrelationship these and other factors, including unionization and method wage payment. All but 4 percent the workers earned from $.60 to $4 an hour; the middle half in the array ranged between $.88 and $2.77 (See table 2). Nationwide, 8 percent the workers were paid at or slightly more than the Federal minimum wage, $.60 but less than $.65 an hour. The heaviest concentrations at this earnings interval were 4 to 6 percent in the Border States, Southeast, and Southwest; 6 percent or less was recorded in the remaining regions. Among industry branches studied separately, proportions in the $.60-$.65 interval ranged from 3 percent in moccasin-constructed shoes with hand-sewn plug to less than 3 percent for workers making misses and children s Goodyear-welt shoes (See tables 2-9). Occupational earnings Average hourly earnings workers in a number occupations for seven industry branches are presented in Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 4

12 tables These occupations, a relatively small proportion those found in the industry, are arranged in the sequence major shoemaking processes in the tables, and were chosen primarily to represent wage levels for the types skills and operations used in manufacturing footwear.6 Cutting shoe uppers and linings first the major operations is usually performed on machines. Vamp and whole shoe machine cutters earned from $3.60 in the misses and children s Goodyear-welt branch to $2.72 an hour in plants making moccasin-constructed shoes with hand-sewn plug. The $2.72 average declined between surveys from $3.06 recorded in 968 due to employment changes among regions in that branch. New England machine cutters moccasin shoes accounted for 56 percent the nationwide workers in 97 while averaging $3.22 an hour compared with 86 percent and a $3.5 level in 968. Fitting operations, which typically are performed by women, involve assembling and stitching upper parts and linings to make complete shoe uppers. Fancy stitchers (who sew decorative designs on shoe uppers) were numerically most important the selected jobs and, in March 97, had average earnings ranging from $2.0 to $2.48 an hour among branches for which data could be published. Pasters, backers, and fitters also a numerically important group usually averaged between and 39 cents an hour less than fancy stitchers. Lasting operations, generally performed by men, include drawing the completed uppers over the last (a footlike form) and attaching the insole. Machine assemblers for the pulling over operation averaged $2.45 to $2.86 an hour among the branches for which data could be shown. Where comparison was possible, pullover-machine operators usually averaged from 37 to 69 cents an hour more than machine assemblers for pullover. Average earnings for side lasters and toe lasters ranged from $2.80 to $3.57 and from $2.80 to $3.42, respectively, among industry branches. Bottoming methods, as pointed out previously, differ by type shoe construction. Goodyear stitchers in men s Goodyear-welt dress shoe plants averaged $3.0 an hour, 2 cents less than their counterparts in men s Goodyear-welt work shoe plants and 9 cents less than those in misses and children s Goodyear-welt shoe plants. Sole attachers in plants making women s cementprocess shoes (conventional-lasted) averaged $2.88, compared with $2.80 in plants making misses and children s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes. Among the few occupations for which data are 6 Wage data for three fice clerical jobs also are presented in a number these tables. presented for both sexes, men usually had higher average earnings than women. This appears to result as much from differences in the distribution the sexes among establishments with dissimilar pay levels, as from variations in earnings between men and women in the same establishment. For example, among plants manufacturing women s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes in Missouri, men employed as vamp and whole shoe machine cutters averaged 32 cents an hour more than women. (See table 3.) Of the 5 plants visited, however, employed both men and women in the job; in seven these, women averaged more than men. Occupational averages are presented by size community and size establishment for the two major industry branches, men s Goodyear-welt dress shoes and women s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes (See tables -2 and 2-22). Also tabulated are job averages for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas by size establishment in tables 3 and 23. Earnings individuals performing similar tasks varied within the same establishment, particularly for incentive jobs. In the 5 plants studied producing women s cement process (conventional-lasted) shoes in Missouri, for example, the highest paid shoe machine cutter exceeded the lowest paid by 70 cents to $2.0 an hour. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Data were also obtained on certain establishment practices supplementary wage and provisions for production and fice workers, including work schedules; paid holidays; paid vacations; and health, insurance, and retirement plans. Scheduled weekly hours and shift practices. Weekly work schedules 40 hours were in effect in plants employing nearly nine-tenths the production workers (table 38). The largest proportions working less than 40 hours were the Southwest (23 percent) and the Middle West (20 percent). For fice workers, 40-hour schedules were predominant in each region; shorter hours were found most frequently in the Southwest and Great Lakes, and longer hours, most frequently in the Southeast. Virtually all the production workers were employed on the day shift at the time the survey. Paid holidays. Nearly all production workers and ficeworkers were employed in establishments providing paid holidays, most commonly 8 or 9 days annually (table 39). A majority the production workers were granted 8 or 9 days in each region except the Middle Atlantic Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 5

13 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis and Border States, where holiday provisions were slightly less liberal. Office workers were provided about the same number holidays as plantworkers. Paid vacations. Virtually all production workers and ficeworkers received paid vacations after qualifying periods service (table 40). A large majority the production workers received week s pay after year service, 2 weeks after 5 years, and 3 weeks after 5 years. About one-tenth the production workers were in establishments providing 4 weeks vacation after 25 years service; these provisions were found mostly in the Southeast and Great Lakes regions. Vacation provisions were slightly more liberal for ficeworkers. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Slightly over nine-tenths the production workers were provided the following types insurance financed at least in part by the employer: Life, hospitalization, and surgical (See table 4). Slightly over four-fifths were covered by basic medical policies; two-thirds by sickness and accident insurance; nearly one-half by accidental death and dismemberment insurance; and about two-fifths by major medical plans. Coverage for some these plans varied widely among the regions. Major medical insurance, for example, applied to three-fifths the workers in the Border States and Great Lakes, but to less than one-tenth in the Middle West. Retirement pension plans, providing regular payments for the remainder the retiree s life (in addition to Federal social security), were recorded in establishments employing approximately three-fifths the plantworkers. Among the regions, the proportions plantworkers covered by pension plans ranged from one-third in New England to over nine-tenths in the Middle West. The proportions ficeworkers covered by such health, insurance, and pension plans were generally similar to those production workers. Sick leave plans, however, applied to nearly one-fourth the ficeworkers, but were virtually nonexistent for production workers. Other selected benefits. Provisions for pay while attending funerals immediate relatives applied to three-fifths the production and ficeworkers. For production workers, coverage ranged from less than one-tenth in the Pacific States to more than nine-tenths in the Middle West, and for ficeworkers, it ranged from two-thirds in the Border States to one-eighth in the Pacific. Provisions for separation pay because technological changes or plant closings were reported for slightly more than one-fifth the production workers and oneseventh the ficeworkers. Coverage, however, was nonexistent for production workers in the Pacific, while nearly three-fourths the Middle West were provided such benefits (table 42). For ficeworkers, the proportions under such provisions ranged from less than 5 percent in New England to about one-half in the Middle West.

14 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table. A verage hourly earnings: By selected characteristics (N u m b e r a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs in fo o tw e a r m a n u fa c tu rin g e s ta b lis h m e n ts by s e le c te d c h a r a c te r is tic s, U n ited S ta te s a n d s e le c te d reg io n s, M arch 97) C h a r a c te r is tic N u m b e r w o rk e rs Uniie d S tat e s 2 e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o rk e rs N< ;w Eng Land e a rn in g s m s die Atla: n tic N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s B o rd e r S ta te s N u m b e r w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s , 58 $ , 976 $ , 953 $ , 924 $ , 598 $ , 670 $ , 0 $ , 79 $ 2.4 7, 908 $ M en , , , , , , , , W o m e n , , , , , , , , P re d o m in a n t ty p e o f sh o e: 3 M e n 's G o o d y e a r-w e lt d r e s s sh o e s , , , , M e n 's G o o d y e a r-w e lt w o rk s h o e s , , _, M e n 's c e m e n t-p r o c e s s s h o e s , , _. 2, W o m e n 's c e m e n t-p r o c e s s ( c o n v e n tio n a l- la sted) s h o e s M is s e s ' a n d c h ild r e n 's c e m e n t-p r o c e s s 56, , , , , , , , M isses ' and c h ild ren 's G oodyear-w elt ( c o n v e n tio n a l-la s te d ) s h o e s , , s h o e s , _, _ M o c c a s in -c o n s tr u c te d s h o e s w ith h a n d -s e w n p lu g , , _ " _ Size com m unity : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s , , , , , _ 5, N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s , , , , , , , , S iz e o f e s ta b lis h m e n t: w o r k e r s , , , , , , , w o r k e r s o r m o re , , , , , , , , e a rn in g s Southeast N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s Southw est N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s ( jr e a i L a k e s N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s k i d d le W est N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s N u m b e r P a c ific E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and for w ork on weekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 3 d e lu d e s d a ta f o r th e M o u n ta in re g io n in a d d itio n to th o se show n s e p a r a te ly. F o r d e fin itio n o f re g io n s a n d a r e a s u s e d in th is a n d s u b s e q u e n t ta b le s, s e e ta b le in a p p e n d ix A a n d in d iv id u a l a r e a s ta b le s E stab lish m en ts w ere c la ssified by m ajo r types shoes produced during the preceding y e a r. The a ll- w o rk e rs to tal includes data fo r estab lish m en ts producing o th er types shoes in addition to those* shown sep arately, 4 Standard M etropolitan S ta tistica l A reas a s defined by the U. S. Office M anagem ent and Budget through Jan u ary 968. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria.

15 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2. Earnings distribution: Footwear Industry (P ercent distribution production w orkers by average straight-tim e hourly ea rn in g s, United States and selected regions, M arch 97) e a rn in g s U n ited S ta te s 2 T o ta l M en W om en N ew E n g lan d M iddle A tla n tic B o rd e r S ta te s Southeast Southw est G re a t L a k e s M iddle W est P a c if ic $. 60 a n d u n d e r $ $. 65 a n d u n d e r $ $. 70 a n d u n d e r $ $. 75 a n d u n d e r $ $. 80 a n d u n d e r $ $. 85 a n d u n d e r $ $. 90 a n d u n d e r $ $. 95 a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ 2. 0 a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ 3. 0 a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ ( 23) $ 4. 0 a n d u n d e r $ b $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ ( 3) $ a n d u n d e r $ b $ a n d o v e r T o ta l N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s , 58 5, , , , 953 8, , 598 8, 670 9, 0 4, 79, 908 e a rn in g s $ $ $ $ $ $ 2. 6 $ 2. 8 $ 2. 8 $ 2.6 $ $ E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data fo r th e M ountain reg io n in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 L ess than p ercen t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s may not equal 00.

16 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 3. Earnings distribution: Men s Goodyear-w elt dress shoes (P ercent distribution production workers by average straight-tim e hourly earnings, United States and selected regions, M arch 97) e a rn in g s U n ited S ta te s 2 T o ta l M en W om en N ew E n g la n d S o u th e a st G re a t L a k e s $. 60 a n d u n d e r $ $. 65 a n d u n d e r $ ' $. 70 a n d u n d e r $ $. 75 a n d u n d e r $ $. 80 a n d u n d e r $ $. 85 a n d u n d e r $ $. 90 a n d u n d e r $ $. 95 a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ 2. 0 a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ 3. 0 a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ l! 8 $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ L 3 $ a n d tin d e r $ $ 4. 0 a n d tin d e r $ i. $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ a n d tin d e r $ \z.5 $ an d o v e r # 3.9 T o t a l N u m b e r w o r k e r s , 577 0, 830 6, 747 5, 84 3, 40 4, 556 e a rn in g s $ $ 2. 7 $ $ 2. 6 $ $ 2.7 E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 L ess than p ercen t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 00.

17 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 4. Earnings distribution: M en s Goodyear-w elt work shoes ( P e r c e n t d is tr ib u tio n o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s, U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) Table 5. Earnings distribution: M en s cem ent-process shoes ( P e rc e n t d is tr ib u tio n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) h o u r ly e a rn in g s U nited States 2 T o ta l M en W om en New E ngland G re a t L a k e s A verage hourly earn in g s U nited States 2 T o ta l M en W om en New E n g land G re a t L a k e s $.60 a n d u n d e r $ $.65 an d u n d e r $ $.70 a n d u n d e r $ $.75 an d u n d e r $ $.80 an d u n d e r $ $.85 an d u n d e r $ $.90 an d u n d e r $ $.95 an d u n d e r $ $2.00 a n d u n d e r $ $2.0 a n d u n d e r $ $2.20 a n d u n d e r $ $2.30 a n d u n d e r $ $2.40 a n d u n d e r $ $2.50 an d u n d e r $ $2.60 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.70 an d u n d e r $ $2.80 an d u n d e r $ $2.90 an d u n d e r $ $3.00 a n d u n d e r $ $3.0 a n d u n d e r $ $3.20 an d u n d e r $ $3.30 an d u n d e r $ $3.40 a n d u n d e r $ $3.50 an d u n d e r $ $3.60 an d u n d e r $ $3.70 an d u n d e r $ $3.80 an d u n d e r $ $3.90 an d u n d e r $ $4.00 an d u n d e r $ $4.0 a n d u n d e r $4.2oI~I I~II_ T! $4.20 a n d u n d e r $ $4.30 an d u n d e r $ $4.40 a n d u n d e r $ $4.50 and o v e r T o ta L N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s , , , ,3 0 4,9 2 3 h o u r ly e a rn in g s $2.49 $2.70 $2.33 $2.62 $2.79 $.60 an d u n d e r $ $.65 and under $ i.7o I~~ III_ ! $.70 an d u n d e r $ $.75 and under $i.fin $.80 an d u n d e r $ $.85 an d u n d e r $ $.90 an d u n d e r $ $.95 an d u n d e r $ $2.00 an d u n d e r $ $2.0 an d u n d e r $ $2.20 an d u n d e r $ $2.30 an d u n d e r $ $2.40 an d u n d e r $ $2.50 an d u n d e r $ $2.60 an d u n d e r $ $2.70 an d u n d e r $ $2.80 an d tin d e r $ $2.90 an d u n d e r $ $3.00 an d u n d e r $3.0 an d u n d e r $3! 2 o $3.20 an d u n d e r $ $3.30 an d u n d e r $ $3.40 an d u n d e r $ $3.50 an d u n d e r $ $3.60 an d u n d e r $ $3.70 an d u n d e r $ $3.80 an d u n d e r $ $3.90 an d u n d e r $ $4.00 an d u n d e r $ $4.0 an d u n d e r $ $4.20 an d u n d e r $ (3).4. $4.30 an d u n d e r $ (3).4.9 $4.40 an d u n d e r $ $4.50 and o v e r T o ta l N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s 2, 506 4, , , ,2 7 8 e a rn in g s $2.43 $2.72 $2.26 $2.53 $2.83 E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to th o se shown sep arately. NOTE: Becau* >f rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 00. E xcludes prem iu m pay for o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for reg io n s in addition to th o se shown sep arately. 3 L ess than 0.05 p ercen t. NOTE: Because rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 00.

18 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 6. Earnings distribution: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes ( P e r c e n t d is tr ib u tio n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s by a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s, U n ited S ta te s an d s e le c te d r e g io n s, M a rc h 97) A verage hou rly earn in g s U nited S ta te s 2 Total Men W omen N ew E n g lan d M id d le A tla n tic B o r d e r S ta te s Southw est G r e a t L a k e s M iddle W est P a c ific $ 65 $. 60 and under $. 65 and u n d e r $ $. 70 and u n d e r $ $. 75 and u n d e r $ $. 80 an d u n d e r $ $. 85 an d u n d e r $ $.9 0 an d u n d e r $.9 * m t-, $. 95 an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ 2. 0 an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ , $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $2. 70 and under $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ 3. 0 an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ and u n d e r $ _ $ and u n d e r $ $ and under (*) $ 4. 0 and u n d e r $ ~ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ l $ and u n d e r $ $ and o v e r ( * ) T o ta l N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ,5 5 8, , ,3 7 3, ,962 6, ,8 9 3,5 4 2 h o u r ly e a rn in g s $ $ $ $ $ $ 2. 5 $ $ $ 2.5 $ E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e rtim e an d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h if ts. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. * L ess than 0.05 p ercen t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s may not equal 00,

19 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 7. Earnings distribution: M is s e s and children s cem ent-p rocess (conventional-iasted) shoes Table 8. Earnings distribution: M iss e s and children s Goodyear-w elt shoes ( P e r c e n t d is tr ib u tio n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s * U nited S tates and M iddle W est reg io n, M arch 97) ( P e rc e n t d is tr ib u tio n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s, U nited S tates and M iddle A tlantic region, M arch 97) e a rn in g s U n ited S ta te s 2 T o ta l M en W om en M iddle W est A verage hourly earn in g s U nited States 2 T o ta l M en W om en M iddle A tla n tic $.6 0 a n d u n d e r $ $.6 5 an d u n d e r $ $.7 0 an d u n d e r $ $.7 5 a n d u n d e r $ $.8 0 a n d u n d e r $ $.8 5 a n d u n d e r $ $.90 an d u n d e r $ $.9 5 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.00 a n d u n d e r $ $2.0 a n d u n d e r $ $ 2.20 a n d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ _ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ 2.90 an d u n d e r $ $3.0 0 a n d u n d e r $ $3. 0 an d u n d e r $ $3.2 0 a n d u n d e r $ $3.3 0 an d u n d e r $ $3.4 0 an d u n d e r $ $3.5 0 an d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ 4. 0 a n d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ a n d u n d e r $ $4.4 0 an d u n d e r $ $ a n d o v e r T o ta l N u m b e r w o r k e r s , , , 342 2, 35 h o u r ly e a rn in g s $2.3 $2.55 $ 2.22 $2.4 $.60 an d u n d e r $ $.6 5 and u n d e r $ $.7 0 an d u n d e r $ $.75 an d u n d e r $ $.80 an d u n d e r $ $.85 an d u n d e r $ $.9 0 an d u n d e r $ $.95 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.00 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.0 an d u n d e r $ $2.20 an d u n d e r $ $2.30 an d u n d e r $ $2.4 0 an d u n d e r $ $2.50 an d u n d e r $ $2.60 and u n d e r $ $2.70 an d u n d e r $ $2.80 an d u n d e r $ $2.90 an d u n d e r $ $3.00 an d u n d e r $ $3. 0 an d u n d e r $ $3.20 an d u n d e r $ $3.30 an d u n d e r $ $3.40 and u n d e r $ $3.50 and u n d e r $ $3.60 and u n d e r $ $3.70 an d u n d e r $ $3.80 an d u n d e r $ $3.90 and u n d e r $ (3).6 $4.00 an d u n d e r $ $4. 0 an d u n d e r $ $4.20 an d u n d e r $ $ 4.30 an d u n d e r $ $ 4.40 an d u n d e r $ _ $4.50 an d o v e r T o ta l N u m b e r w o r k e r s 4,6 4 4,888 2,7 5 6,927 e a rn in g s $2.63 $3.00 $2.37 $2.26 E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to M iddle W est. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 00. E xcludes prem ium pay for overtim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to M iddle A tlantic. 3 L ess than 0.05 p ercen t. NOTE: Because rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 00.

20 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 9. Earnings distribution: Moccasin-constructed shoes with hand-sewn plug ( P e rc e n t d is tr ib u tio n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s, U nited S tates and New England re g io n, M a rc h 97) A verage hourly earn in g s U n ited S t a te s 2 T o ta l M en W om en New E n g land $.65 an d u n d e r $ $.70 and u n d e r $ $.80 and u n d e r $ $.85 an d u n d e r $ $.90 and u n d e r $ $.95 and u n d e r $ $ 2.00 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.0 and u n d e r $ $2.20 an d u n d e r $ $2.30 and u n d e r $ $2.40 and u n d e r $ $2.50 and u n d e r $ $2.60 and u n d e r $ $2.70 an d u n d e r $ $2.80 and u n d e r $ $2.90 and u n d e r $ $3.00 and u n d e r $ $3.0 an d u n d e r $ $3.20 and u n d e r $ $3.30 and u n d e r $ $3.40 and u n d e r $ $3.50 and u n d e r $ $3.60 and u n d e r $ $3.70 and u n d e r $ $3.80 and u n d e r $ $3.90 an d u n d e r $ $4.00 and u n d e r $ $4.0 and u n d e r $ (3).8 $4.20 an d u n d e r $ $4.30 and u n d e r $ $4.40 an d u n d e r $ $4.50 and o v e r T o ta l N u m b er w o r k e r s ,0 4 2, , , 270 e a rn in g s $2.48 $2.92 $2. 4 $2.60 Excludes prem ium pay for o v ertim e and fo r w ork done on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes data for reg io n s in addition to New E ngland. 3 L ess than 0.05 percen t. NOTE: Because rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 00.

21 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 0. O ccupational earnings: M e n s Goodyear-w elt dress sh o es all establishm ents (N u m b er an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, U n ited S ta te s an d s e le c te d r e g io n s, M a rc h 97) U nited States 2 New England M iddle A tlantic D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s C u ttin g N u m b e r w o r k e r s H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings N um ber H o u rly e a rn in g s M ean M edian M iddle range w o r k e r s M ean M edian M iddle range w o r k e r s M ean M edian M iddle range C u tte rs, lining, m achine 408 $2.59 $2.45 $2.00 $ $3.00 $2.95 $2.30 $ $2.40 $2.33 $.79 $2.84 M en W omen L eath er M en W omen S y n th e tic s _ M e n _ C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m achine 3, M en W omen L e a th e r..., M e n W omen F ittin g Fancy s titc h e rs (5 m en,,289 w om en ), _ 3.0 P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h an d (6 m en. 587 w om en ) S e w e r s, h a n d ( m o c c a s in - c o n s tru c te d sh o e s) 7 m en. 39 wom en) S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s ( m a n, 538 w o m en ) T o p s ti tc h e r s (2 m e n, 723 w o m e n ) V a m p e rs (7 m e n, 879 w o m en) L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s fo r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e M e n W o m e n B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (45 m e n, 5 w o m en) H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s (2 m e n, 9 w om en) P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (293 m e n, w o m an) Side la s te rs, m achine (354 m en, 5 w om en) Staple o r tac k lastin g (330 m en, 3 w om en ) T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic, o r s e m ia u to m a tic (224 m e n. 9 w o m e n ) _ B o tto m an d m a k in g B o tto m f i l l e r s _. M e n _ W o m e n E d g e t r i m m e r s (364 m e n, 2 w o m en) G o o d y e a r s ti tc h e r s (430 m e n, 2 w o m en) H eel a tta c h e rs, m achine (27 m en. 2 wom en) In se a m ers (226 m en, 23 wom en) J o in t e r s, m a c h in e M e n L ittlew ay s titc h e rs (4 m en. wom an) R ough r o u n d e r s (82 m e n, 5 w o m en ) S h a n k e r s M e n W o m e n S o le a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (68 m e n, 58 w o m en) S o l e - l e v e l e r s, m a c h in e M e n W o m e n " " " _ S ee fo o tn o tes at end ta b le.

22 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 0. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress sh o e s all establishm ents Continued (N um ber and a v erag e stra ig h t - tim e earnings w o rk ers in selected occupations* U nited S tates and selected regions* M arch 97) United S tates 2 New England M iddle A tlantic D e p a rtm e n t* o ccu p atio n * a n d s e x S elected production occupations C ontinued F in is h in g N u m b er w o rk e rs H ourly earnings N um ber H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H ourly earnings M ean M e d ia n M id d le ran g e w o r k e r s M ean M e d ia n M id d le ra n g e w o r k e r s M e an M edian M id d le ra n g e B o tto m s c o u r e r s 07 $2.97 $2.95 $.96 $ $3.67 $3.3 $2.77 $ $2.94 $2.80 $.87 $3.60 M e n E d g e s e tt e r s (72 m e n, w o m e n ) R e p a i r e r s ( m a n, 362 w o m e n ) T re e rs * _ M e n _ W o m e n M iscellan eo u s F lo o r boys o r g irls _. M e n _ W o m e n _ I n s p e c to rs ( c r o w n e r s ) _ M e n _ W o m e n _ Ja n ito rs M e n M e ch a n ic s* m a in te n a n c e (a ll m e n ) S elected fice occupations C le r k s, g e n e ra l (5 m e n, 349 w o m e n ) _ C lerks* p ay ro ll (all wom en) S te n o g ra p h e rs, g e n e ra l ( a ll w o m en ) " C u ttin g S o u th e a st M iddle W est N u m b er H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H o u rly e a rn in g s w o rk e rs M ean M e d ia n M id d le ra n g e w o r k e r s M ean M e d ia n M id d le ra n g e C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e 85 $2.42 $2.32 $.99 $ $2.73 $2.58 $2.20 $3.09 M en t 2.64 W o m e n L e a th e r M e n i W omen C u tte rs * v a m p a n d w h o le s h o e, m a c h in e M e n _ 4.92 W o m e n L e a th e r M e n _ 4.92 W omen ~ F ittin g F a n c y s titc h e r s P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r h a n d S k iv e r s, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r l in e r s T o p s titc h e r s V a m p e rs S ee fo o tn o tes at end o f ta b le.

23 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 0. O ccupational earnings: M e n s Goodyear-welt dress sh o es all establishm ents Continued (N um ber and a v erag e stra ig h t - tim e earn in g s w o rk ers in selected occupations, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex S elected pro d u ctio n occupations C ontinued L a s tin g N u m b er w o rk e rs S o u th e a s t G re a t L a k e s H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H ourly earnings M ean M ed ian M id d le ra n g e w o r k e r s M e an M ed ian M id d le ran g e A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e 44 $2.29 $2.25 $2.07 $ $2.56 $2.25 $2.8 $2.95 M en W o m e n H e e l- s e a t l a s t e r s P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s Side la s te rs, m achine S ta p le o r ta c k l a s t in g T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic, o r s e m ia u to m a tic B o tto m a n d m a k in g B o tto m f il le r s W o m e n E d g e t r i m m e r s G o o d y e a r s t i t c h e r s _ 4.8 H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e I n s e a r n e r s J o in t e r s, m a c h in e M en _ R ough r o u n d e r s S h a n k e rs W omen S o le a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s S o le - le v e le r s, m a c h in e M en _ W o m e n F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s M e n E d g e s e t t e r s R e p a i r e r s T r e e r s W o m e n I S M iscellan eo u s F lo o r b o y s o r g i r l s W om en I n s p e c to rs ( c r o w n e r s ) M e n W o m e n J a n ito r s M e n M e c h a n ic s. m a in te n a n c e S e le c te d o ffic e o c c u p a tio n s C le r k s, g e n e r a l C le r k s, p a y ro ll S te n o g ra p h e rs, g e n e r a l ~ E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e rtim e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h if ts. S ee a p p e n d ix A f o r m e th o d to c o m p u te m e a n s, m e d ia n s, an d m id d le ra n g e s e a rn in g s. M ed ian s and m iddle ran g es a re not p rovided fo r jobs w ith few er than 5 w o rk ers in a region. 2 Includes data fo r reg io n s in addition to th o se shown sep arately. 3 Includes w o rk ers in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D a sh e s in d icate no data rep o rted or data that do not m ee t publication c r ite r ia.

24 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress shoes by size community (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e earnings w orkers in selected occupations, U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) S e x, d e p a rtm e n t, an d o c c u p a tio n N u m b e r w o rk e rs M e tro p o litan a r e a s e a rn in g s U nited S tates 2 New England G reat Lakes N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s N u m b e r w o rk e rs e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o rk e rs M e tro p o litan a re a s e a rn in g s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s N u m b e r w o rk e rs e a rn in g s N onm etropolitan a re a s N u m b er w o rk e rs e a rn in g s M en C u ttin g C u t te r s, lin in g, m a c h in e $ $ $ $ $ C u tte rs, vam p and w hole sh o e, m achine: L e a t h e r L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e : S ta p le o r ta c k la s tin g T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic B o tto m and m ak in g Edge trim m e rs t G o o d y e a r s t i t c h e r s H e e l a t t a c h e r s, m a c h in e In s e a rn e r s R o u g h r o u n d e r s _ F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s E d 8e s e t t e r s M iscellan eo u s I n s p e c to rs (c ro w n e rs ) J a n ito r s M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e W om en C u ttin g C u t t e r s, lin in g, m a c h in e C u t te r s, v a m p an d w h o le s h o e, m a c h in e : L e a t h e r F ittin g F a n c y s titc h e r s _ P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r h a n d S k iv e r s, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g T op s ti tc h e r s V a m p e rs F in is h in g R e p a i r e r s T r e e r s " M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g irls _ I n s p e c to rs (c ro w n e rs ) E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes d ata fo r regions in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria.

25 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 2. O ccupational earnings: M e n s Goodyear-welt dress sho es by size establishm ent (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e earn in g s w o rk ers in selected occupations, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) U n ited S ta te s New E n g lan d G r e a t L a k e s Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation 50- w orls 249 e rs N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s 250 w o rk e rs o r m o re N u m b er w o rk e rs e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o r k e r s w o rk e rs E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o rk e rs 250 w o rk e rs o r m o re e a rn in g s N u m b er w o rk e rs w o rk e rs e a rn in g s 250 w< o rk e rs o r rrlo re N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s M en C u ttin g C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m achine: L e a th e r 84 $ $ $ $ $ $4.34 L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e P u llo v e r m a c h in e o p e r a to r s S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e : S ta p le o r ta c k la s tin g T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic B o tto m an d m a k in g E d g e t r i m m e r s u G o o d y e a r s titc h e r s H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e I n s e a m e r s R ough r o u n d e r s _ F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s E d g e s e t t e r s O th e r I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ) J a n i t o r s M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e W om en C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le s h o e, m a c h in e : L e a th e r F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r h a n d S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s T op s t i t c h e r s V a m p e r s F in is h in g R e p a ire r s T r e e r s M isc e lla n e o u s TT/-««->.. C4" I n s p e c to rs (c r o w n e r s ) E xcludes prem ium pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes data for reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D a sh e s in d icate no data rep o rted or data that do not m eet publication c r ite r ia.

26 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 3. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-w elt dress shoes by size establishment and size com m unity (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e hourly earnings w orkers in selected occupations, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) S ex, d e p a rtm e n t, o c c u p atio n, an d c o m m u n ity s iz e Num ber w o rk e rs w o rk e rs e a rn in g s United States w o rk e rs o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e r s e a rn in g s E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith N u m b er w o rk e rs w o rk e rs e a rn in g s New England N u m b e r w o r k e r s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re e a rn in g s d r e a t L a k e s 250 w< i r k e r s o r nlo re N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s M en C u ttin g C u tte rs, lining, m achine : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s $ $ $ $3.53 N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s _ C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m achine : L e a th e r : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s $4.0 S ide l a s t e r s, m a c h in e : Staple or tack lastin g : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s Toe la s te rs, autom atic o r sem iautom atic : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s B o tto m a n d m ak in g E d g e t r i m m e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s G o o d y e a r s ti tc h e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h in e : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s I n s e a m e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s R ough r o u n d e r s : N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s F in is h in g E d g e s e t t e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s M iscellan eo u s I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ): M e tro p o lita n a r e a s J a n it o r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s ' S ee fo o tn o tes at end table,

27 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 3. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress shoes by size establishment and size com m unity Continued (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t - tim e earn in g s w o rk ers in selected occupations* United States and selected regions* M arch 97) S ex, d e p a rtm e n t, o c c u p a tio n, a n d c o m m u n ity s iz e N u m b er w o r k e r s w o rk e rs e a rn in g s United States w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e rs e a rn in g s E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith N u m b er w o rk e rs w o rk e rs e a rn in g s New England N u m b e r w o rk e rs 250 w o rk e rs o r m o re e a rn in g s G re a t L a k e s 250 w o rk e rs o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e rs e a rn in g s W om en F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s $ $ $ $ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s $2.67 P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s T op s ti tc h e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s V a m p e rs : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s F in is h in g R e p a i r e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g i r l s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ): M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays* and late sh ifts. 2 Includes data fo r reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes in d icate no d ata rep o rted o r data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

28 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 4. Occupational earnings: Men s Goodyear-welt dress shoes Maine (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e earnings w o rk ers in selected occupations, M arch 97) Sex, d e p a rtm e n t, an d o c c u p atio n N u m b e r $760 o f and w o r k e r s e a rn in g s onder $.65 N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s o f $ 3 5 $ n 7 ir $775 $780^ $ 3 5 $7 W $ 3 5 $2.00 $ 2 7 n r $272lT $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $277IT $2.80 $3.00 $372) $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4700 $4720 $4.40 $4760 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 o v e r and A ll production w o rk e rs 2, 446 $ M e n W om en , S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g 2 C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e _ 4 3 _ _ 2 _ _. 2 C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, m a c h in e, l e a t h e r L a s tin g 2 A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h i n e B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s P u ll o v e r-m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s * S ta p le o r ta c k la s tin g T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic " Bottom ing and m aking 2 E d g e tr i m m e r o j 2 G o o d y e a r s t i t c h e r s ! 6 _ H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h i n e _ ! _ _ R ough r o u n d e r s S o le a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s Finishing 2 E d g e s e t t e r s _. _... _ 2 4 _ j M iscellan eo u s 5 F lo o r b o y s _ 4 2 _ w., j S elected production occupations w o m en C u ttin g 2 C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e _ 2 2 _ 2 _ C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, m a c h in e, le a th e r ' See footnotes at end table. * * " 2 2 ~ "

29 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 4. Occupational earnings: Men s Goodyear-welt dress shoes Maine--- Continued (N u m b e r a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o ccu p atio n s, M a rc h 97) 2345 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s o f $.60 $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 Sex, dep artm en t, and occupation $3.2<r $3.40 $3760 M m $4700 $4720 M A O $4760 w o r k e r s e a r n in g s and $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 o v e r S elected production occupations wom en C ontinued F ittin g P a s te r s, b a c k e r s, o r f itte r s, 4 $ _ 3 3 _ _ S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r l i n i n g s _ i 2 _ In c e n tiv e _ i m T op s t i t c h e r s _ V a m p e r s L a s tin g 2 A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, F in is h in g _ _ M isc e lla n e o u s _ 4 6 " S elected fice occupations w o m en j E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. A pproxim ately 69 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b asis. 2 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e p a id on a n in c e n tiv e b a s is. 3 Includes d ata fo r w o rk e rs in cla ssifica tio n in addition to those shown separately. 4 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 2 a t $ to $ 4. 80, an d a t $ to $5. 5 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e p a id on a tim e b a s is.

30 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 5. Occupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress shoes Brockton, Mass. (N u m b er a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 w o rk e rs in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s U ider $2.00 $2.00 and u n d e r $2.0 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s o f $2.0 $2.2 0 $2.30 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 ' o o O <M $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 $5.80 $6.00 $6.20 $6.40 and $5.40 $5.60 $5.80 $6.00 $6.20 $6.40 o v e r A ll production w o rk e rs,574 $ M en W o m e n S elected production o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e I n c e n t i v e _ L e a t h e r _ In c e n tiv e _ C u tters, vam p and w hole shoe, _ In c e n tiv e F ittin g L a s tin g j j 2 A s s e m b le rs f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h i n e _ 2 _ 2 _ 2 _ 2 _ _ 2 _ 2 _ 2 _ j P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (a ll S ide l a s t e r s, m a c h in e, s ta p le o r tack lastin g ( all incentive w o r k e r s ) _ _ 3 2 _ 3 _ T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m i a u to m a tic (a ll in ce n tiv e B o tto m in g an d m ak in g B o tto m f ille r s Edge trim m e rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) _ _ 3 _ 73 G oodyear s titc h e rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) _ 3 3 _ 3 _ 2 H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e _ 2 I n c e n t iv e _ 2 In se a m ers (all incentive _ 2 _ I n c e n t i v e F in is h in g B ottom sc o u re rs (all incentive 6 3 ftft 2 j Edge s e tte rs (all incentive T r e e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) : -. i See footnotes at end table.

31 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 5. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress shoes Brockton, M ass.---- Continued (Num ber and average straight-tim e hourly earnings 2 workers in selected occupations, M arch 97) Sex, d e p artm en t, and occupation S e le c te d p r o d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C o n tin u ed N u m b e r w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s o f (2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 $5.80 $6.00 $6.20 $6.40 U n d er w o r k e r s e a r n in g ^ and and (2.00 u n d e r 62.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 $5.80 $6.00 $6.20 $6.40 o v e r M isc ellan eo u s I n s p e c to rs ( c ro w n e rs ) (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) J a n it o r s (a ll tim e w o rk e r s ) 26 $ S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupations w om en F ittin g F a n c y s t i t c h e r s T i m e In c e n tiv e P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f it te r s, u p p e r, h a n d I n c e n t i v e S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s T i m e T o p s t i t c h e r s In c e n tiv e V a m p e r s I n c e n t iv e F in is h in g R e p a i r e r s I n c e n t iv e M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g i r l s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) I n s p e c to r s ( c ro w n e rs ) (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) " " - " - - " _ l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 _ 3 9 _ " 2 " 3 4 ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' " _ i '! ' ' ' " ' ' S e le c te d o ffic e oc cupations wom en C le rk s, g e n e ra l C lerk s, p ay ro ll io3 ' ~ " ' ' ' ' The a re a c o n sists B rid g ew ater, B rockton, M iddleboro, Rockland, and Stoughton, M assach u setts. 2 Excludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 55 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b asis. 3 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 0 a t $.7 0 to $.7 5 ; 2 a t $.7 5 to $.8 0 ; 33 a t $.8 0 to $.8 5 ; a t $.8 5 to $. 90; 46 a t $.9 0 to $.9 5 ; 2 a t $. 95 to $ 2. 4 Includes data fo r w o rk ers in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 5 Insufficient data to w a rra n t p u blication se p ara te av erag es by m ethod wage paym ent, predom inantly incentive w o rk ers. 6 W o rk e rs w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $ 7 to $ and a t $ to $ A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ to $ W o rk e rs w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $ to $ and a t $ to $ W o rk e rs w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $. 80 to $. 90 an d a t $.9 0 to $ 2. 0 W o rk e rs w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 2 a t $. 70 to $. 80 and a t $. 80 to $.9 0.

32 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 6. O ccupational earnings: Men s Goody ear-we It dress shoes Tennessee (N u m b er an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - tim e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s w o rk e rs in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) N um ber w o rk ers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation h ourly $.60 $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.0 0 $2. 0 $2.2 0 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.6 0 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3. 0 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 w o r k e r s earn in g s and u n d e r - - and &.65 &.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.0 0 $2. 0 $2.2 0 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3. 0 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3. 80 $4.00 $4.20 over A ll production w o rk e rs ,40 $ M e n , W o m e n , S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e * _ 6 _ 2 3 L e a t h e r _ 3 _ 3 C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m a c h in e, le a th e r L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ 2 _ _ H eel-seat la s te rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) _ _ 6 P u llo v e r-m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ _ S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e, s ta p le o r tack lastin g (all incentive w o rk e r s ) T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m i a u to m a tic ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) " - " B ottom ing and m aking B ottom fille rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) _ Edge trim m e rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) G oodyear s titc h e rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e _ In c e n tiv e _ _ Ins e arn ers ( all incentive w o rk ers) _ 3 _ 9 4 _ _ 2 4 _ 2 Rough ro u n d ers (all incentive w o r k e r s ) _ _ S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ _ S o le 4 e v e le r s, m a c h in e (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) " F in is h in g Edge s e tte rs ( all incentive w o r ke r s ) " O th e r J a n ito r s (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) _ 2 _ _. M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) : See footnotes at end table.

33 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 6. Occupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress shoes T en n essee---- Continued (Number and average straight-tim e hourly earnings w orkers in selected occupations, M arch 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupations w om en N u m b e r w o r k e r s h o u r ly t e a rn in g s $.6 0 and u n d e r $.6 5 N um ber w o rk ers receiving straig h t* tim e hourly earnings < $.6 5 $.7 0 $.7 5 $.8 0 $. 85 $.9 0 $.9 5 $2.0 0 $2. 0 $2.2 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ $2.9 0 $ $3. 0 $ $ $ $ $ $.7 0 $.75 $.8 0 $.8 5 $.9 0 $.9 5 $2.0 0 $2. 0 $2.2 0 $ $ $ $2.6 0 $ $ $ $ $ 3. 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ o v e r $ and C u ttin g C u tte rs, lining, m achine (all incentiv e w o r k e r s ) L e a t h e r :----- C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, m a c h in e, l e a t h e r F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f it te r s, u p p e r, h a n d S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o rk e rs) Top stitc h e rs ( all incentive V am pers (all incentive w o rk ers) L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) B o tto m in g an d m a k in g 65 $ " l _ _ j! _ l 4 _ 3 _ S h a n k e rs (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s )----- F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s Edge s e tte rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) R e p a i r e r s " i F lo o r g irls (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) - I n p e c to rs ( c ro w n e rs ) T i m e S e le c te d o ffice occupations- w om en C le rk s, g e n e ra l C le r k s, p a y ro ll _ ' E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w o rk on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 79 p ercen t o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s c o v e re d by th e s tu d y w e re p a id on an in c e n tiv e b a s is, 2 Insufficient data to w a rra n t p ublication se p ara te averag es by m ethod wage paym ent, predom inantly incentive w o r k e r s. 3 Includes data fo r w o rk e rs in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately.

34 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 7. Occupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress sh o es W isconsin (Number and average straight-tim 4 hourly earnings workers in selected occupations, M arch 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r w o rk e rs earn in g s $I7So and in d e r $.65 N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s $ T 5 $.70 $.75 $.80 $785 $.90 $795 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 f3740 $3.60 $3780 $4.00 W a o $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 J $3.80 $4.00 $4.40 $4.80 $5.20 o v e r $4.80 $5.20 and A ll production w o rk e rs 3, 982 $ M e n, _ W om en 2, S elected production o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e, le a th e r 2 a / C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m a c h in e, le a th e r *7 In c e n tiv e " L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e I n c e n t iv e _ H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s *Z In c e n tiv e P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ 2 S ta p le o r ta c k la s tin g T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m i a u to m a tic (a ll in ce n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ " - " *8 B ottom ing and m aking E d g e t r i m m e r s _ In c e n tiv e G o o d y e a r s ti tc h e r s ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h i n e _ In c e n tiv e I n s e a m e r s _. 2 _ _ I n c e n t iv e _ J o in t e r s, m a c h in e 2 b / _ R ough r o u n d e r s _ In c e n tiv e F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s _ _. 4 _ 2 In c e n tiv e _ _ 2 E d g e s e t t e r s _ - _ In c e n tiv e " " - " See footnotes at end table.

35 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 7. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress shoes W isco n sin ---- Continued (N u m b e r a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e e a r n i n g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s o f - N u m b e r $.60 $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 HT90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.40 $4.80 $5.20 Sex, d e p artm en t, and occupation hou rly and w o r k e r s e a rn in g si - $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.40 $4.80 $5.20 o v e r S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupation s m en C ontinued M iscellan eo u s I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ) - 28 $ } _ _ ~ M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupations w om en C u ttin g C u tte rs, lining, m achine, In c e n tiv e C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m a c h i n e In c e n tiv e F ittin g F a n c y s t^ t^ h e rs _ P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, " " T nrenfcive _ _ S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r l i n i n g s f n p p f itrlie r s JnrA ntivft... _ _ _ In c e n tiv e ' L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s fo r p u llo v e r, m Br h ip p - _ _ _ In c e n tiv e, _ " H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) B o tto m in g an d m a k in g _ _ See footnotes at end table.

36 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 7. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt dress shoes W isconsin--- Continued E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 72 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b asis. 2 Insufficient data to w a rran t publication sep arate averag es by m ethod wage paym ent; (a) predom inantly tim e w o rk ers, o r (b) predom inantly incentive w o rk ers. 3 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 2 a t $ to $ ; an d 5 a t $ to $ 6. 4 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $ to $ ; and a t $ to $ 6. 5 Includes d ata fo r w o rk e rs in c lassificatio n in addition to those shown separately. 6 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 2 a t $ to $ 5. 60; 2 a t $ to $ 6 ; 2 a t $6 to $ 6. 40; an d 2 a t $ an d o v e r.

37 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 8. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-w elt work shoes all establishm ents (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e earn in g s w orkers in selected occupations, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) U n ited S ta te s 2 New E n g la n d G r e a t L a k e s D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex N um ber H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings w o rk ers M ean M edian M iddle range w o r k e r s M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e 3 34 $2.42 $2.9 $.90 $2.7 4 $2.5 $2.3 4 $.96 $ $3.06 $2.6 $2.44 $3.37 M e n W o m e n L e a th e r M e n W nmftti C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m ac h in e ^ e n W o m e n TlAfl tllat* M e n W o m e n F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s (4 m e n, 234 w o m e n ) P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h an d ( m a n, 46 w o m e n ) S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s (2 m e n, 09 w o m e n ) T op s ti tc h e r s (3 m e n, 256 w o m e n ) V a m p e rs (9 m e n, 223 w o m e n ) L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s fo r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e Ivlcn ^ r H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s M e n P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ( a ll m e n ) Side la s te rs, m achine (77 m en, 3 w om en ) Staple o r tack lastin g (76 m en, 2 w om en ) T oe l a s tin g, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic (9 m e n, w o m an ) B o tto m an d m a k in g B o tto m f i l l e r s (0 m e n, 8 w o m e n ) E d g e t r i m m e r s (89 m e n, w o m a n ) G oodyear s titc h e rs (22 m en, 5 wom en ) H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h in e (52 m e n, 3 w om en) I n s e a m e r s (6 4 m e n, 3 w o m en ) R ough r o u n d e r s (62 m e n, 7 w o m en) r S h a n k e rs (2 m e n, 4 w o m e n ) Sole a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (24 m e n, 25 w o m e n )-! F in is h in g E d g e s e tt e r s (3 m e n, 2 w o m en ) R e p a ire r s (5 m e n, 65 w o m en ) T r e e r s (6 m e n, 36 w o m e n ) S ee fo o tn o tes at end o f ta b le.

38 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 8. O ccupational earnings: M en s Goodyear-welt work sh o es all establishm ents----continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e earnings w o rk ers in selected occupations, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) United S ta te s 2 New England G reat Lakes D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex N u m b er w o rk e rs H ourly earnings N um ber H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H ourly earnings M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range Selected production occupations C ontinued M isc e lla n e o u s F lo o r b o y s (o r g i r l s ) $2.6 $2.06 $2.00 $ $2.2 $2.05 $2.00 $ $ 2.32 $2.2 $2.06 $2.49 W o m e n I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ) M e n W om en J a n ito r s (40 m e n, 6 w o m en ) _ M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll m e n ) " S e le c te d o ffic e o c c u p a tio n s C le r k s, g e n e ra l ( a ll w o m en ) C le r k s, p a y ro ll ( a ll w o m e n ) E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w eekends, h o lid a y s, and la te s h if ts. See a p p e n d ix A f o r m eth o d u s e d to co m p u te m e a n s, m e d ia n s, an d m id d le ra n g e s e a rn in g s. M eans and m iddle ran g es a re not provided fo r jobs with few er than 5 w orkers in a region. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes w o rk ers in cla ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D a sh e s in d ica te no data rep o rted or data that do not m eet pub lication c r ite r ia.

39 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 9. O ccupational earnings: M en s cem ent-process shoes all establishm ents (N um ber and a v erag e stra ig h t - tim e earn in g s in selected occupations, United States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) U nited S ta te s2 New England G reat Lakes D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex N um ber H ourly earnings N um ber H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H o u rly e a rn in g s w o rk ers M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e (92 m e n. 48 w o m e n ) $2.68 $2.44 $.99 $ $2.90 $2.6 $2.23 $ S y n th e tic s (29 m e n, 0 w o m e n ) C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m a c h in e, l e a t h e r $3.87 $3.72 $2.97 $ W o m e n F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s ( m a n, 59 w o m en) P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h an d ( m a n, 282 w om en) _ ~ S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s (2 m e n, 256 w o m en) T op s titc h e r s ( a ll w om en) V a m p e rs (9 m e n, 430 w o m en ) L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e M e n H e e l s e a t l a s t e r s (5 m e n, w o m en) " P u llin g a n d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (5 m e n, 7 w om en) T oe to b a ll (27 m e n, 7 w o m en ) P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (46 m e n, 7 w o m e n ) Side la s te rs, m achine (0 m en, 22 w om en ) Staple o r tack lastin g (38 m en, 8 wom en ) S C e m e n t la s tin g (72 m e n, 4 w o m en) " T oe l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic (a ll m e n ) " - - B o tto m an d m a k in g E d g e t r i m m e r s (02 m e n, 22 w o m en ) r G o o d y e a r s titc h e r s ( a ll m e n ) H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h in e (64 m e n, 4 w om en) L ittle w a y s titc h e r s ( a ll m e n ) R ough r o u n d e r s (37 m e n, 2 w o m e n ) S h a n k e rs (2 m e n, 6 w o m en ) S ole a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (36 m e n, 38 w o m e n ) F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s (36 m e n, 2 w o m e n ) E d g e s e t t e r s (55 m e n, 9 w om en) ~ R e p a ire r s (7 m e n, 44 w o m e n ) T r e e r s (2 m e n, 208 w o m e n ) M isc e lla n e o u s F lo o r b o y s o r g i r l s W o m e n I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ) W o m e n J a n ito r s (89 m e n, 3 w o m e n ) M echanics, m aintenance (93 m en, 2 wom en) E x c lu d e s p re m iu m p a y f o r o v e rtim e an d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, an d la te s h ifts. See a p p e n d ix A f o r m e th o d u s e d to co m p u te m e a n s, m e d ia n s, an d m id d le ra n g e s r a t e s. M eans and m iddle ran g es a re not provided fo r jobs w ith few er than 5 w o rk ers in a region. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 Includes d ata fo r c la ssifica tio n s in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D a sh e s in d icate no data or data that do not m ee t publication c r ite ria.

40 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 20. O ccupational earnings: W o m e n s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes all establishm ents (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t- tim e earnings w o rk ers in selected occupations, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) U nited States 2 New England M iddle A tlantic B order States D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex N u m b er w o rk e rs H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H ourly earn in g s N um ber H ourly earnings M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w orkers M ean M edian M iddle range S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e 627 $2.93 $2.74 $ 2.l6 - $ $ $3.53 $ $ $3.07 $2.95 $2.3 $ $2.5 $2.4 $.73 $2.43 M e n _ W o m e n L eath er _ M e n _ W o m e n S y n th e tic s _ M en _ W o m e n ~ ~ _ C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le s h o e, h a n d _ M en _ C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m achine , M e n, W om en L e a t h e r, M e n _ W o m e n S y n th e tic s _ M en -_ _ W o m en ~ ~ - - F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s , , M en _ W o m e n , , P a s te rs, b a c k e rs, o r fitte rs, u p p er, h a n d 2, M e n W o m en , S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s M e n _ W omen T o p s titc h e r s - -, M e n _ W o m e n, V a m p e rs W o m e n b L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e M e n W o m e n B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (266 m e n, 5 w o m e n ) H e e l-se a t la s te rs (24 m en, 33 wom en ) _ P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (430 m e n, 24 w o m e n )3 _ Toe to b all (362 m en, 2 wom en ) P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (6 m e n, 9 w o m en), r _ Side la s te rs, m achine (863 m en, 48 w om en) Staple o r tack lastin g (658 m e n, 27 w o m e n ) C em ent lastin g (205 m en, 2 w om en ) T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic _ _ M en See fo o tn o tes a t end ta b le. '

41 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 20. O ccupational earnings: W o m e n s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes all establishm ents--- Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e earn in g s w o rk ers in selected occupations* U nited States and selected regions* M arch 97) United States 2 New England M iddle A tlantic B o rd er States D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex N u m b e r w o r k e r s H ourly earnings N um ber H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H ourly earn in g s N um ber H ourly earnings M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk ers M ean M edian M iddle range S elected production occupations Continued B o tto m an d m a k in g B o tto m f i l l e r s 94 $2.35 $2.03 $.82 $2.73 $2.37 _ 30 $2.35 $.99 $.6 4 -$ $2.33 _ M en _ W o m e n _ E d g e t r i m m e r s $2.90 $2.38 $ $2.3 $.92 $3.0 M e n W o m e n _. G o o d y e a r s t i t c h e r s M e n H e e l a tta c h e rs * m a c h in e M e n _ W o m e n _ L ittle w a y s ti c h e r s (35 m e n, 2 w o m en ) _ - R ough r o u n d e r s _ - M en r W o m e n S h a n k e rs M e n _ W o m e n _ - _ S ole a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s M e n W o m e n F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s _ _ M e n _ W o m e n _ _ E d g e s e t t e r s _ M e n _ R e p a i r e r s ,, W o m e n ,, I ! T r e e r s M e n _ W o m en * M isc e lla n e o u s F lo o r b o y s ( o r g i r l s ) _,, M e n W o m e n I n s p e c to rs ( c r o w n e r s ) M e n _. - - W o m e n , T a r i t f t r s M e n M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll m en ) O ffice jo b s C le r k s, g e n e r a l W o m en C l e r k s, p a y ro ll (a ll w o m e n ) _. _ S te n o g ra p h e rs, g e n e ra l (a ll w o m en ) See fo o tn o tes a t end ta b le.

42 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 20. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sho es all establishm ents----continued (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t- tim e earn in g s w orkers in selected occupations, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) Southwest G reat Lakes M iddle W est Pacific D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex Num ber w o rk e rs H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle ran g e w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e 27 $2.45 $2.32 $2.06 $ $2.43 $2.25 $.86 $ $2.7 $2.62 $ $ $3.03 M e n W o m e n L e a th e r M e n W o m en S y n th e tic s W o m e n _ C u tte r s, v a m p an d w hole s h o e, h a n d M e n C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m achine $3.28 $2.93 $4.02 M e n W o m e n _ L e a th e r M e n W o m e n S y n th e tic s r W o m en " " " " " F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s ~ M e n W o m e n P a s te rs, b a c k e rs, or fitte rs, u p p er, h a n d W o m e n S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r l in i n g s M e n W o m en Top s titc h e r s M e n _ _ W o m e n V a m p e rs M e n W o m e n L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s fo r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e _. M e n _ W o m e n «_ H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s Pulling and lastin g - m ach in e o p e ra to rs _ T o e to b a ll P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s _. _ Side l a s t e r s, m a c h in e r S ta p le o r ta c k l a s t in g r _ T oe l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic M en _ S ee fo o tn o tes at end table, '

43 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 20. O ccupational earnings: W o m e n s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes all establishm ents Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e earn in g s w o rk ers in selected occupations. U nited States and selected reg io n s. M arch 97) Southwest G reat Lakes M iddle W est P acific D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s C o n tin u e d B o tto m an d m a k in g N um ber w o r k e r s H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings N um ber H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b e r H ourly earnings M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range B o tto m f i l l e r s - 20 $2.45 $2.37 $.90 $ $2.0 _ - - _ W om en E d g e t r i m m e r s 9 $ $3.3 $2.3 8 $ $ M e n _ W o m e n. _ _ - _ H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e $3.28 $ $ M e n _ W o m e n _ - _ R o u g h r o u n d e r s S h a n k e r 8 _ _ M e n W o m e n S ole a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s $2.97 $2.54 $3.50 M e n _ W o m e n F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s _ _ M e n E d g e s e t t e r s M en _ R e p a i r e r s W o m e n rpr «.»r p _ W o m e n M isc e lla n e o u s F lo o r b o y s (o r g i r l s ) _ M en _ W om en I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ) M en W o m e n r Ja n ito rs., _ - M en W om en.60 _ M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e ( a ll m e n ) _ O ffice jo b s C le r k s, g e n e r a l _ - _ _ - _ - _ W o m e n C le r k s, p a y ro ll ( a ll w o m en ) S te n o g ra p h e rs, g e n e ra l (a ll w o m e n ) ~ " ~ ~ E x c lu d e s p re m iu m p a y f o r o v e rtim e an d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h if ts. See a p p e n d ix A fo r m eth o d u s e d to co m p u te m e a n s, m e d ia n s, an d m id d le ra n g e s e a rn in g s. M eans and m iddle ran g es a re not provided fo r jobs w ith few er than 5 w orkers in a region. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 Includes w o rk ers in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D a sh e s in d ica te no data rep o rted or data that do not m ee t publication c r ite r ia.

44 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sh o es by size community (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t- tim e earnings w o rk ers in selected occupations, U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) United States New England M iddle A tlantic Sex, d e p artm en t, and occupation M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s N u m b er w o rk e rs e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o rk e rs e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o rk e rs e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o rk e rs e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o rk e rs hou rly e a rn in g s N u m b er w o rk e rs e a rn in g s M en C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e 88 $ $ $ $ $3.6 2 $2.79 C u tte r s, v a m p an d w hole s h o e, h a n d C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m achine L e a th e r S y n th e tic s L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s : T o e to b a l l P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s S ide l a s t e r s, m a c h in e S ta p le o r ta c k l a s t in g C e m e n t la s tin g Toe la s te rs, autom atic o r se m ia u to m a tic B o tto m an d m ak in g E d g e t r i m m e r s H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e R ough r o u n d e r s S hanke r s S ole a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s O th e r F lo o r boys.!--- _ I n s p e c to rs ( c r o w n e r s ) J a n it o r s W om en C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m achine L e a th e r S y n th e tic s F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s , , P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d , S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s T op s titc h e r s , V a m p e rs L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e B o tto m an d m a k in g S hanke r s S ole a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s F in is h in g R e p a ire r s T r e e r s M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g i r l s I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ) S ee fo o tn o tes a t end ta b le.

45 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 2. O ccupational earnings: W o m e n s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes by size com m unity----continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e earn in g s w o rk ers in selected occupations. U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation M en C u ttin g B order States Southwest G reat Lakes M iddle W est P acific N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s M e tro p o lita n a re a s N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s N u m b er w o rk e rs e a rn in g s C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e 2 $ _ 37 $2.58 $3.6 C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le s h o e, h a n d C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le s h o e, m a c h in e $ L e a t h e r L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s $ P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s : T oe to b a l l P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _ 3.37 _ S ide l a s t e r s, m a c h in e S ta p le o r ta c k la s tin g _ 3.0 _ C e m e n t l a s t in g T oe l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic Bottom and m aking E d g e t r i m m e r s H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h in e R ough r o u n d e r s S h a n k e rs S ole a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s O th e r F lo o r b o y s _ I n s p e c to r s (c r o w n e r s ) _ J a n i t o r s W om en C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le s h o e, m a c h in e _ L e a t h e r S y n th e tic s F ittin g F a n c y s t i t c h e r s P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s T op s t i t c h e r s V a m p e r s L a s tin g N u m b e r w o rk e rs e a rn in g s N u m b er w o rk e rs A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e B o tto m an d m a k in g S h a n k e rs _ S ole a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s F in is h in g Re p a ir e r s T r e e r s M isc e lla n e o u s F lo o r g i r l s I n s p e c to r s ( c r o w n e r s ) " ~ E xcludes prem ium pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes d ata for reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. NO TE: D a sh e s in d ica te no data r ep o rted or data that do not m ee t publication c r ite r ia. e a rn in g s N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s

46 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 22. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes by size establishment (N u m b er an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, U n ited S ta te s an d s e le c te d r e g io n s, M a rc h 97) U nited S tates 2 New E ngland M iddle A tlantic E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith B o rd er States G reat Lakes M iddle W est w orkers w o rk ers w o rk ers w o rk ers 250 w o rk ers 250 w o rk ers S ex, d e p a rtm e n t, an d o c c u p a tio n w o rlt e r s o r m o re w o rlc e rs o r mto re w o r k e r s o r m o re w o r k e r s o r m o re o r m o re o r m o re M en C u ttin g N um - A v e r- N u m - A v e r- N u m - A v e r- N u m - A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N um A v e r b e r age b e r a g e b e r age b e r a g e b e r age b e r age b e r age b e r age b e r age b e r age hourly hourly hou rly hourly h ourly hourly hourly h ourly hourly hourly w o rk - e a rn - w o rk - e a rn - w o rk - e a r n - w o rk - e a r n w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n e r s,-.a g g.. e r s m g g e r s in g s e r s in g s e r s in g s e r s in g s e r s in g s e r s in g s e r s in g s e r s in g s C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e 06 $ $ $ $ $ $2.95 _ 38 $2.67 C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, h a n d C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m ac h in e _ L e a th e r _ S y n th e tic s L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s _ H e e l-se a t la s te rs $ $ P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s : T o e to b a ll -.. _ P u llo v e r - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s Side la s te rs, m achine $ Staple o r tack lastin g _ C e m e n t l a s t in g _ Toe la s te rs, autom atic o r sem iau to m atic B o tto m an d m ak in g Edge trim m e rs n H eel a tta c h e rs, m achine _ Rough ro u n d ers _ _ S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s F in is h in g T r e e r s O th e r F lo o r boys I n s p e c to rs ( c ro w n e rs ) _ J a n i t o r s _ W om en C u ttin g C u tte rs, lining, m achine C u tte rs, vam p and w hole shoe, m ac h in e L eath er S y n th e tic s. _ F ittin g F ancy « , ' P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, up p er, hand , _ S k iv ers, m achine, u p p ers o r linings Top stitc h e rs , * V a m p e r, See footnotes at end table.

47 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 22. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes by size establishm ent----continued (N u m b e r a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e e a r n i n g s o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s, U n ited S ta te s an d s e le c te d r e g io n s, M a rc h 97) U nited S tates 2 New E ngland M iddle A tlantic B o rd er S tates G reat L akes M iddle W est E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s w o rk e rs N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age hou rly e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n in g w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age hou rly e a r n in g s 250 w o rk e rs o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s W o m e n C o n tin u e d L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e $ $ $ $ $ $ $2.56 B o tto m an d m ak in g S h a n k e r s $ $ _ S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s F in is h in g R e p a ire r T r e e r s $ O th e r F lo o r g i r l s I n s p e c to rs (c ro w n e r s) E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to th o se shown sep arately. NO TE: D ashes ind icate no d ata rep o rted o r data th at do not m eet publication c rite ria.

48 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 23. Occupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes by size establishm ent and size com m unity (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t- tim e earnings w o rk ers in selected occupations. U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) U nited States 2 New England M iddle A tlantic B o rd er S tates G reat L akes M iddle W est E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith S e x, d e p a rtm e n t, o c c u p a tio n, an d c o m m u n ity s iz e N u m b e r w o r k e r s w o rk e rs A v e r age e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r a g e e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r ag e e a r n in g s w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r a g e e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r ag e e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r a g e e a r n in g s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r age e a r n ings 250 w o rk e rs o r m o re N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r a g e e a r n in g s M en C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s 87 $ $ $ $ $ $ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s $2.66 C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le s h o e, m a c h in e :3 M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s L e a th e r : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s " L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s fo r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s H e e l- s e a t l a s t e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s _ - N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s $ $ $2.85 P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s : T o e to b a ll: M e tro p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e :3 M e tro p o lita n a r e a s _. _ N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g a r e a s Staple o r tac k lastin g : - M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s " B o tto m an d m a k in g E d g e t r i m m e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s _ S h a n k e rs : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s S ole a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s M iscellan eo u s J a n ito r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s ~ See fo o tn o tes at end ta b le.

49 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 23. O ccupational earnings: W o m e n s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes by size establishm ent and size com m unity Continued (N u m b er a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, U n ited S ta te s an d s e le c te d r e g io n s, M a rc h 97) U nited States 2 New England M iddle A tlantic B o rd er S tates G reat L akes M iddle W est E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith S e x, d e p a rtm e n t, o c c u p a tio n, an d c o m m u n ity s iz e w o rk ers w o rk ers w o rk ers 250 w o rk ers 250 w o rk ers 250 w orkers w o r k e r s o r m o re w o rk e rs o r m o re w o r k e r s o r m o re o r m o re o r m o re o r m o re N u m - A v e r - N u m - A v e r - N u m - A v e r - N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r b er age b er age b er age b er age b er age b er age b er age b er age b er age hourly hourly h ourly hou rly hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly w o rk - e a r n - w o rk - e a r n - w o rk - e a r n - w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n w o r k e a r n e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings W om en C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s 33 $ $ $ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s " 9 $ $ $ $2.79 F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s $ $ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s , P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h an d : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s 86.95, S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s T o p s ti tc h e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s V a m p e rs : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s B o tto m an d m a k in g S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t-p r o c e s s : M etropnlitan a rs a s _ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s F in is h in g R e p a i r e r s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g i r l s : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s I n s p e c to rs ( c ro w n e rs ): M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s * E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, or late sh ifts. 2 Includes data fo r reg io n s in addition to th o se shown sep arately. 3 Includes w o rk ers in c la ssifica tio n s in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria.

50 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis ii T a b le 24. O ccupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Maine (N u m b er an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r w o r k e r s e a rn in g s $.6 0 and u n d e r $.6 5 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s $.6 5 $.7 0 $.7 5 $.8 0 $.8 5 $.9 0 $.9 5 $2.0 0 >2. 0 $2. 20 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $3. 0 $ $ $ $3. 80 $4. 00 $ $.7 0 $.7 5 $. 80 $.8 5 $.9 0 $.9 5 $2.0 0 $ $ $2*40 $ $ $ $ $ $ $3. 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ and o v e r A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 892 $ M en , W o m e n , S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e _ 3 _ _ - _ 3 _ 2 _ S y n th e tic s _ 2 I n c e n t iv e _ 3 C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, m achine, le a th e r (all incentive w o r k e r s ) " i j L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) l _ 3 2 l _ H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e 4 2 w o r k e r s ) _ 4 P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e 3 2 o p e r a to r s, to e to b a ll (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ - _ > 2 _ P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s c S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e ! 38 2 _ j I n c e n t iv e S ta p le o r ta c k l a s t i n g Inc e n tiv e T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r sem iau to m atic (all incentive w o r k e r s ) " B o tto m in g an d m ak in g _ 4 _!! 4 j 2 3? 76 2 H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e 4 " (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ Sh a n k e r s _ 2 _ 2 I n c e n t i v e _ 2 _ S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s _ - _ _ 5 3 j " F in is h in g T r e e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) M isc e lla n e o u s F lo o r b o y s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) j 7 J a n it o r s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) _ M e ch a n ic s, m a in ten a n c e See footnotes at end table.

51 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 24. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Maine---- Continued (N u m b e r an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s, M a rc h 97) 23 Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s h o u r ly x e a rn in g s $.6 0 an d u n d e r $.6 5 N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s o f $.6 5 $.7 0 $.7 5 $.8 0 $.8 5 $.90 $.9 5 $2. 00 $2. 0 $2.20 $ $ $ $2.60 $ $ $2.90 $ $3. 0 $ $ $ $ $ $4. 2C $.7 0 $.7 5 $.8 0 $.8 5 $.9 0 $.9 9 $2.00 $2. 0 $2.20 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $3. 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ and o v e r S elected production occupations w om en C u ttin g C u tte rs, lining, m achine l 2 S y n th e tic s C u tte rs, vam p and w hole shoe, m achine, le a th e r (all incentive w o r k e r s ) ~ 4 " " ~ 2 " " " " F ittin g F a n c y s t i t c h e r s I n c e n t i v e P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d Inc e n tiv e " S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r l in in g s " In c e n tiv e " T o p s t i t c h e r s I n c e n t iv e _ V a m p e r s " In c e n tiv e " " 2 " L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e " " " * " " ' B ottom ing and m aking S h a n k e rs " " 2 * l 3 3 In c e n tiv e S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s 3 0 (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) " " " 33 ' F in is h in g R e p a ire r s T i m e M iscellan eo u s F lo p r g irls (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) I n s p e c to rs ( c r o w n e r s ) T i m e " " " " " " " S e le c te d o ffic e oc cupations w om en C le r k s, g e n e ra l C le r k s, p a y r o l l E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 65 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on incentive b asis. 2 Includes d ata fo r w o rk e rs in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $ to $ an d 2 a t $ to $

52 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 25. O ccupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Boston Lynn, M ass. (Num ber and average straight-tim e hourly earnin gs2 workers in selected occupations, M arch 97) N u m b e r o f worik e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s N u m b e r Sex, d epartm ent, and occupation $l.bu hourly $.65 $.7U $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2. 2(F $2.40 T2.5C $2.80 $3.20 $3.40 $ L 6?r 0 (5 - T O C T O C T O C T O C $5.00 $5.20 w o rk ers and earnings^ u n d e r - and $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 o v e r S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g * 662, 23 $ ~ S ynthetics ( all incentive " C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, " * S ynthetics ( all incentive 2 2 " _ F ittin g T o p s ti tc h e r s 5 b / L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o rk e rs) P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _ * _. 5 2 j » i a 2 m O* 3 * " * _ " " _ C e m e n t l a s t i n g " * I n c e n t iv e ~ T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m i a u to m a tic ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ Bottom ing and m aking H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h in e i _ j S hankers (all incentive w o rk ers) j " : 2 " " - - i - S ole a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s - ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o rk e rs) See footnotes at end table.

53 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 25. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sho es Boston Lynn, M ass.---- Continued (Num ber and average straight-tim e hourly ea rn in g s2 w orkers in selected occupations, M arch 97) N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f $.60 $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 Sex, d epartm ent, and occupation $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 * $2750 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3740 $ W $4700 $5720 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $ O 0T$5720 w o r k e r s e a rn in g s 2 u n d e r and $.65 $. 70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.40 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 over S elected production occupations m e n -C o n tin u e d F in is h in g T r e e r s ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o rk e rs) $ M is c e lla n e o u s F lo o r b o y s ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) _! _ 5 2 I n s p e c to r s ( c ro w n e rs ) ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s - w o m en F ittin g _ 5 _ _ In c e n tiv e _ _ P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f it te r s, u p p e r, h a n d _ 5 _ _ _. _ _ 2 S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s _ l 2 2 " Top s titc h e rs ( all incentive " " w o r k e r s ) F in is h in g M iscellan eo u s j F lo o r g i r l s j _ 9 " 5 5 I n s p e c to r s ( c ro w n e rs ) 5a / S e le c te d o ffic e o c c u p a tio n s w o m en The B oston-l ynn a re a co n sists Boston, C am bridge, E verett, Lynn, Salem, and W akefield, M assach u setts. 2 E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 6 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b a s is. 7 r 3 Includes data fo r w o rk e rs in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 4 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $ to $ an d a t $ to $ Insufficient data to w a rra n t p ublication se p ara te av erag es by m ethod wage paym ent; (a) predom inantly tim ew o rk ers, o r (b) predom inantly incentive w o rk ers. 6 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $ to $ and a t $ to $ W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $ to $5. 40; a t $ to $ 5. 60; a t $ to $ ; an d a t $ to $

54 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 26. Occupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Haverhill, Mass. (N um ber and a v erag e stra ig h t - tim e earnings 2 w orkers in selected occupations, M arch 97) Sex, dep artm en t, and occupation A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s M e n S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e I n c e n t i v e C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, m a c h in e (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) S y n th e tic s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) L a s tin g B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) - S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e, c e m e n t la s tin g ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) - B ottom ing and m aking S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s ol $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 o f $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $ $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 and w orkers earnings3 u n d e r and $.80 $.85 I M P. $-95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2-50 $2.60 $ $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 o v e r $ U " " ~ " " _ 2. _ _ * <2 F in is h in g T r e e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n oc c u p a tio n s w o m e n * > F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s I n c e n t i v e P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f itte r s, u p p e r, h a n d In c e n tiv e T o p s t i t c h e r s In c e n tiv e F in is h in g R e p a ir e r s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) l " _ ~ M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g i r l s ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) - S e le c te d o ffic e occupations w om en C le r k s, g e n e ra l C le rk s, p a y r o l l * " " 3 4 ' * * The a re a is lim ited to the city H averhill, M assachusetts. 2 Excludes p rem iu m pay for o v ertim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. A pproxim ately 75 p e rc e n t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b asis. Includes data fo r w o rk ers in cla ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 4 W orkers w ere d istrib u ted as follow s: at $5 to $5. 20 and at $ to $ In c lu d e s w o r k e r a t $.6 0 to $

55 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 27. Occupational earnings: W o m en s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Law rence Lowell, Mass. (Num ber and average straight-tim e hourly earnings 2 w orkers in selected occupations, M arch 97) Sex, d e p a rtm e n t, an d o c c u p a tio n N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s o f N u m b e r h o u r ly $.60 $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $ $ $37W $3720 $3.40 $3780 $3780 $4700 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $ 0 0 w o r k e r s e a rn in g s 2 and $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 o v e r 3, 34 $ , , S elected production occupations m e n C u ttin g C u tters, lining, m achine (all j j " Z z 2 2 S y n t h e t i c s ! 93. _ I I 2 C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, * J 3 3 L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e In c e n tiv e ! 42 _ 2 I l } l P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s, to e to b a ll _ 2 _ 2 2 S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ _ C e m e n t l a s t i n g B o tto m in g an d m ak in g _ 2 3 _ j _ 2 - S o le a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s S elected p ro duction occupations w o m e n F ittin g Fancy stitc h e rs _ _ P a s te r s, b a c k e r s, o r f it te r s, _ _ _! 2 S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ 2 _ 2 _ In c e n tiv e * " See footnotes at end table.

56 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 27. O ccupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sho es Law rence Lowell, M ass.---- Continued (Num ber and average straight-tim e hourly earnings 2 workers in selected occupations, M arch 97) The a re a fo r th is study is lim ited to Law rence and Lowell, M assachusetts. 2 E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 64 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b a s is. 3 W o rk e rs w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: a t $5 to $5. 20; a t $5. 20 to $ ; an d a t $5. 40 to $ Includes data fo r w o rk e rs in classificatio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 5 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 3 a t $ to $5; 2 a t $5 to $ ; 2 a t $ to $ ; a t $ to $ ; 2 a t $ to $ ; an d a t $ to $ W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 5 a t $4. 80 to $5; 3 a t $5 to $5. 20; 3 a t $ to $ 5. 40; an d 2 a t $ to $ Insufficient data to w a rra n t publication sep arate averag es by m ethod wage paym ent, predom inantly incentive w o rk e rs.

57 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 28. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cement-process (conventional-lasted) sho es Southeastern New Ham pshire (N u m b e r an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g is tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b e r $.6 0 $ 0 5 $.7 0 $T7T5 $.8 0 $.8 5 $.9 0 $.9 5 $2.00 $2. 0 $2.20 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $3740 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ o f h o u r ly w o r k e r s e a rn in g s 2 and $.6 5 $.7 0 $.7 5 $.8 0 $.8 5 $.9 0 $.9 5 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ o v e r A ll production w o rk e rs , 85 $ M e n , W o m e n , S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e In c e n tiv e S y n th e tic s In c e n tiv e C u tte rs, vam p and w hole shoe, m a c h i n e * I n c e n t iv e S y n th e tic s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r m a c h in e I n c e n t iv e H e e l - s e a t l a s t e r s I n c e n t iv e P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o rk e rs)? T o e to b a l l Q g Side la s te rs, m achine (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) S ta p le o r ta c k l a s t i n g C e m e n t l a s t i n g T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m i a u to m a tic (all in ce n tiv e w o r k e r s ) B o tto m in g an d m a k in g E d g e t r i m m e r s In c e n tiv e H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h i n e In c e n tiv e Rough ro u n d ers (all incentive Sh a n k e rs I n c e n t iv e S o le a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) F in is h in g T r e e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) M iscellan eo u s j j U q 3 4 l J a n ito r s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) " " " 3 " " ~ " " " " " " See footnotes at end tab le.

58 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 28. O ccupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Southeastern New H am pshire Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e earnings 2 w o rk ers in selected occupations, M arch 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s N u m b e r $.6 0 $.6 5 $.70 $.7 5 $.8 0 $.8 5 $.9 0 $.95 $ 2.00 $2. 0 $2.2 0 $ $ $ $2.6 0 $ $ $ $ $5780 $4.0 0 $ 7Zff P75TT H. So w o rk ers and earnings2under $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 over S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupations wom en C u ttin g C u tte rs, lining, m achine, s y n th e t ic s I n c e n t iv e F ittin g F a n c y s t i t c h e r s I n c e n t iv e P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d T i m e I n c e n t iv e S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r l i n i n g s In c e n tiv e Top s titc h e rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) V a m p e r s I n c e n t i v e L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) B o tto m in g an d m a k in g H eel attach e rs, m achine (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) S h a n k e rs (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) F in is h in g R e p a i r e r s T i m e I n c e n t i v e M isc e lla n e o u s F lo o r g i r l s T im e I n s p e c to rs ( c r o w n e r s ) T i m e S e le c te d o ffic e occupations w om en C le r k s, g e n e r a l C le r k s, p a y r o l l $ " - " 3 " n ! _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ " " _ I - I ' _ _ " " _ 4 _ " " " " " " " " " " " " S o u th e a s te rn N ew H a m p s h ir e c o n s is ts th e a r e a e x ten d in g s o u th fro m F a rm in g to n an d P itts f ie ld and e a s t f ro m M a n c h e s te r an d N a sh u a, N.H. 2 E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 75 p ercen t the production w o rk ers cov ered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b asis. 3 Includes data fo r w o rk ers in classificatio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 4 W o rk e r s w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 2 a t $ to $ 5 ; 2 a t $5 to $ ; a t $ to $ ; a t $ to $ ; 2 a t $ to $ ; a t $ to $6 and 2 a t $ and o v e r. 5 W o rk e rs w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 4 a t $ to $ 5 ; 4 a t $ 5 to ; 4 a t $ to $ ; 2 a t $ to $ ; 5 a t $ to $ ; 4 a t $ to $ 6; 2 a t $6 to $ 6.20 and 3 a t $ 6.20 an d o v e r.

59 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 29. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sho es New York, N.Y. (N u m b e r an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d e p artm en t, and occupation Of w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s $.90 $.95 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.40 $5.80 e a rn in g s ' an d $.90 under - - and $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.40 $5.80 o v e r * L o o A ll production w o rk e rs ,073 $ , _ 5 S elected production oc cupation s -m en C u ttin g C u tte rs, lining, m achine _ _ - C u tte rs, vam p and w hole shoe, In c e n tiv e F ittin g P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f it t e r s, ypp^t j ViflnH In c e n tiv e S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e r s o r lin in g s * _ In c e n tiv e T o p s titc h e r s _ 2 _.. _ 2 - _ _ _ 2 2 _ _ _ L a s tin g B e d -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s In c e n tiv e j - P u ftybt-nn?',*' T' e o p e r a to r s In c e n tiv e _ _ _ T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic In c e n tiv e _ 2 B ottom ing and m aking Edge trim m e rs ( all incentive w o r k e r s ) H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h in e (gll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) * _ _ - _ R ough r o u n d e r s In c e n tiv e _ S h a n k e rs (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) * * * S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) * * * " F in is h in g B o tto m s c o u r e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ Edge s e tte rs ( all incentive w o r k e r s) llt * -. - _ _ - R e p a ir e r s _ _ 4 _ 2 2 * _ See footnotes at end tab le.

60 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 29. O ccupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sh o e s New York, N.Y.---- Continued (N u m b er a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s "$790 TT95 $2.00 l E T o $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.40 $5.80 rfrid<*r w o rk e rs e a r n in g s 2 and $.90 u n d e r $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2,70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.40 $5.80 o v e r S elected production oc c u p a tio n s m e n r C o n tin u e d M iscellan eo u s TnapA rm ra ^rrnw nrfi 20 $ _ 2 In c e n tiv e J a n ito r s ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupations w om en F ittin g P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d _ - _ 3 2 _ T i m e _ _ 2 2 In c e n tiv e M isc e lla n e o u s F l o o r g i r l s T im e In c e n tiv e S e le c te d o ffic e occupations wom en C le r k s, p a y r o l l The New Y ork Standard M etropolitan S tatistical A rea co n sists New York C ity (Bronx, Kings, New York, Q ueens, and Richm ond C ounties) and N assau, R ockland Suffolk and W estchester C o u n tie s, N.Y. 2 E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 63 p ercen t the production w o rk e rs cov ered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b asis. 3 Includes d ata for w o rk e rs in classificatio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 4 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ to $ A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ to $ W orkers w ere d istrib u te d a s follow s: 2 at $5. 80 to $6. 20; 8 at $6. 20 to $6. 60; and 3 at $6. 60 and over.

61 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 30. O ccupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sh o e s A rkansas (N u m b e r a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d e p artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s o f $.60 $.65 W 7 0 W 7 5 $ re o $785 ^790 ^795 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $ 0 0 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2780 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3780 $3780 $4.00 $4.20 $4.46 w o r k e r s e a rn in g s u n d e r an d $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2A 0 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.4Q o v e r A ll production w o rk e rs 2,962 $ , S elected production o c c u p a tio n s m e n Cutting 2 C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s fo r p u llo v e r, m a c h i n e In c e n tiv e H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s P u llin g a n d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra - f n r < fnp fn h a ll ^ o P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _ 4 2 3! 2 S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e S ta p le o r ta c k la s tin g Bottom ing and m aking 2! i E d g e t r i m m e r s _ - _ 3 _ *3 H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h i n e RmigVi ro u n d e r a, x Sha nicer r _ S o le a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s i " -! F in is h in g 2 B o tto m s c o u r e r s M iscellan eo u s., I n s p e c to rs ( c ro w n e rs ) J a n i t o r s M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupations wom en Cutting 2 C u tte r r, lin in g, m a c h in e _ 2 _ 3 5 _ 3 _ 2 L eath er _ - 3 _ _ _ C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m a c h in e T.eather _ _ See footnotes at end table.

62 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 30. O ccupational earnings: W o m e n s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sh o e s A rk a n sa s--- Continued (N u m b er an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e e a r n i n g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 83 p ercen t the production w orke 'rs covered by th e study w ere paid on an incentive b asis. 2 A ll w o rk e rs w ere paid on an incentive b asis. 3 W orkers w ere d istrib u te d a s follow s: 2 at $4. 60 to $4. 80; and 2 at $5 to $ Includes d ata fo r w o rk e rs in cla ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 5 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ to $ A ll w o r k e r s w e r e p a id on a tim e b a s is. 7 Insufficient data to w a rra n t publication sep arate av erag es by m ethod wage paym ent, predom inantly tim ew o rk ers.

63 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 3. O ccu p a tio n a l earnings: W o m e n s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sh o e s M issouri (N u m b e r a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s $.60 $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 w o r k e r s e a r n in g s an d $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2,60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.29 $3.,ia $3,69,3.89 M J is L $4,29 $4.40 J4.6Q J4,8 0 over A ll production w o rk e rs - 5,893 $ , _ 56 4, S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g C u t te r s, lin in g, m a c h in e _ _ _ In c e n tiv e C u tte r s, v a m p a n d w h o le s h o e, h a n d _ C u tte rs, vam p and w hole shoe, m a c h in e ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) 2._ _ I-p flth er _ 2 _ L a s tin g lsv ste rs _ 3 _ n r«n tiv A _ 2 _ 2 _ P u llin g a n d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to rs, to e to b all ( all incentive " " " n P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e, s ta p le o r tack lastin g ( all incentive i i 3 B ottom ing and m aking Edge trim m e rs (all incentive w o r k e r s ) _ 2 _ 2 _ 3 - _ H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h i n e _ 2 2 _ In c e n tiv e S h a n k e rs (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s In c e n tiv e F in is h in g Edge s e tte rs ( all incentive w o r k e r s ) M isc e lla n e o u s I n s p e c to rs ( c ro w n e rs ) J a n it o r s (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) " - ~ _ " - See footnotes at end table.

64 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 3. O ccupational earnings: W om en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sh o e s M issouri---- Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e h ourly earnings w o rk ers in selected occupations, M arch 97) N u m b e r w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupations hourly *.60 *.65 *.70 *.75 *.80 *.85 *.90 *2.00 *2.0 $2.20 *2.30 *2.40 *2.50 * 2.60 $2.70 * 2.80 $3.00 *3.20 $3.40 $3.60 *3.80 *4.00 *4.20 *4^J0 *4.60 *4.80 w o r k e r s e a rn in g s u n d er an d $.6 5 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $-90 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 o v e r S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupations wom en C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h i n e. 67 $ _ _ In c e n tiv e _ L e a th e r _ In c e n tiv e _ S y n th e tic s In c e n tiv e _. C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m achine (all incentive w o rk ers) L e a th e r _ _ F ittin g F a n c y s t i t c h e r s In c e n tiv e P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d _ In c e n tiv e _ S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s In c e n tiv e T o p s ti tc h e r s _ 3 In c e n tiv e ! _ 3 V a m p e rs (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s fo r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ _ P u llin g a n d la s tin g -m a c h in e o p e r a to rs, tt to hall In c e n tiv e B ottom ing and m aking B o tto m f i l l e r s 7.9. _. 3 _ In c e n tiv e _ Edge trim m e rs ( all incentive w o r k e r s ) _ H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h i n e _.. _. 3 _ 2 _ 2 In c e n tiv e _ S h a n k e r s _ 4 2 _ In c e n tiv e _ _.. _ 4 2 _. S o le a tt a c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _.. _ F in is h in g R e p a i r e r s T i m e In c e n tiv e _ l! 2 3 T r e e r s ( a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) " See footnotes at end tab le.

65 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 3. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes M issouri---- Continued (N u m b e r a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e e a rn in g s w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d e p artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s N u m b e r $.60 T O T L 70 $775 $780 TPT785 $.90 $27T0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.50 $2.60 $277U $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 hou rly an d w o r k e r s e a rn in g s and u n d e r $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $2.00 $2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 o v e r S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n oc cuoations worn err C o n tin u ed M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g i r l s $ T i m e I n s p e c to rs (c ro w n e rs ) _ T i m e.... _ S e le c te d o ffic e oc c u p a tio n s w o m en C le r k s, g e n e r a l _ C le r k s, p a y r o l l S te n o g ra p h e r s, g e n e r a l T y p is ts, c la s s B " E xcludes prem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holid ay s,an d late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 77 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on an incentive b asis. 2 Includes d ata fo r w o rk e rs in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown separately. 3 W o rk e rs w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s : a t $ to $ 5 ; 3 a t $5 to $ 5. 20; 2 a t $ to $ 5. 40; 3 a t $ to $ 5. 60; a n d 2 a t $ an d o v e r

66 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 32. Occupational earnings: W om en s cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Los A n g e le s Long Beach, Calif. (N u m b er and a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b e r $.60 $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2. 0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 w o r k e r s e a rn in g s2 and under $.65 $.70 $.75 $ $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2. 0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 over A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ,5 4 2 $ M e n W o m e n S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s m e n C u ttin g _ - _ I n c e n t iv e _ C u tte r s, v a m p an d w h o le sh o e, C u tte rs, vam p and w hole shoe, m a c h in e (a ll i n c e n t iv e w o r k e r s ) _ L e a th e r " - " F ittin g 0 (0 F a n c y s t i t c h e r s _ I n c e n t iv e _ _ 4 S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r Top s titc h e rs (all incentive w o rk e rs) _ V a m p e rs (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) " - - " " L a s tin g H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s _ x 2 3 _ 3 3 A l S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) _ - _ 2 _ 3 _ T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic _ Bottom ing and m aking E d g e t r i m m e r s _ 2 _ ' l! _ T im e H e e l a tt a c h e r s, m a c h i n e _ - _ 3 _ 2 _ g S h a n k e rs 3 b ! 2 _ I l S o le a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s _ I n c e n t iv e M isc e lla n e o u s J a n it o r s ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) See footnotes at end table.

67 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Table 32. O ccupational earnings: W o m en s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) shoes Los A n geles Long Beach, Calif.- Continued (N u m b e r an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s, M a rc h 97) Sex, d ep artm en t, and occupation N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s N u m b e r $.6 0 $.6 5 $.7 0 $.7 5 $.8 0 $.8 5 $.9 0 $.9 5 $ $2. 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $4.20 $ h o u r ly an d w o r k e r s e a rn in g s2 and u n d e r $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $2.00 $2. 0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 over S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n occupation w om en F ittin g F a n c y s t i t c h e r s P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d T im e s k iv e r s, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s T o p s ti tc h e r s (a ll in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ) R e p a ire r s - T im e F in is h in g M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g ir ls (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) I n s p e c to rs ( c r o w n e r s ) 3 a S e le c te d o ffic e occupations w om en C le r k s, p a y ro ll 20 $ _ 5 _ " - " " " 3 " " _ 2 2 _ 4 _ i * " " i 2-3 " _ " 3 " ' I... _ ' The L os A ngeles Long B each S tandard M etropolitan S tatistical A rea consists Los A ngeles County. 2 E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. A pproxim ately 60 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on a tim e b a sis. 3 In su fficien t d ata to w a rra n t p ublication se p ara te averages by m ethod w age paym ent; (a) predom inantly tim ew o rk ers, o r (b) predom inantly incentive w o rk e rs. 4 W o rk ers paid u n d er tim e and incentive sy stem s w ere divided equally.

68 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 33. Occupational earnings: M is s e s and children s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sh o e s all establishm ents (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings w orkers in selected o ccupations, U nited States and M iddle W est region, M arch 97) D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o ccu p atio n s N u m b e r o f w o rk e rs U n ited S ta te s 2 M id d le W est H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings o f M ean M e d ia n M id d le ran g e w o rk e rs M ean M e d ia n M id d le ra n g e C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e $ $ $.9 -$ $ $ $ $ M e n _ W om en L e a th e r M e n _ W om en S y n th e tic s (22 m e n, 26 wom en) _ - C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m ach in e M e n W o m e n L e a t h e r M e n W o m e n F ittin g F a n c y s ti tc h e r s (3 m e n, 557 w om en) P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, hand (a ll w om en) S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s (a ll w om en) T o p s ti tc h e r s ( a ll w om en) V a m p e rs ( a ll w om en) L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e M en - _ Wnmpri H e e l- s e a t l a s t e r s (44 m e n, 9 w om en) _ P u llin g an d la s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (73 m e n, 4 w om en) T o e to b a ll (7 m e n, 4 wom en) P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (a ll m e n ) _ Side la s te rs, m achine (3 m en, 2 wom en) Staple o r tack lastin g (46 m e n, 2 w om en) C e m e n t la s tin g (67 m e n, 9 w om en) Toe la s te rs, au to m atic o r sem iautom atic ) (68 m e n, 6 w om en) B o tto m an d m ak in g E d g e t r i m m e r s (65 m e n, 5 wom en) H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h in e (27 m e n, 7 w o m e n ) R o u g h r o u n d e r s (36 m e n, 0 w om en) S h a n k e rs (4 m e n, 24 w om en) _ S ole a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p ro c e s s M e n W o m e n F in is h in g R e p a ir e r s (a ll w o m e n ) T r e e r s W o m e n See footnotes at end table,

69 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 33. O ccupational earnings: M iss e s and children s cem ent-process (conventional-lasted) sh o es all establishm ents Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e hourly earnings w orkers in selected occupations. U nited S tates and M iddle W est region, M arch 97) U nited States 2 M iddle W est D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex Num ber H ourly earnings N um ber o f H ourly earnings w o rk e rs M ean M ed ian M id d le ra n g e w o r k e r s M ean M ed ian M id d le ra n g e S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s C ontin u ed M is c e lla n e o u s F lo o r boy?8 ( o r gi t! ) - - _- -_ $ $ 2. 2 $ $ $ 2. 3 $ 2. 2 $ $ I n s p e c to rs (c ro w n e rs ) _ MM»! J a n ito r 0 (a ll m n ) - -r-.ir.m-r M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll m e n ) S elected fice occupations C le r k s, g e n e r a l (a ll w o m e n ) C le r k s, p a y r o ll (a ll w om en) S te n o g ra p h e rs, g e n e r a l ( a ll w o m e n ) E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e rtim e an d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, an d la te s h if ts. S ee ap p en d ix A fo r m e th o d u s e d to c o m p u te m e a n s, m ed ian s, and m iddle ran g es earn in g s. M edians and m iddle ranges a re not provided fo r jobs w ith few er than 5 w o rk ers in a region. 2 Includes d ata fo r reg io n s in addition to M iddle W est. * Includes w o rk ers in c lassificatio n s in addition to those shown sep arately. N O TE: D ashes indicate no d ata rep o rted o r data th at do not m eet publication c rite ria. Table 34. Occupational earnings: M isses and children s Goodyear-welt shoes all establishments (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e hourly earnings w orkers in selected occupations. U nited S tates and M iddle A tlantic region, M arch 97) U nited S tates 2 M iddle A tlantic D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex N um ber H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings o f w o rk e rs M ean M ed ian M id d le ra n g e w o rk e rs M ean M e d ia n M id d le ran g e S e le c te d p r o d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e, (47 m e n, 27 w o m en) $ $ $.9 4 ^ $ $ $ $ $ L e a th e r (42 m e n, 26 w om en) C u t te r s, v a m p an d w hole sh o e m a c h in e M e n L e a th e r M e n See footnotes at end table,

70 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 34. O ccupational earnings: M iss e s and children s Goodyear-w elt shoes all establishm ents Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings w o rk ers in sele c te d o ccupations, U nited S tates and M iddle A tlantic region, M arch 97) D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p atio n s C ontinued F ittin g N u m b e r w o rk e rs U nited S tates 2 M iddle A tlantic H ourly earnings N um ber H ourly earnings o f M ean M e d ia n M id d le ra n g e w o rk e rs M ean M ed ian M id d le ra n g e F a n c y s titc h e r s (7 m e n, 88 w om en) - 95 $ $ $ $ $ 2. 3 $ $ $ P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f it te r s, u p p e r h an d (a ll w om en) S k iv ers, m achine, u ppers or linings ( m a n, 9 w o m en) _ T o p s ti tc h e r s (2 m e n, 33 w om en) V a m p e rs (3 m e n, 50 wom en) L a s tin g A s s e m b le rs fo r p u llo v e r, m a c h in e M en W om en H e e l-s e a t l a s t e r s (7 m e n, 4 w om en) _ P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (58 m e n, 2 w om en) S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e (a ll m en) S ta p le o r ta c k la s tin g (a ll m en) C e m e n t la s tin g (a ll m en ) _ _ T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic (a ll m e n ) _ B ottom ing and m aking B o tto m f ille r s (5 m e n, w om en) E d g e t r i m m e r s (76 m e n, w om an) G o o d y e a r s titc h e r s (a ll m en) H eel a tta c h e rs, m achine (25 m en, 3 women) In s e a rn e r s (a ll m e n ) R ough ro u n d e r s (a ll m e n ) S o le a tta c h e r s, c e m e n t p r o c e s s (20 m e n, 8 w om en) _ S o l e - l e v e l e r s, m a c h in e (7 m e n, w om en) F in is h in g E d g e s e t t e r s (a ll m en ) R e p a ire r s ( m a n, 97 w om en) T r e e r s W om en M isc e lla n e o u s F lo o r b o y s (o r g i r l s ) M e n W o m e n In s p e c to rs ( c ro w n e rs ) W om en J a n ito r s (a ll m e n ) _ M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll m e n ) S e le c te d o ffic e o c c u p atio n s C l e r k s, g e n e r a l (85 w o m e n, 4 m e n ) ' C l e r k s, p a y r o ll (a ll w om en) " E x c lu d e s p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, an d la te s h if ts. S ee a p p en d ix A fo r m eth o d u s e d to c o m p u te m e a n s, m ed ian s, and m iddle ranges earn in g s. M edians and m iddle ranges a re not provided fo r jobs with few er than 5 w o rk ers in a region. 2 Includes d ata fo r regions in addition to M iddle A tlantic. 3 Includes w o rk ers in classificatio n in addition to those shown se p ara te ly. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria.

71 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 35. O ccupational earnings: M is s e s and children s G oodyear-w elt sh o es Southeastern Pennsylvania (N u m b er a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, M a rc h 97) S e x, d e p a rtm e n t, and o c c u p a tio n N u m b e r w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e e a rn in g s M $.60 $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $ 2.00 $2.0 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.0 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 hourly worker* ^Ifnlngs 2 and and u n d er $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.?0 $.95 $2.00 $ 2.0 $ 2.20 $2.30 $ 2 r40 $2.50 $2.60 $2,79 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.0 $3.20 $3.40,$ 3 J lo. &*89 $4.00 $4,29 over,2 3 7 $ W om en S elected production occupations m en C u ttin g C u tte r s, lin in g, m a c h in e 3b C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, J 2 _ _ _ - L a s tin g A s s e m b le r s f o r p u llo v e r, _ 2 2 _ TT A a a a df a 0 ^ L _ 2 _ ng6i*seaw la s te rs u P u llo v e r -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ^ In c e n tiv e S id e l a s t e r s, m a c h in e 3b S ta p le o r ta c k l a s t in g C e m e n t la s tin g 3 b T o e l a s t e r s, a u to m a tic o r s e m ia u to m a tic 3 b " ' 4 2 B o tto m a n d m ak in g E d g e t r i m m e r s In c e n tiv e G o o d y e a r s titc h e r s I n c e n tiv e H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h in e 3 a I n s e a m e r s 3b R ough rounder _ 2 _ _ InrGTitivG F in is h in g E d g e s e t t e r s M isc e lla n e o u s J g n ltn TP ^ S elected production occupations w o m en F ittin g Fsincy _ _ 2 5 _ 4 3 In c e n tiv e _ 2 4 _ P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f it te r s, 3.97 _ _ 2 _ x S ee fo o tn o tes at end ta b le.

72 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 35. O ccupational earnings: M is s e s and children s G oodyear-w elt sh o es Southeastern Pennsylvania----Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e earnings 2 w o rk ers in selected occupations, M arch 97) Sex, d e p artm en t, and occupation N um ber w o rk ers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings $.6 0 $.65 $.7 0 $.7 5 $.8 0 $.85 $.9 0 $.9 5 $ 2.00 $ 2.0 $ 2.20 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3. 0 $ $3.40 $ $ $4.0 0 $4.2 0 hourly worker* earning* z u n d er - an d $.65 $.70 $.75 $.80 $.85 $.90 $.95 $ 2.00 $ 2.0 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $ 2.90 $3t00 $3.0 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3,$o $4.00 $4.20 over S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s w o m e n C o n tin u e d S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s I n c e n tiv e T o p s tic h e r s 3 a V a m p e r s In c e n tiv e F in is h in g R e p a ir e r s T i m e T r e e r s 3 5b M iscellan eo u s F lo o r g i r l s I n s p e c to rs ( c r o w n e r s ) 3b S elected fice occupations w om en 35 $ _ 2 2 _ 2. 2 _ _ _ _ " 2 " " _ " " " j " " ~ " C le r k s, g e n e ra l C le r k s, p a y r o l l ' The so u th eastern P ennsylvania a re a con sists B erk s, Dauphin, L a n c a ste r, Lebanon, and Schuykill C ounties. E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h if ts. W o rk e rs p a id u n d e r tim e an d in c e n tiv e s y s te m s w e re d iv id e d e q u a lly. Insufficient d ata to w a rra n t publication sep arate av erages by m ethod wage paym ent; (a) predom inantly tim e w o rk ers, o r (b) predom inantly incentive w o rk e rs. 4 A ll w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ to $ A ll w o r k e r s w e r e p a id on a n in c e n tiv e b a s is. 6 A ll w o r k e r s w e re p a id on a tim e b a s is.

73 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 36. O ccupational earnings: M occasin-constructed shoes with hand-sewn plug all establishm ents (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e hourly earnings w orkers in selected occupations, U nited States and New England region, M arch 97) United States 2 New England D ep artm en t, occupation, and sex N um ber w o rk e rs H o u rly e a rn in g s N u m b er H o u rly e a rn in g s M ean M edian M iddle range w o rk e rs M ean M edian M iddle range S e le c te d p ro d u c tio n o c c u p atio n s C u ttin g C u tte rs, lining, m achine (8 m e n, 3 w o m en) $ $ S y n th e tic (7 m e n, w o m an ) C u tte rs, vam p and whole shoe, m a c h in e, l e a th e r $2.63 $.8 9 $ $3.2 $ $3.70 M e n F ittin g P a s t e r s, b a c k e r s, o r f i t t e r s, u p p e r, h a n d ( a ll w o m e n ) S ew ers, hand ( m o c c asin - co n stru cted shoes) M e n W o m e n S k iv e rs, m a c h in e, u p p e rs o r lin in g s ( a ll w o m e n ) T o p s ti tc h e r s ( a ll w o m e n ) V a m p e rs ( m a n, 28 w o m e n ) B o tto m an d m ak in g E d g e t r i m m e r s ( a ll m e n ) G o o d y e a r s ti tc h e r s ( a ll m e n ) H e e l a tta c h e r s, m a c h in e ( a ll m e n ) L ittle w a y s ti tc h e r s (4 m e n, 3 w om en) F in is h in g R e p a i r e r s (a ll w o m en) T r e e r s (5 m e n, 4 w om en) M iscellan eo u s F lo o r b o y s o r g i r l s M e n W o m en In sp e c to rs (cro w n ers ) (2 m en, 42 women) J a n it o r s ( a ll m en ) E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e rtim e an d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, an d la te s h ifts. S ee a p p e n d ix A fo r m eth o d u s e d to c o m p u te m e a n s, m e d ia n s, an d m iddle ran g es e a rn in g s. M edians and m iddle ranges a re not provided fo r jobs w ith few er than 5 w o rk ers in a region. 2 Includes data fo r reg io n s in addition to New England. 3 Includes w o rk ers in c lassificatio n in addition to those shown sep arately. NO TE: D a sh e s d en ote no data rep orted or data that do not m e e t pub lication c r ite r ia.

74 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 37. M ethod wage payment ( P e rc e n t production w o rk ers in footw ear m anufacturing estab lish m en ts by m ethod wage paym ent, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) M eth o d o f w age p a y m e n t U nited States 2 New E n g lan d M iddle A tla n tic B o rd e r S ta te s Southeast Southw est G re a t L a k e s M iddle W est A ll w o r k e r s. T im e - r a te d w o r k e r s F o r m a l p l a n S in g le r a t e R ange r a t e s In d iv id u a l r a t e s In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s - In d iv id u a l p ie c e w o rk. G ro u p p ie c e w o r k In d iv id u a l b o n u s G ro u p b o n u s (3) (3) (3) (3) - (3) (3) (3) 2 3 (3) (3) 2 ' fl (*) F o r definition wage paym ent, see appendix A. In c lu d e s d a ta fo r th e M ountain re g io n in a d d itio n to th o se show n s e p a r a te ly. 3 L ess than 0.5 p ercen t. NO TE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal to ta ls. T a b le 3 8. S c h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u rs ( P e rc e n t production and fice w o rk ers in footw ear m anufacturing estab lish m en ts by scheduled w eekly h o u rs, U nited States and selected reg io n s, M arch 97) W eek ly h o u rs U nited States 2 New E n g lan d M iddle A tla n tic B o r d e r S ta te s Southeast Southw est G re a t L a k e s M id d le W est P a c ific P ro duction w o rk e r s A ll w o rk ers U n d er 40 h o u rs _ 40 h o u r s O v e r 40 h o u rs fa O ffice w o r k e r s A ll w o rk ers U n d e r 3 7 Vj h o u r s Vj h o u r s 3 y O ver 37 ll and under 40 ho u rs _ QQ (3) h o u r s _ 86 OQ - 07 OO 9 88 O v e r 40 h o u r s re la te to predom inant w ork schedule for fu ll-tim e d ay-sh ift w o rk ers in each estab lish m en t. Includes d ata for the M ountain region in addition to those shown sep arately. L ess than 0.5 p ercen t. NO TE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 00.

75 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 39. P aid holidays (P ercent production and fice w orkers in footw ear m anufacturing establishm ents with form al provisions for paid holidays, United States and selected regions, M arch 97) N u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s U n ited S ta te s New E n g land M iddle A tla n tic B o rd e r S ta te s S o u th e a s t S outhw e st G r e a t L a k e s M iddle W est P a c ific U n ited S ta te s New E n g la n d M iddle A tla n tic B o rd e r S tate s Southe a s t Southw e st G re a t L a k e s M iddle W est P a c ific P ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs O ffice w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s W o rk e rs in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g psiicl holid& ys (2) (2) d a a _ da b days p lu s hftlf d&y - _i _ (2) (2) 7 _ (2) (2) _ (2) d a y s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s (2) (2) Q <^A«re nliifi 2 Kalf dd.vs (*) (2) O Uays plus 4* iia.li ua y (2) (2 ) H ire ai*.... _ 2 5 _ xu days or iiiviv R e c e iv in g no p a id h o lid a y s In c lu d e s d a ta f o r th e M o u n ta in r e g io n in a d d itio n to th o se show n s e p a ra te ly. L e s s th a n 0.5 p e rc e n t. NO TE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal totals.

76 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 40. Paid vacations (P ercent production and fice w orkers in footwear manufacturing establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, United States and selected regions, M arch 97) V acation policy U nited S ta te s New E n g land M iddle A tla n tic B o rd e r S ta te s S outhe a s t S outhw e s t G re a t L a k e s M iddle W est P a c ific U n ited S ta te s New E n g lan d M iddle A tla n tic B o rd e r S ta te s S outhe a s t S outhw e s t G re a t L a k e s M iddle W est P a c ific P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s O ffice w o r k e r s A il w o r k e r s M ethod paym ent W orkers in estab lish m en ts providing p a id v a c a tio n s L e n g th -o f-tim e p a y m e n t P e r c e n ta g e p a y m e n t /i\ \ ) W orkers in estab lish m en ts providing no p a id v a c a tio n s ~ A m o u n t v a c a tio n p a y 3 A f te r y e a r s e r v ic e : U n d e r w e e k _ (2) _ 0 7 w e e k O v e r an d u n d e r 2 w e e k s _ 2 w e e k s 3 6 (2) 2-0 (2) A f te r 5 y e a r s s e r v ic e : U n d er w e e k (2) (2) w e e k O v e r an d u n d e r 2 w e e k s (2) _ 5 _ 2 w e e k s O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s (2) - - (2) _ (2) 3 w e e k s _ (2) 4 w e e k s (2) - - _ 9 A f te r 0 y e a r s s e r v ic e : U n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s _ O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s _ _ 6 3 w e e k s _ _ O v e r 3 w e e k s (2) (2) _ 9 (2) (2) A f te r 5 y e a r s s e r v ic e : U n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s _ 2 _ 3 w e e k s O v e r 3 an d u n d e r 4 w e e k s _ 8 2 l w e e k s (2) _ 2 _ - _ 9 _ (2) (2) A f te r 20 y e a r s s e r v ic e : U n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s (2) 3 w e e k s O v e r 3 an d u n d e r 4 w e e k s _ _ 4 w e e k s _ A f te r 25 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : 4 U n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s _ (2) 3 w e e k s O v e r 3 an d u n d e r 4 w e e k s (2) (2 ) 4 w e e k s _ _ _ 43 0 _ 5 w e e k s (2) (2) Includes d ata fo r the M ountain region in addition to those shown sep arately. L ess than 0.5 p ercen t. 3 V a c a tio n p a y m e n ts, s u c h a s p e rc e n t a n n u a l e a rn in g s, w e re c o n v e rte d to an e q u iv a le n t tim e b a s is. P e r io d s s e rv ic e w e re a r b i t r a r i l y c h o s e n an d do not n e c e s s a r ily r e f le c t in d iv id u a l e s ta b lis h m e n t p r o v is io n s fo r p r o g r e s s io n. F o r e x a m p le, c h a n g es in p r o p o rtio n s a t 5 y e a rs m a y in clu d e c h a n g e s b e tw e en 0 an d 5 y e a r s. 4 V acation p ro v isio n s w ere the sam e a fter longer periods se rv ic e. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal to tals.

77 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 4. Health, Insurance, and retirem ent plans (P ercen t production and fice w orkers in footw ear m anufacturing establishm ents with specified health, insurance, and retirem ent plans, United States and selected regions, M arch 97) Type plan U nited New M iddle B order South- South- G reat M iddle United New M iddle B order South South G reat M iddle P a c ific S tates 2 England A tlantic States e a st w est Lakes W est States 2 England A tlantic States e a st w est Lakes W est Production w o rk ers Office w o rk ers P a c ific A ll w o r k e r s W orkers in estab lish m en ts providing: L ife i n s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s A ccidental death and d ism em b erm en t in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s Sickness and accid en t in su ran ce or sick le a v e o r b o th S ic k n e s s an d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s Sick leave (full pay, no w aiting S ick le a v e ( p a r tia l p a y o r w a itin g p e r io d ) H o s p ita liz a tio n in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s S u rg ic a l in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s M e d ic a l i n s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s M a jo r m e d ic a l in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s R etirem en t plans - P e n s io n s N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s S e v e ra n c e p a y N o p l a n s " _ " (4 5) (4) _ 2 3 _ _ 35 4 _ (4) 4 (4) 2 " N o n c o n trib u to ry p la n s " in c lu d e o n ly th o se p la n s fin a n c e d e n tir e ly b y the e m p lo y e r. L e g a lly r e q u ir e d p la n s su c h a s w o rk m e n 's c o m p e n s a tio n and s o c ia l s e c u r ity a r e e x c lu d e d ; h o w e v e r, p lan s req u ired by State tem p o rary d isa b ility in su ran ce law s a re included if the em ployer co ntributes m o re than is leg ally req u ired o r if the em ployees receiv e benefits over leg al req u irem en ts. 2 Includes data fo r the M ountain reg io n in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 U nduplicated to tal w o rk ers receiv in g sick leave or sickness and accident insu ran ce shown sep arately. 4 L e s s th a n 0.5 p e rc e n t. 5 U nduplicated to tal w o rk ers cov ered by pensions o r retire m en t severance pay shown sep arately. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal totals.

78 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 42. O ther selected benefits (Percent production and fice w orkers in footwear manufacturing establishm ents providing paid funeral leave and technological severance pay, United States and selected regions, M arch 97) I t e m U nited States 2 N ew E n g la n d M iddle A tla n tic B o rd e r S ta te s Southeast Southw est G r e a t L a k e s M iddle W est P a c if ic P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s W o rk e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith p r o v is io n s f o r: F u n e r a l le a v e p a y (3) O ffice w o r k e r s W o rk e rs in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith p r o v is io n s f o r: (3) F o r definition b en efits, see appendix A. In c lu d e s d a ta f o r th e M o u n tain re g io n in ad d itio n to th o se show n s e p a ra te ly. L e s s th a n 0.5 p e rc e n t.

79 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis

80 Appendix A. Scope and M ethod Survey Scope survey The survey included establishments engaged primarily in the production boots and shoes (except house slippers and rubber footwear) designed primarily for street, work, play, or sportswear (Industry 34 as defined in the 967 edition the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Office Management and Budget). Separate auxiliary units such as central fices were excluded. The establishments studied were selected from those employing 50 workers or more at the time reference the data used in compiling the universe lists. The number establishments and workers studied by the Bureau, as well as the number estimated to be within scope the survey during the payroll period studied, is shown in table A:. Establishment definition An establishment, for purposes this study, is defined as a single physical location where industrial operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company, which may consist one establishment or more. Establishment and plant have been used interchangeably in this bulletin. Employment Estimates the number workers within scope the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition the labor force included in the survey. The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey requires the use lists establishments assembled considerably in advance the payroll period studied. Industry branches The classification establishments by industry branch was determined on the basis the principal type footwear manufactured. For example, if the value an establishment s product was 60 percent women s Goody ear-welt shoes and 40 percent women s cementprocess (conventional-lasted) shoes, all workers in that establishment were included in the women s Goodyearwelt shoe branch. Method study Data were obtained by personal visits the Bureau s field staff. The survey was conducted on a sample basis. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion large rather than small establishments were studied. When data were combined, however, all establishments were given their appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time reference the universe data. Production and ficeworkers The term production workers, as used in this bulletin, includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonfice functions. Administrative, executive, pressional, and technical personnel and force-account construction employees, who were utilized as a separate work force on the firm s own properties, were excluded. The term ficeworkers, as used in this bulletin, includes all nonsupervisory ficeworkers and excludes administrative, executive, pressional, and technical employees. Occupations selected for study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set job descriptions designed to take account interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same jobs. (See appendix B for these descriptions.) Occupations were chosen for their Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 73

81 Table A-. Estimated number establishments and workers within scope the survey and number studied, footwear manufacturing establishments, March 97 Number 3 establishments Workers in establishments Industry branch, region, and area2 Within scope study Actually studied Within scope study Production Office T otal4 workers workers Actually studied Total All establishments:5 United States ,09 45,58 7,70 27,833 New England ,492 43,976 2,309 4,43 Middle A tla n tic ,066 27,953,654 23,333 Border States ,792 8, ,809 South east ,44 20, ,648 Southwest...: ,558 8, ,027 Great Lakes ,874 9,0,82 9,223 Middle West ,479 4, ,68 P acific ,200,908 3,852 Men's Goodyear welt work shoes: (00) United States ,340 27,577 2,097 26,89 New England ,774 5, ,890 Maine ,745 2, ,745 Brockton, M a s s ,873,574 62,873 Southeast ,748 3, ,782 Tennessee ,748 3, ,782 Great Lakes ,65 4, ,873 Wisconsin ,939 3, ,535 Middle W e s t ,276 2, ,276 Men's Goodyear welt work shoes: (020) United States ,272 7, ,490 New England ,542 2, ,542 Great Lakes ,24,923 96,934 Men's cement process shoes: (030) United S ta te s ,2 2, ,20 New England ,749 4, ,526 Great Lakes ,847 2, ,566 Women's cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes: (040) United States ,382 56,55 2,667 49,25 New England ,367 20, ,767 M aine ,605 4, ,076 Boston Lynn, Mass ,999,785 9,999 Haverhill, M a ss Lawrence Lowell, Mass ,66 3, ,66 Worchester, M ass... Southeastern, New Hampshire ,495 5, ,359 Middle Atlantic ,559 2, ,734 New York, N. Y ,434 2,073 36,62 Border States ,038 3, ,962 Southw est ,227 2, ,426 A rk a n sas ,227 2, ,426 Great Lakes ,905 6, ,522 Middle West ,420 5, ,06 M issouri ,420 5, ,06 P acific ,763,542 82,56 Los Angeles Long Beach, C a lif ,763, ,56 See footnotes at end table. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 74

82 Table A-. Estimated number establishments and workers within scope the survey and number studied, footwear manufacturing establishments, March 97 Continued Number establishments 3 Workers in establishments Industry branch, region, and area2 Within scope study Actually studied Within scope study Production Officeworkers T o ta l4 workers Actually studied Total Misses' and children's cement-process (conventional-lasted) shoes: (080) United States ,800 8, ,77 Middle West ,693 2, ,693 Misses' and children's Goodyear welt shoes: (090) United States ,452 4, ,080 Middle Atlantic ,99,927 0,49 Southeastern Pennsylvania ,40,237 67,032 Moccasin-constructed shoes with hand-sewn plug: (30) United States ,540 4, ,83 New England ,668 3, ,45 The regions in this study include: New England Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; Middle Atlantic New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania; Border States Delaware, District Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest Arkansas, Louisana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Great Lakes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota; and Pacific California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. 2 See individual area tables, for definitions areas studied separately. 3 includes only establishments with 50 workers or more at the time reference the universe data. 4 Includes executive, pressional, and other workers excluded from the production and fice worker categories. 5 Includes data for industry branches in addition to those shown separately. 6 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. 7 Includes data for areas (or States) in addition to those shown separately. numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representativeness the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers. Wage data Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems and cost--living bonuses, were included as part the worker s regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group workers, such as production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number individuals. The hourly earnings salaried workers were obtained by dividing their straight-time salary by normal rather than actual hours. The median designates position; that is, one-half the employees surveyed received more than this rate and one-half received less. The middle range is defined by two rates pay; one-fourth the employees earned less than the lower these rates and one-fourth earned more than the higher rate. Size community Tabulations by size community pertain to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term metropolitan area, as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA s) as defined by the U.S. Office Management and Budget through January 968. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 75

83 Except in New England, a SMSA is defined as a county or group contiguous counties which contain at least one city 50,000 inhabitants or more. Counties contiguous to the one containing such a city are included in the SMSA, if according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, the city and town are administratively more important then the county and they are the units used in defining SMSA s for that region. Method wage payment Tabulations by method wage payment relate to the number workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range rates for individual job categories. In the absense a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily with reference to the qualifications the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners; apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period time. Individual experienced workers occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are regarded as exceptions. Range--rate plans are those in which the minimum and/or maximum rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length service, or a combination various concepts merit and length service. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit output. Production bonuses are based on production over a quota or for completion a job in less than standard time. Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers (or ficeworkers) employed on the day shifts* Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits were treated statistically on the basis that if formal provisions were applicable to half or more the production (or fice) workers in an establishment, the benefits were considered applicable to all such workers. Similarly, if fewer than half the workers were covered, the benefit was considered n o n ex isten t in the establishment. Because length--service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion workers receiving benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid vacations. The summary vacation plans is limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal plans whereby time f with pay is granted at the discretion the employer or the supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment 2 percent annual earnings was considered the equivalent week s pay. The periods service for which data are presented were selected as representative the most common practices but they do not necessarily reflect individual provisions for progression. For example, changes in proportions indicated at 0 years service include changes in provisions which may have occurred between 5 and 0 years. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presented for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance pay plans for which all or part the cost is borne by trie employer, excluding programs required by law, such as workmen s compensation and social security. Among plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company, and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least part the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary disab ility insurance laws require employer Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 76

84 contributions, plans are included only if the employer () contributes more than is legally required or (2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the requirements the law. Tabulations paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion the worker s pay during absence from work because illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided according to () plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment doctors fees. These plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprit organization, or they may be a form self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as catastrophe or extended medical insurance, includes plans designed to cover employees for sickness or injury The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations or retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder the retiree s life. Data are presented separately for retirement severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period time) made to employees on retirement. Establishments providing both retirement severance pay and retirement pensions were considered as having both retirement pension and retirement severance plans. Establishments having optional plans providing employees a choice either retirement severance pay or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Paid funeral and jury duty leave. Data for paid funeral and jury duty leave are limited to formal plans which provide at least partial payment time lost as a result attending funerals specified family members oi serving as a juror. Technological severance pay. Data refer to formal plans providing for payments to employees permanently separated from the company because technological change or closing a plant. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 77

85 A ppendix B. O ccupational Descriptions The primary purpose preparing job descriptions for the Bureau s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping occupational wage rates respresenting comparable job content. Because this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability occupational content, the Bureau s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau s field staff are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. Plant Occupations Assembler for pullover, machine Prepares the upper for lasting by assembling the counter and upper and operating a machine to tack the upper to the last. Work involves: Placing counters on rack pan containing cement, lowering rack into pan to apply cement to counters; inserting cemented counter between lining and upper at the heel; setting a piece wax or tissue paper next to lining to facilitate removal last after completion operations; placing upper on last making certain that heel seam is in center rear last; setting last on a jack and pushing jack into machine which automatically drives tacks through the upper into the heel seat and heel seam. Bed-machine operator (Bed laster; bed-lasting machine operator; heel and forepart laster) Completes the operations drawing the toe, or toe and heel, the upper a shoe tightly over the last. Work involves: Setting shoe on machine with sole up, and manipulating hand levers controlling a series wipers (friction pullers) which draw the upper over edge insole at toe or toe and heel; holding upper in place with the wipers; securing upper at the toe in one the following ways: () McKay system - tacking upper, using automatically fed hand-tacking device, the tacks remaining in the finished shoe. (2) Welt system - passing a wire from an anchor tack, which he drives on one side the shoe, around the drawn-in upper at the toe, to the opposite side where he winds it around another anchor tack, to hold upper in place until it is stitched to insole by a later operation; or may staple upper instead using above methods. (3) Cement system - wiping toe in place and holding it with wiper; trimming f surplus toe box, lining and upper, by hand, close to insole; applying cement to insole between lining and upper at toe and folding over lasting allowance upper and sticking it in insole. If the heel also is lasted in the process, an automatically fed hand tacking device is used to drive tacks through the upper at the heel. Bottom filler (Cushion cementer; insole filler) Fills depression in forepart shoe with composition paste ground cork and cement to form cushion for foot. Bottom scourer (Bottom buffer; bottom sander) Sm ooths and cleans outsoles completely constructed shoes by holding against revolving abrasive-covered wheel buffing machine. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 78

86 Cutter, lining, machine Cuts parts shoe lining from leather or fabricated materials (including imitation leather), by means a clicking machine. Work involves: Setting lining material, usually in multiple plies, on cutting table machine; selecting proper die and setting it in place on material; depressing lever to cause upper arm to drop automatically on the die with sufficient force to cut material to the shape and size die. For wage survey purposes, Cutters, lining, machine are classified by type material cut as follows: Leather Synthetics Cutter, vamp and whole shoe, hand (Carver; cutter; outside, hand; cutter, sampler; cutterout, upper; upper leather cutter) Cuts vamps and uppers shoes from skins or hides with a hand knife. Work involves most o f the following: Selecting hides or skins desired thickness and quality; noting location defective spots in material, and direction grain leather, setting pattern on material in such a way as to obtain a maximum number pieces, and in such relation to the grain the leather that there will be a minimum stretching material in processing shoe; drawing knife along edge pattern, cutting part to desired shape; bundling cut pieces and marking size on top piece for identification. Cutter, vamp and whole shoe, machine Cuts parts shoe uppers from hides, skins or fabricated materials, by means a clicking machine. Work involves: Setting leather or other shoe material on cutting table machine; selecting proper die and setting it in place on material; depressing lever to cause upper arm to drop automatically on the die with sufficient force to cut material to the size and shape the die. For wage survey purposes, Cutters, ramp and whole shoe, machine are classified by type material cut as follows: Leather Synthetics Edge setter (Edge burnisher, edge hitter) Shapes and polishes the edge the sole the shoe by holding it against the hot iron an edge-setting machine. Work involves: Brushing a filler solution over edge sole as far back as the heel line, to fill any small holes and to sten the leather for the burnishing operation; selecting proper size iron burnishing block and setting stem block into machine holder; heating iron to proper temperature; holding edge sole against revolving surface heated iron, manipulating shoe until entire edge has been burnished; applying a coating wax to edge sole and repeating burnishing operation. Edge trimmer (Edge trimming-machine operator; trimmer, apex; trimmer, margin) Trims, cuts to size, and smooths the edge ot shoes by turning and manipulating the side surfaces the soles against the revolving cutting tool an edge-trimming machine. Fancy stitcher (Applique stitcher; blind-row stitcher; etching stitcher; eyelet-row stitcher; stripper, stitching; trimming stitcher) Operates a power-driven sewing machine to stitch decorative designs on shoe uppers, such as outlining eyelet row, stitching imitation foxings or fancy panel designs, running extra rows stitching, and stitching piping and ornamental leather strips (applique). Work involves: Inserting material under the presser foot and needle machine; depressing lever to start machine; guiding material by hand (usually along previously marked lines on material) as stitching is performed. Exclude stitchers on basic construction (closers) and French cord stitchers. Floor boy (or girl) (Assembly boy; floor man; router) Delivers finished products to stock room or shipping room and keeps stock and distributes partially finished materials used in the manufacture footwear to various departments to keep workers supplied with material, using truck or carrying material. May perform simple machine operations under direction foreman, such as tempering soles and molding edges soles. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 79

87 Goodyear stitcher Operates a Goodyear stitching machine to attach the outsole to the welt the shoe. Work involves: Setting the shoe, sole side up, on table rest machine underneath needle, and guiding shoe with hand as needle sews around shank and forepart shoe, the stitch extending from a channel that was cut for it in bottom outsole, through outsole to upper surface to welt. The welt extends around the edge the sole as far back as the breast the heel. Heel attacher, machine (Leather or rubber heel attacher; heeling-machine operator; leather heeler) Nails heels to shoes by machine. Work involves: Placing shoe on a metal mold and putting heel in position on shoe; swinging nail plate into place over the heel where nails are dropped automatically into another plate over the heel; manipulating foot lever to drive nails through heel and heel seat and clinch them to insole on inside shoe. Inspector (crowner) (Examiner) Examines shoe parts, partly finished shoes in various stages manufacture, or finished shoes before packing. Work involves inspecting for the following imperfections: Irregularity leather surfaces; misplaced or incompletely driven tacks; unevenness and incorrect amount stitching; inside misalignment; improper proportion toe tip. May correct minor defects or imperfections and reject major defects for reprocessing in proper department. Janitor Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises an fice, apartment house, or commercial or other establishment. Duties involve a combination o f the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance services; cleaning lavatories, showers, and rest rooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Heel-seat laster Operates a heel-seat lasting machine which draws the heel section the shoe upper tightly over the last and automatically tacks the edges to the heel seat the insole. Work involves: Setting shoe on machine and manipulating controls which cause the wiper plates to draw the upper and lining evenly over the heel seat and machine automatically drives tacks through upper and insole. Jointer, machine (Joint cutter, machine; jointer; joint maker, machine) Trims and shapes on a jointing machine the edge the shank sole shoes at the joint between shank and heel, starting where edge trimmer leaves f and continuing to the heel line. Holds shoe against knife jointing machine; moves shoe against knife to maintain even pressure for a neat trimming. Littleway stitcher Inseamer ( Goodyear-welt-sewing- machine operator; welt sewer; eppler welter) Operates a Goodyear stitching machine that sews a narrow strip leather (welt) automatically fed from a roll on the machine to the lip the insole the shoe. Work involves: Guiding shoe, sole upward, under needle machine and stitching through welt, upper, and lining, and insole lip against which upper and lining have been lasted. Operates a lockstitch sewing machine to attach the outsole by stitching through the upper, lining, and insole shoe, except at heel seat. Work involves: Setting the shoe, sole side up, on shoe rest machine beneath needle and guiding shoe with hand as needle sews around the shank and forepart shoe. McKay stitcher Operates a McKay sewing machine to attach the outsole, midsole, or platform by chainstitching through Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 80

88 the upper, lining, and insole shoe, except at heel seat. Work involves: Setting the shoe, sole side up, on shoe rest machine underneath needle, and guiding shoe with hand as needle sews around the shank and forepart shoe. Mechanic, maintenance Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production a replacement part by a machine shop or sending the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specifications for major repairs or for the production parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling machines, and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose primary duties involve setting-up or adjusting machines, and workers who specialize in the adjustment and repair a particular type machine and whose period training is substantially shorter than that required for a maintenance mechanic as described above. Platform-cover laster (slip-lasted shoes) (Wrapper laster) Operates a machine to smooth platform cover or wrapper around the platform or platform and heel. Work involves: Setting upper (into which last had been inserted and platform or platform and heel had been previously positioned) into machine; starting machine which wipes previously cemented cover or wrapper tightly around platform or platform and heel; removing work from machine and examining for maintenance quality standards. Pullover-machine operator (Pullers-over, machine) Operates a machine in which the upper at the toe and along the sides the front the shoe is pulled over and tacked temporarily to the last to give preliminary shaping to the front part the upper and to attach it to the insole and the last. Work involves: Setting shoe in holding jig machine; depressing lever to rotate mechanism that closes top and side jaws on edge upper; positioning upper on last by manipulating tip levers to align center upper on center last; depressing lever to rotate mechanism through second half travel, and to drive tacks at toe and along the side the shoe, which hold upper in position until stapled or tacked along entire edge. Excludes workers operating machines that combine pulling and lasting (see PULLING AND LASTING-MACHINE OPERATOR). Paster, backer, o r fitte r, u p p er, hand (Backer; backing paster; backing cementer; canvas backer, upper; cementer, upper to lining; fitter, upper to lining; paster, line and brush, hand; paster; plain paster; reinforcer, paster; quarter and lining fitter; upper doubler) Reinforces vamps, tops, straps, and other parts shoes, by pasting to each a piece cut-to-size canvas, thin leather, or other lining material (doubler). Work involves one or more o f the following: Pressing doubler against cement-covered roll and sticking doubler to leather parts; using backing tape which is so prepared that it sticks when pressed on other material with a hot iron. May paste reinforcing over only a portion upper that is exposed to extra wear or strain. May use simple machine to apply glue or other adhesives to various parts shoe. Pulling and lasting-machine operator Operates machine that draws upper over last and joins upper to insole bottom by cement. Work involves: Making adjustments on machine to govern action wipers; placing shoe in steamer to sten leather; positioning shoe in machine; and starting machine. Operators machines that pull and last only one part a shoe (toe, side, heel seat, etc.) are excluded. For wage study purposes, workers are classified by the parts the shoe that are pulled and lasted as follows: Toe to ball Toe to ball and heel seat Repairer (Blemish remover) Corrects imperfections in the finish the completed Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 8

89 shoe. Work involves most o f the following: Removing stains, scratches, blemishes, and loose threads; blending various shades fluid, wax filler or crayon to affected part shoe. May use hand spray gun with colored dope to cover blemished area. Rough rounder (Forepart rounder; rough-rounding-machine operator; sole rounder) Trims the edge outsole and welt the shoe, by use a rounding and channeling machine so that the edge will extend the desired distance from shoe upper. Work involves: Setting shoe in machine so that bottom shoe is toward the cutting knife, and bottom guide rests against upper shoe; guiding shoe in vertical position along bottom guide so that edge is trimmed at right angles to the bottom the shoe entirely around the perimeter the sole the shoe. The machine may also cut a channel in bottom outsole near edge, in which the thread is embedded when sole stitching is done. Sewer, hand (moccasin-constructed shoes) (Moccasin sewer) Sews plugs in moccasin-constructed shoes by hand. Work involves most o f the following: Soaking parts in water to sten them; positioning lasted shoe on pin jack; pulling and tacking parts to last; punching stitch openings in parts with awl; inserting thread through punched openings to join plug with upper; removing tacks and shaping seam with lasting tool; and smoothing and polishing seams using rubbing sticks. May also raise decorative stitches (kicker) in backstay casual shoes. Hand whippers and lacers, who lace plugs to uppers through prepunched holes, are excluded. Shanker (Shank tacker; shank-piece placer; shank-piece tacker) Attaches shank piece to the shank section shoe to support the arch the shoe. Side laster, machine Operates a machine to last the sides and shanks the upper. Work involves: Drawing out lining and upper with handpincers, holding shoe so that pincers machine grasp edges upper and draw them evenly and closely about the last, and secures upper at sides and shanks to bottom by using staples and tacks or cement. For wage study purposes, Side lasters, machine are classified by the type lasting as follows: Staple or tack lasting Cement lasting Skiver, machine, uppers or linings (Skiver, outside) Operates a machine that skives (pares) or bevels shoe uppers or linings to reduce them to an even thickness or to insure thinner seams or tapering edges when parts are joined together. Work involves: Feeding part between pressure rollers machine to cutting knives which bevel edges or reduce part to uniform thickness, or setting part in guide bed machine and depressing lever to bring cutting knives into operation. Sole attacher, cement process (Compo-conveyor operator; sole layer, machine; sole-laying machine operator; soler) Operates a sole-laying machine to cement outsoles permanently to the uppers shoes. This operation does not relate to the positioning soles in the Goody ear-welt or other types construction. Work involves: Setting toe part shoe on which outsole has been positioned and heel part last directly below corresponding jacks (lugs) machine; pressing air pedal (which opens valve on pipe leading to air compressor storage tank) to fill the air cushion and force the shoe against the jacks which hold the outsole firmly in place while the cement dries. May also, prior to permanent attachment outsole, brush a coat solvent over the inner surface the outsole from the heel seat to the toe and press outer sole on shoe, being certain that edges sole project evenly over edges shoe. Shoe leveler, machine (Beater out, leveling machine; inseam leveler; leveler) Flattens the insoles or outsoles shoes which have had a ridge raised around the sole by the stitching machines. Sets shoe on last machine with sole uppermost; depresses treadle to start machine and guides Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 82

90 the shoe on the form under the roller back and forth and from side to side. Toe laster, automatic or semiautomatic Operates an automatic or semi-automatic machine to draw the toe section shoe upper tightly over the last. Work involves: Making adjustments on machine to govern action wipers, placing shoe in steamer to sten toe section; inserting shoe in machine and operating foot treadle to bring wipers against shoe upper and draw edges against the last; wrapping wire loop around temporary anchor tacks on side shoe to hold toe section in place or by means cement, tacks or staples, fastens upper to innersole. Treer (Polisher, uppers; shoe treer) Cleans and finishes shoes by removing spots and discolorations; may also rub uppers with a hot iron to smooth out wrinkles. Work involves most o f the following: Setting shoe on a treeing form, the shape the last, and depressing lever expanding form so that shoe will fit tightly over it; brushing, cleaning, dressing, and finishing shoe according to the kind leather or material; applying color stain or bleach to blemished spots; smoothing out wrinkles in the uppers with a hot iron. Do not include shoe dressers, who may be called treers in some plants but perform only a minor part the work described above. Vamper Top stitcher Operates a sewing machine to stitch the lining to the upper part a shoe and to trim f excess edges lining. Work involves: Fitting lining to upper to obtain proper allowance for insertion counter or receiving upper and lining already fitted or cemented together; setting parts into machine at heel seam, lowering guide down to the edge top upper, and guiding parts through machine by hand to complete stitching and trimming operation. ( Vamp closer; camp stitcher; zigzag seamer) By use a power-driven sewing machine, sews together the forepart the upper (tip and vamp- and the two quarters a shoe. Work involves: Setting overlapped edges together under presser foot and needle machine; depressing lever to start machine and guiding material through stitching process; sewing top to entire lower part upper when shoe has a cut separate from quarters, or has a whole vamp. Parts are sometimes first pasted together by another worker to insure more accurate stitching. Office Occupations Clerk, general Is typically required to perform a variety fice operations, usually because impracticability specialization in a small fice or because versatility is essential in meeting peak requirements in larger fices. The work generally involves the use independent judgment in tending to a pattern fice work from day to day, as well as knowledge relating to phases fice work that occur only occasionally. For example, the range operations performed may entail all or some co m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : Answering correspondence, preparing bills and invoices, posting to various records, preparing payrolls, filing, etc. May operate various fice machines and type as the work requires. Clerk, payroll Computes wages company employees and enters the necessary data on the payroll sheets. Duties involve: Calculating workers earnings based on time or production records; posting calculated data on payroll sheet, showing information such as worker s name, working days, time, rate, deductions for insurance, and total wages due. May make out paychecks and assist paymaster in making up and distributing pay envelopes. May use a calculating machine. Stenographer, general Primary duty is to take dictation, involving a normal routine vocabulary, from one or more persons either in Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 83