Nonferrous Foundries June 1970

Transcription

1 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Industry Wage Survey Nonferrous Foundries June 1970 Bulletin 1726 U.S. D E P A R T M E N T O F LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 1972

2 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis

3 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Industry Wage Survey Nonferrous Foundries June 1970 Bulletin 1726 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR J. D. Hodgson, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Gefrey H. Moore, Commissioner 1972 For sale by the Superintendent Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C Price 50 cents

4 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis

5 P re fa c e This bulletin summarizes the results a Bureau Labor Statistics survey wages and supplementary benefits in the nonferrous foundry manufacturing industry in June,, A similar study was conducted in June July Separate releases were issued earlier for the following areas: Chicago; Cleveland; Detroit; Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim Santa Ana Garden Grove; Milwaukee; Newark and Jersey City; New York; and Philadelphia. Copies these releases are available from the Bureau Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C , or any its regional fices. This study was conducted in the Bureau s Office Wages and Industrial Relations. The analysis was prepared by Joseph C. Bush the Division Occupational Wage Structures. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Directors for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau s program industry wage studies as well as the addresses the Bureau s regional fices are listed at the end this bulletin. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis iii

6 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis C o n te n ts Summary... 1 Industry characteristics... 1 Products and processes... 1 Employment trends Location... 2 Establishment size... 2 Union contract coverage... 2 Method wage paym ent... 3 Average hourly earnings... 3 Occupational earnings... 4 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions... 4 Scheduled weekly h o u rs... 4 Shift differential provisions and practices... 4 Paid holidays... 4 Paid vacations...* 5 Health, insurance, and retirement plans... 5 Other selected benefits... 5 Tables: 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics Earnings distribution: All establishments Earnings distribution: By method production... 8 Occupational averages: 4. All establishments By size establishments By size community By labor-management contract coverage By method wage payment Die-casting establishments... Sand-casting establishments Permanent-mold casting establishments Occupational earnings: 12. Chicago, Cleveland, O h io Detroit, Mich Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim Santa Ana Garden Grove, Calif Milwaukee, Wis Newark and Jersey City, N.J New York, N.Y Philadelphia, Pa. N.J Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 20. Method wage paym ent Scheduled weekly hours Shift differential provisions Shift differential practices Paid holidays Paid vacations Health, insurance, and retirement plans Other selected benefits Appendixes: A. Scope and method survey B. Occupational descriptions Page

7 N o n fe rro u s F o u n d rie s, Ju n e Summary Straight-time earnings production and related workers in nonferrous foundries averaged $3.23 an hour in June Over nine-tenths the 61,895 production workers (mostly men) covered by the Bureau Labor Statistics survey1 earned between $2 and $5 an hour; the middle half the workers in the array had earnings between $2.71 and $3.70 an hour. One-half the members the work force were in the Great Lakes region and averaged $3.38 an hour. Averages in the other six regions for which data were tabulated separately ranged from $2.49 in the Southwest to $3.25 in the Pacific. Data were tabulated separately for three types foundries, based on the primary casting method.2 Nationwide, workers in plants using primarily the diecasting process nearly one-half the work force covered by the survey averaged $3.27 an hour; those in sand-casting plants, $3.17; and workers in permanentmold plants, $3.33. Employment numbers by type foundry varied considerably among the regions. Among the occupations selected for separate study, averages ranged from $2.63 for general foundry laborers to $5.15 for wood patternmakers. Chippers and grinders, numerically the most important group surveyed, averaged $2.93 an hour. Nearly all establishments provided paid holidays and paid vacations. Vacation provisions applying to a large majority the production workers were 1 week s vacation pay after 1 year service, at least 2 weeks after 5 years, and 3 weeks or more after 15 years. Also, various health and insurance benefits and retirement pension plans were available to a large majority the production workers. Industry characteristics Products and processes. Products nonferrous foundries castings nonferrous metals and alloys are, to a very large extent, produced for other manufacturers rather than for direct sales to the ultimate consumer. Automobile and automotive parts manufacturers are the chief customers; many other types manufacturers, however, are served by these establishments. Products nonferrous foundries are usually determined by the precise requirements the customer. Establishments employing nearly nine-tenths the production workers within the scope the survey operated primarily on a job or order basis. The castings produced thus varied considerably by size and shape, type metal, and amount finishing and fabrication required. The method used to cast nonferrous metals is largely dependent on the metal, the size and shape the product, and the volume items to be produced. Individual establishments, however, usually employ only one casting method; such establishments accounted for nearly three-fourths the production workers covered by the survey. Die casting was the principal forming method in foundries employing slightly less than one-half the workers. This is a machine process in which molten metal is forced under high pressure into steel dies from which the resulting castings are automatically ejected. It is particularly adaptable to producing a large quantity identical items. Aluminum and zinc were the metals most commonly used in this casting process; brass, bronze, and copper were infrequently used. Die-casting foundries seldom employed another method casting. Sand casting was the chief process establishments employing nearly two-fifths the workers. In this method, sand is packed in a container (flask) around a pattern the object to be cast; the pattern is then removed and molten metal is poured into the mold cavity and allowed to cool to form the desired shape. The sand mold can be used only once. Aluminum and copper the latter including brass and bronze were the most common metals used. Almost three-tenths the workers in this branch the industry were in foundries also employing the permanent-mold casting method; use other secondary casting methods was not common. Permanent-mold casting was the principal method used by establishments employing slightly less than onetenth the workers. In this method, molten metal is induced into metal molds (which may be used repeatedly) either by force gravity or by centrifugal force. Aluminum was most commonly used in this 1 See appendix A for scope and method survey, also for definition terms as used in this study. 2 Data for establishments primarily using other casting methods are included in the all-nonferrous-foundry estimate. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 1

8 method. Slightly over one-tenth the workers in this branch were in foundries also manufacturing sand castings, and another tenth in foundries producing some die-cast items. Foundries primarily using other methods casting employed only 6 percent the production workers. Employment trends. Production worker employment in nonferrous foundries (61,895 in June 1970) had risen 8 percent since mid and 34 percent since May 1960,4 dates similar Bureau wage surveys. Most this growth was in die-casting plants, where employment went up 70 percent from 1960 to In 1970, employment in sand-casting foundries was up 13 percent, but in permanent-mold foundries, it was at nearly the same level as in In the Great Lakes States, the number workers rose 32 percent, all between 1960 and The 10-year increases in other regions permitting comparisons ranged from 13 percent in the Middle Atlantic to 65 percent in the Middle West. Location. The Great Lakes region employed one-half the production workers in June 1970; the Middle Atlantic States, slightly over one-fifth; and each the remaining regions, less than one-tenth. As indicated in the following tabulation, substantially higher percentages1 the production workers in the Great Lakes region primarily worked in die-casting or permanent-mold casting than in the sand-casting method. Percent workers in: All establish Die Sand Permanentmold Region ments casting casting casting United States New England _ Middle Atlantic Southeast S o u th w e s t Great L a k e s Middle W est P a c ific Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. Three-fourths all workers were employed in metropolitan areas. 5 Among the regions for which separate data are presented, the proportions in metropolitan areas ranged from all in the Pacific region to onehalf in the Middle West. The eight metropolitan areas studied separately accounted for one-third all production workers. As indicated in the following tabulation, the distribution production workers in establishments classified according to the predominant casting method varied considerably among these areas: Percent workers in: Number Die Sand Permanentproduction cast cast mold Metropolitan area workers1 ing ing casting C h ic a g o... 4, C leveland... 3, D etroit... 1, Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim Santa A na Garden G ro ve... 3, M ilw a u k e e... 2, Newark and Jersey C i t y... 1, New Y o r k... 1, P hiladelphia... 1, May include workers in establishments having primary casting methods other than those shown separately. Establishment size. Nonferrous foundries are predominantly small establishments. Three-fourths the 1,287 foundries within the scope the survey had eight but fewer than 50 workers; one-eighth employed between 50 and 99 workers; and nearly one-tenth between 100 and 249 workers. None had as many as 2,500 workers. Foundries with 100 workers or more accounted for nearly three-fifths the industry s work force and for at least the majority the workers in the Middle Atlantic, Southeast, and Great Lakes regions. Nearly eight-tenths the workers in the die-casting foundries were employed in establishments with 100 workers or more, compared with three-tenths in sand-casting foundries. Union contract coverage. Three-fifths the industry s work force were in establishments with collective bargaining agreements covering a majority their production workers. In regions where data can be published, the proportions workers in such foundries were seven-tenths in the Great Lakes, two-thirds in the Middle Atlantic, slightly less than one-half in the Middle West and Pacific, and three-tenths in New England. Among the unionized plants, about seventenths were employed in foundries with 100 workers or more and also in foundries located in metropolitan areas. Nonunion foundries were smaller than union establishments; however, they were also concentrated in the larger communities more than in nonmetropolitan areas. The proportions workers in union foundries by type production method were seventenths in die casting, nearly one-half in sand casting, and two-thirds in permanent mold. 3 See Industry Wage Survey, Nonferrous Foundries, June July 1965, BLS Bulletin 1498, See Wage Structure: Nonferrous Foundries, May 1960, BLS Report 180, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U.S. Office Management and Budget through January Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 2

9 Method o f wage payment Four-fifths all workers were paid on a time-rate basis. (See table 20.) Formal wage payment plans applied to the majority these workers in all regions except New England, where individualized rates were slightly more prevalent. The largest proportions workers under incentive wage systems were found in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions; 27 and 21 percent, respectively. Permanent- Die-casting Sand-casting mold-casting plants foundries foundries United S tates... $3.27 $3.17 $3.33 Middle Atlantic Great L a k e s Middle W e s t Pacific Dashes indicate data did not meet publication criteria. Average hourly earnings Straight-time earnings the 61,895 production and related workers covered by the study, averaged $3.23 an hour in June (See table 1.) Regionally, wage levels ranged from below $3 an hour in the Southwest ($2.49) and Middle West ($2.73) to $3.38 in the Great Lakes. In only two other regions, the Middle Atlantic ($3.24) and the Pacific ($3.25), were hourly averages above the nationwide mean. The $3.23 nationwide average was 41 percent above the $2.29 level recorded in the May 1960 survey. Average earnings rose 40 percent in die-casting plants, 42 percent in sand-casting foundries, and 38 percent in permanent-mold foundries. Wages increased most in the New England region (46 percent) and least in the Pacific (35 percent) and Middle West (36 percent) during the 10-year span. Between the survey dates June July 1965 and June 1970, the average rose 28 percent nationwide, and among the different production methods 27 percent in die casting, 29 percent in sand foundries and 31 percent in permanent mold. 7 National averages were higher in nonmetropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas ($3.27 and $3.22, respectively).' This general relationship held in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions, which together comprised seven-tenths the work force. In the Middle West, the only other region where a comparison could be made, workers in metropolitan areas averaged 38 cents more than those in the smaller communities. Data for eight metropolitan areas are presented separately in tables 12 through 19. Average earnings for the four areas in the Great Lakes region ranged from $3.15 an hour in Detroit to $3.55 in Milwaukee and in the other four areas, from $2.62 in New York to $3.43 in Philadelphia. Nationwide, average hourly earnings by type production method was highest in permanent-mold foundries and lowest in those producing sand castings. As illustrated in the following tabulation, this wage relationship was not consistent among the regions permitting comparisons: Employees in establishments with 100 workers or more averaged $3.36 an hour 32 cents more than employees in foundries with 8 to 99 workers. This general pattern held in all but one the regions where comparisons could be made; in the Pacific, earnings in the smaller foundries averaged $3.32, compared with $3.07 in the larger establishments. Workers in establishments having union contracts averaged 48 cents more than workers in establishments not having such contracts ($3.42 compared with $2.94). In each the four regions permitting comparisons, workers in union plants averaged from 20 cents (Middle Atlantic) to 91 cents (Pacific) more than workers in nonunion plants. Because the interrelationship factors, such as casting methods, community size, establishment size, and union contract coverage, the exact influence on earnings any individual factor could not be determined in a study such as this. Examples these interrelationships were provided ip the discussion on industry characteristics. Individual earnings ranged widely, with about 3 percent the workers earning less than $2 an hour and nearly 6 percent earning $4.50 or more. (See table 2.) Workers in the middle half the array earned between $2.71 and $3.37 an hour. Regionally, the proportions 6 The straight-time average hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau s monthly hours and earnings series ($3.49 in June 1970). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number individuals; in the monthly series, the sum the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. The estimate the number production workers within scope the study is intended only as a general guide to the size and composition the labor force included in the survey. It differs from the number published in the monthly series (70,100 in June 1970) by the exclusion establishments employing fewer than eight workers, and by the fact that the advance planning necessary to make the survey requires the use lists establishments assembled considerably in advance data collection. Thus, establishments new to the industry are omitted, as are establishments orginally classified as nonferrous foundries but found to be in other industries at the time the survey. Also omitted are establishments casting nonferrous metals products, but classified incorrectly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled. 7 Op. cit., BLS Report 180 and BLS Bulletin Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 3

10 earnings less than $2 an hour ranged from 1 percent in the Great Lakes to 17 percent in the Southwest. Table 3 presents the distribution individual earnings by the three major production methods; earnings the middle half fell between $2.68 and $3.82 in die-casting plants, between $2.70 and $3.54 in sand foundries, and between $2.93 and $3.71 in permanent-mold-casting foundries. Occupational earnings The 36 occupations for which average hourly earnings are presented in table 4 accounted for slightly more than three-fifths the 61,895 production workers in establishments within the scope the survey. Men accounted for all the workers in 19 these job classifications and for at least 95 percent the workers in seven others. Women accounted for about two-fifths the filers (light), class C inspectors, and packers. Nationwide averages ranged from $5.15 for wood patternmakers to $2.63 for general foundry laborers. Occupations with average earnings over $4 included tool and die makers ($4.46), millwrights ($4.46), maintenance electricians ($4.29), and maintenance mechanics ($4.04). Chippers and grinders, numerically the most important job surveyed, averaged $2.93 an hour. Approximately 5,500 workers tended die-casting machines; operators required to set up these machines averaged $3.58, compared with $3.33 for those who operate only and $3.62 for setup men. Earnings the 4,300 molders in the survey average $3.67 for floor molders, $3.42 for hand-bench molders, and $3.68 for machine molders. Among the 12 occupations for which data could be presented for all regions shown in table 4, average earnings were generally highest in the Pacific region and lowest in the Southwest. The highest regional averages exceeded the lowest by 30 to 40 percent in most these jobs. Occupational earnings data are provided separately for the three major types foundries in tables 9, 10, and 11. Many the occupations studies with the notable exception those directly related to the casting process were common to all types establishments. The following tabulation provides a comparison average hourly earnings for several jobs found in all three production methods. Differences in nationwide job averages by type foundry may reflect differences in regional compositions the three industry branches. For example, seven-tenths the workers in permanentmold foundries, compared with four-tenths in sand foundries were in the relatively high-paying Great Lakes region. Die Sand Permanentcasting casting mold-casting Occupation plants foundries foundries Chippers and grinders... $2.82 $2.91 $3.25 Furnace tenders. / Inspectors, class B Inspectors, class C Laborers, material handling Maintenance men, general u t ilit y Pourers, metal Tool and die makers Occupational earnings data were also tabulated by size establishment, by size community, by labormanagement contract coverage, and by method wage payment. (See tables 5-8.) Earnings individual workers usually varied considerably within the same job and metropolitan area. (See tables ) In many instances, hourly earnings the highest paid workers exceeded those the lowest paid workers in the same job and area by more than $1 an hour. Thus, some workers in comparatively low-paid jobs (as measured by the average for all workers) earned more than some workers in jobs for which significantly higher average earnings were recorded. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Data were also obtained on certain establishment practices, including shift differentials for production workers, and work schedules, and selected supplementary benefits such as: Paid holidays; paid vacations; and health, insurance, and retirement plans for production and fice workers. Scheduled weekly hours. Weekly work schedules 40 hours were in effect in foundries employing slightly over 90 percent the production workers in June (See table 21.) Among the selected regions, New England and the Southwest had the greatest proportions working longer schedules 15 percent. For ficeworkers, 40- hour schedules were predominant in each region, with shorter schedules frequently found in New England,and the Middle Atlantic States. Shift differential provisions and practices. A large majority the production workers were in foundries having formal provisions for late shifts. (See table 22.) Seventeen percent the workers were actually employed on second shifts at the time the study; most commonly, they received 10 cents an hour above dayshift rates. About 5 percent were employed on third or other shifts. (See table 23.) Paid holidays. Virtually all production and ficeworkers were employed in establishments providing paid holidays, usually 6 to 10 annually. (See table Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 4

11 24.) Holiday provisions varied widely among and within regions. For example, production workers in the Southwest and Middle West most commonly received 6 days, compared with 9 days in the Great Lakes and 10 days in the Middle Atlantic States. No more than one-third the production workers in any region received the same number holidays. Similar patterns were noted for fice workers. Paid vacations.8 Nearly all production and ficeworkers received paid vacations after qualifying periods service. (See table 25.) Provisions applying to a large majority the production workers were 1 week s pay after 1 year service, at least 2 weeks after 5 years, and 3 weeks or more after 15 years. Four weeks or more after 25 years service were available to a little less than one-half the workers. Vacation provisions were slightly more liberal for fice workers. For both groups, substantial differences were found among the regions. After 20 years service, for example, one-half the production workers in the Great Lakes region could receive at least 4 weeks vacation pay; in the Southeast and Southwest, the proportions were less than onetenth. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. A large majority the production and fice workers were provided the following types insurance financed at least in part by the employer: Life, hospitalization, surgical, basic medical, sickness and accident, and accidental death and dismemberment. (See table 26.) Major medical insurance was provided to slightly over one-half the production workers and to nearly four-fifths the ficeworkers. Slightly more than two-fifths the fice workers were covered by sick leave plans; such benefits rarely applied to production workers. The incidence all these benefits varied by region. Major medical plans, for example, covered slightly more than four-fifths the production workers in the Pacific States, compared with about two-fifths in the Middle Atlantic. Pension plans, providing regular payments for the remainder the retiree s life (in addition to Federal social security), were recorded in establishments employing approximately two-thirds the production and ficeworkers. Among the regions, the proportions plant workers covered by pension plans ranged from approximately seven-tenths in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes States to slightly above one-fourth in the Middle West. Plans providing a lump-sum payment at retirement applied to less than one-tenth the workers. In some instances, retirees were provided certain insurance benefits at least partly financed by their former employers. Three-tenths the production workers and four-tenths the ficeworkers were in foundries extending life insurance, usually on a reduced basis, to retirees. Hospitalization and surgical insurance, providing at least some coverage during retirement, applied to about one-fourth the workers; similar plans for basic medical insurance applied to approximately onefifth. The incidence such provisions varied substantially by region. (See table 27.) Other selected benefits. Provisions for pay while attending funerals relatives and while serving as a juror applied to slightly less than three-fifths the production workers and to similar proportions the ficeworkers. Pay for separation from work because technological changes or plant closings was available to nearly onetenth the production workers and to about one-fifth the fice. Provisions for unemployment payments in addition to State benefits applied to about one-eighth the production workers, but rarely to fice personnel. Cost--living pay adjustments applied to nearly threetenths the production workers compared with onetenth the ficeworkers. (See table 27.) Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 5

12 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 1. hourly earnings: B y selected characteristics (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hou rly earn in g s 1 production w orkers in nonferrous foundries by selected c h a ra c te ristic s, United States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) Ite m U nited States 2 New England A tlantic Southeast Southwest G reat Lakes W est Pacific N u m b er w o r k e r s Num ber A v erage hourlye a rn in g s N u m b er N u m b er N u m b er Num ber N u m b er w o rk e r s Num ber A v erag e A ll p ro d u c tio n ,8 9 5 $3.23 3, 447 $ , 064 $3.24 2, 876 $3.03 1, 931 $ ,8 5 4 $3.38 2, 892 $2.73 5, 511 $3.25 M e n , , , , , , , , W o m e n , , M ajor m ethod production: D ie c a s tin g , , , , , , Sand c a s tin g 23, , , , , , , P e r m a n e n t- m o ld c a s tin g 5, " 1, , S ize c o m m u n ity : M e tro p o lita n a r e a s 4 45, , , , , N o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s 16, " " 2, , , , S ize e s ta b lis h m e n t: 8~99 w o r k e r s. 2 5, , , , , w o rk ers or m o re. 36, , , , , , , L a b o r -m a n a g e m e n t c o n tr a c ts : E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith M a jo rity w o r k e r s c o v e r e d N one o r m in o r ity w o r k e r s 3 7, , , , , c o v e r e d 2 4, , , , , , E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 Includes data fo r estab lish m en ts em ploying other m ethods production in addition to those shown sep arately. 4 T he te r m " m e tro p o lita n a r e a," a s u s e d in th is stu d y, r e f e r s to S ta n d ard M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a s a s d e fin e d by th e U.S. O ffice M a n ag e m e n t an d B udget th ro u g h J a n u a ry NOTE: D ashes indicate no data rep o rted or data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

13 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 2. Earnings distribution: All establishments ( P e rc e n t d istrib u tio n production w o rk ers in nonferrous foundries by av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hourly earn in g s, 1 United States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) A verage hou rly earn in g s 1 * A ll United S ta te s3 M en W om en New E n g lan d A tlan tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific U n d er $ $ 1.60 an d u n d e r $ 1.65 $ 1.65 an d u n d e r $ 1.70 $ 1.70 an d u n d e r $ 1.75 $ 1.75 an d u n d e r $ 1.80 $ 1.80 an d u n d e r $ 1.85 $ 1.85 an d u n d e r $ 1.90 $ 1.90 an d u n d e r $ 1.95 $ 1.95 an d u n d e r $ 2.00 $ 2.00 an d u n d e r $ 2.10 $ 2.10 au d u n d e r $ $ 2.20 an d u n d e r $ 2.30 $ 2.30 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.40 an d u n d e r $ 2.50 $ 2.50 an d u n d e r $ 2.60 $ 2.60 an d u n d e r $ 2.70 $ 2.70 an d u n d e r $ 2.80 $ an d u n d e r $ $ 2.90 an d u n d e r $ 3.00 $ 3.00 an d u n d e r $ 3.10 $ 3.10 an d u n d e r $ 3.20 $ 3.20 an d u n d e r $ 3.30 $ 3.30 an d u n d e r $ 3.40 $ 3.40 an d u n d e r $ 3.50 $ 3.50 an d u n d e r $ 3.60 $ 3.60 an d u n d e r $ 3.70 $ 3.70 an d u n d e r $ 3.80 $ 3.80 an d u n d e r $ 3.90 $ 3.90 an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ and u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ 5.00 an d o v e r T o ta l- N u m b e r w o r k e r s h o u r ly 1 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3 ) (3) (3 ) (3) ' i _ (3 ) _ (3) _.7 L (3) _ , , , , , , 876 1, , , 892 5, 511 $3.23 $3.30 $2.68 $3.04 $ 3.24 $3.03 $2.49 $3.38 $2.73 $3.25 E xcludes p rem iu m pay for overtim e and for w ork on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes data for reg io n s in addition to those shown separately. 3 L ess than 0.05 p ercen t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 100.

14 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 3. Earnings distribution: By method production ( P ercen t d istrib u tio n production w o rk ers in nonferrous foundries by average stra ig h t- tim e hourly,1 and m ajo r m ethod production, U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, June 1970) A verage hourly earn in g s 1 U nited S ta te s 2 A tla n tic Die casting Sand casting P erm anent-m old casting S o u th east G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific U n ited S ta te s 2 New E n g lan d A tla n tic S o u th w e st G re a t L a k e s W est P a c if ic U n ited S ta te s 2 A tlan tic G re a t L akes U n d e r $ (3 ) 0.1 (3 ) (3 ) $ 1.60 an d u n d e r $ _ (3 ) 2.0 _ (3 ) $ 1.65 and u n d e r $ (3 ) (3 ) _ (3 ) _ $ 1.70 and u n d e r $ (3 ).1 - $ 1.75 an d u n d e r $ _ (3 ) (3 ) $ 1.80 and u n d e r $ $ 1.85 and u n d e r $ (3 ).2.9 _ $ 1.90 an d u n d e r $ (3 ) (3 ) $ 1.95 an d u n d e r $ (3 ) $ 2.00 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.10 and u n d e r $ $ 2.20 and under $ $ 2.30 and u n d e r $ $ 2.40 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.50 an d u n d e r $ $ 2,60 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.70 and u n d e r $ $ 2.80 an d u n d e r $ $ 2.90 an d u n d e r $ $ and u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ 3.20 and u n d e r $ $ 3.30 and u n d e r $ $ 3.40 an d u n d e r $ $ 3.50 and under $ $ 3.60 an d u n d e r $ $ 3.70 and u n d e r $ $ 3.80 an d u n d e r $ $ 3.90 and u n d er $ $ an d u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ _ _ $ an d u n d e r $ _ $ and u n d e r $ $ and u n d e r $ $ an d u n d e r $ _ 1.6 _ $ an d u n d e r $ _ 1.1 _.4.4 ' _.6 _.3 _.5 1.4,5 1.7 $ and u n d e r $ _.6.7 (3 ).6 _.9 _ $ and u n d e r $ _ _ $ and u n d e r $ , $ 5.00 an d o v e r T o ta l , N u m b e r w o r k e r s , , 107 1, ,003 1,051 1, , , 026 5, 090 1, , 112 1, , 123 5, 313 1, 099 3, $ 3.27 $3.44 $3.24 $ $2.54 $2.9 4 $3.1 7 $3.11 $3.10 $2.52 $3.33 $2.85 $3.45 $3.33 $3.09 $ Excludes p rem iu m pay for o v ertim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 L e s s th a n 0.05 p e rc e n t... NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 100.

15 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T able 4. O ccupational averages: All establishm ents (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings 1 w orkers in selected occupations in n o nferrous fo undries, U nited States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) O ccupation and sex U nited States 12 New England A tlantic Southeast Southwest G reat Lakes W est Pacific N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v erag e N u m b er w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s Num ber C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s (4, 123 m e n, 211 w o m e n ) ,3 3 4 $ $2.71 1,075 $ $ $2.23 1, 728 $ $ $3.06 C h ip p e rs (213 m e n, 10 w o m e n ) _ G r in d e r s (1,4 1 5 m e n, 97 w o m e n ) , C o re a s s e m b le r s an d f in is h e r s (323 m e n, 140 w o m e n ) _ C o r e m a k e r s, h a n d M e n C o rem ak ers, m achine (658 m en, 46 wom en) D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (s e t-u p and o p e ra te ) (a ll m en ) 1, D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (o p e ra te only ) (3,5 4 1 m e n, 31 w o m en ) , , D ie -castin g -m ach in e set-u p m en (all m en ) E le c tr ic ia n s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll m e n ) F i l e r s, lig h t (d ie c a s tin g s ) _ ' M en _ - W o m e n _ - _ F u r n a c e t e n d e r s (a ll m e n ) 2, , In sp e c to rs, c la ss A (362 m en, 55 wom en) I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B M e n W o m e n I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C 1, , M e n 1, W o m e n L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, fo u n d ry (2, 162 m e n, 23 w o m en) , L a b o re rs, m a te ria l handling (all m en ) M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility (all m en ) , M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll m en ) M illw rig h ts (a ll m e n ) M o ld e rs, flo o r (a ll m e n ) M olders, hand, bench (all m en ) 1, M o ld e rs, m a c h in e (a ll m e n ) 2, , P a c k e r s, s h ip p in g M e n _ W o m e n _ P a t te r n m a k e r s, w ood (a ll m e n ) P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (1, 170 m e n, 14 w o m e n )3 1, G ravity castin g (957 m en, 14 wom en ) C e n trifu g a l c a stin g (a ll m e n ) P o lis h e r s an d b u f fe r s, m e ta l (466 m e n, 54 w o m en) _ - P o lis h in g - and b u ffin g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s M e n P o u r e r s, m e ta l (a ll m en ) R e c e iv in g c le r k s (a ll m e n ) _ - Sand m ix e rs, hand and m achine (all m en ) S h ak eo u t m e n (a ll m e n ) 1, S h e ll-m o ld m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (a ll m e n ) 219 * S h ipping c le r k s (a ll m e n ) Shipping and receiv in g c le rk s (234 m en, 5 w o m e n ) S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a to r s (1, 115 m en, 474 w o m e n ) 1, , T o o l an d d ie m a k e r s (a ll m e n ) , T r u c k e r s, p o w e r (766 m e n, 15 w o m e n ) F o r k lif t (684 m e n, 15 w o m en ) O th e r th a n f o rk lif t (a ll m e n ) " " ~ " " " " " 1 E xcludes p rem iu m pay for overtim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for reg io n s in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes data fo r in classificatio n in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data rep o rted or data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

16 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 5. O ccupational averages: By size establishm ent (N um ber and av erage stra ig h t- tim e hourly earn in g s 1 m en in selected occupations in nonferrous foundries by size estab lish m en t, United States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) U nited States 2 New England A tlantic Southeast E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith O c c u p a tio n N u m b e r w o r k e r s 8-99 Num ber 100 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s 100 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s 8 99 w o r k e r s N u m b e r 100 w o r k e r s o r m o re N u m b e r 8 99 w orkers C h ip p e rs and g r in d e r s , 830 $2.83 1,293 $ $ $ $ $2.40 G r in d e r s C o re a s s e m b le r s an d f i n i s h e r s _ - C o r e m a k e r s, hand C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e _ D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ( s e t-u p and o p e r a te ) , D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (o p e ra te o n ly ) 1, , D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m e n F u r n a c e t e n d e r s , , I n s p e c to r s, c la s s A I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, fo u n d ry , L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g _ M a in te n a n c e m e n, g e n e ra l u t ility M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e M o ld e r s, flo o r M o ld e rs, h a n d, b e n c h M o ld e r s, m a c h in e , P a c k e r s, s h ip p in g P a t te r n m a k e r s, w ood P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s _ G ra v ity c a s tin g P o lis h e r s an d b u f fe r s, m e ta l P o lish in g - and buffing-m achine o p e r a to r s P o u r e r s, m e ta l S and m ix e r s, h a n d and m a c h in e _ - S h ak eo u t m e n S h e ll-m o ld -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s S h ip p in g c l e r k s S hip p in g an d re c e iv in g c l e r k s S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a t o r s T o o l an d d ie m a k e r s T r u c k e r s, p o w e r F o r k li f t See footnotes at end tab le.

17 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 5. O ccupational averages: By size establishm ent Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings 1 m en in selected occupations in nonferrous foundries by size estab lish m en t, United States and selected regions, June 1970) O ccu p atio n 8 99 N u m b er Southw est 100 o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s 8 99 w o r k e r s N u m b e r w o r k e r s G re a t L a k e s E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith 100 o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s 8 99 N u m b e r w o r k e r s W est 100 o r m o re N u m b e r w o r k e r s 8-99 w orkers N u m b e r w o r k e r s P a c ific 100 o r m o re N u m b er C h ip p e rs and g r in d e r s $ $ $3.03 ' 698 $ $ $ $ $3.27 G r in d e r s C o re a s s e m b le r s and f i n i s h e r s C o r e m a k e r s, hand C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ( s e t-u p and o p e r a t e ) D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs F u r n a c e t e n d e r s I n s p e c to r s, c la s s A I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B I n s p e c to rs, c la s s C L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, fo u n d ry $ L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e M o ld e rs, f lo o r M o ld e r s, h a n d, b e n c h M o ld e rs, m a c h in e P a c k e r s, s h ip p in g P a tte r n m a k e r s, w ood P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s G ra v ity c a s tin g _ C e n trifu g a l c a s tin g (o p e ra te o n ly ) D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m e n , P o lis h e r s an d b u f fe r s, m e ta l _ P o lish in g - and buffing-m achine o p e r a to r s _ P o u r e r s, m e ta l S and m ix e r s, h a n d an d m a c h in e S h ak eo u t m e n , _ S h e ll-m o ld -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s S hipping c l e r k s S hipping an d r e c e iv in g c l e r k s _ S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a t o r s T ool an d d ie m a k e r s T r u c k e r s, p o w e r F o r k lif t E xcludes prem iu m pay for overtim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for reg io n s in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes data for w o rk ers in classificatio n in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data rep o rted or data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

18 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 6. O ccupational averages: By size community (N u m b er a n d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e 1 m en in s e le c te d o ccu p atio n s in n o n fe rro u s fo u n d rie s in m e tr o p o lita n an d n o n m e tro p o lita n a r e a s, U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, June 1970) United States 2 New England A tlantic G reat Lakes W est Pacific M etropolitan N onm etro - M etropolitan M etropolitan N onm etro M etropolitan N onm etro - M etropolitan N onm etro M etropolitan a r e a s p o lita n a r e a s a r e a s a r e a s p o lita n a r e a s a r e a s p o lita il a r e a s a r e a s p o lita n a r e a s a r e a s O ccu p a tio n N u m - A v e r- N um - A v e r- N um - A v e r- N um - A v e r N u m A v e r N um A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N um A v e r b er age ber age ber age b er age b er age b er age ber age b er age ber age ber age w o rk - e a rn - w o rk - e a rn - w o rk - e a rn - w o rk - e a r n w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n - w o rk e a rn - w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings e rs ings e rs in g 8 e rs ings e rs e rs ing8- e rs ings ers ings 3, 387 $ $ $ $ $3.39 1,206 $ $ $ $ $ _ , _ r '.n -f (*-ppalfotij, Via-nH.... _ C.o n p m altsrs, marviinp D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ( s e t-u p an d o p e r a te ) , ~ " D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (<*>p*»-pfl t** o-ply).... 2, , , I)ie -c ^ sting-ma a t - n p mpr _ Fu T*Tla c c tend p rn. 1, I n s p e c t o r s, ('I* i>«a _ Jripp4ar,tr\TA, r.laflfl R _ _ I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C L a b o r e r s, g^n ** ra 1} fnnnh ry... 1, L a b o rers, m ate ria l h an d in g Maint**na nrp pr>'arl, g en eral utility M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e M o ld e rs, f lo o r M o ld e rs, h a n d, b e n c h , M o ld e rs, m ar hi it a , P a c k e r s, sh ip p in g Pfl ttertttnalcer s, wnnrf _ P e rm an en t- m o ld - m ach in e o p e ra to rs G ra v ity c a s tin g _ P o lis h e r s an d b u f fe r s, m e ta l ~ " ~ ~ - " ' ' P o lish in g - and buffing-m achine n p p r a tn r s ~ P o u r e r s, m e ta l Sand m ix e r s, h and a n d m a c h in e Shakeout t p p p Shell-m old - m a rv>in,» np p ratn re gjljppjpg and receiv in g C.lf»rks S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a t o r s T ool d ie.. _ T ruclrar8 j ^ _ F o rk lift E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r ov ertim e and fo r work on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data fo r reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 Includes data fo r w o rk ers in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data rep o rted o r data that do not m eet publication c rite ria,

19 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 7. O ccupational averages: By labor-m anagem ent contract coverage (Num ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings 1 m en in selected occupations in nonferrous foundries by lab o r-m an ag em en t co n tract coverage, U nited States and selected regions, June 1970) United States 2 New England A tlantic G reat Lakes W est Pacific O ccu p a tio n Majc)rity covejre d N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n ings None n o rity o x m i- co v ered N one o r m i n ority covered N u m A v e r N u m A v e r b e r age b e r age w o rk e a r n w o rk e a r n e rs ings e r s ings Maj< 5rity covesre d N u m b e r w o rk e rs A v e r age e a rn - - j g g i - E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith None o r m i n ority covered N u m A v e r b e r age w o rk e a r n e r s in g s M a jo rity c o v e re d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s N one o r m i n ority covered N u m A v e r b e r age w o rk e a r n e r s ings M a jo rity c o v e re d N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n in g s N one ' o r m i- no rity ' c o v e re d N u m A v e r b e r age w o rk e a r n e r s ings M a jo rity c o v e re d N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r age e a r n ings None o r m i- n o rity c o v e re d N u m A v e r b e r age w o rk e a r n e rs ings C hippers and g rin d e rs 3 2, 008 $3.16 2, 115 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $2.43 G r in d e r s C ore a sse m b le rs and fin is h e rs C o rem ak ers, hand C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (s e t-u p an d o p e ra te ) 1, _ D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (o p e ra te o n ly ) 1, , , ' D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m e n E le c tric ia n s, m aintenance F i l e r s, lig h t (die c a s tin g s ) _ F u r n a c e te n d e r s 1, I n s p e c to r s, c la s s A _ _ I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C L a b o rers, g en eral, fo u n d ry 1, , L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g _ « M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility M e ch a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e _ _ M o ld e rs, flo o r M o ld ers, hand, bench _ M o ld e r s, m a c h in e , P a c k e r s, s h ip p in g P a tte r n m a k e r s, wood P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs G ra v ity c a stin g P o l is h e r s, and b u f fe r s, m e t a l _» _ P o lis h in g - and b u ffin g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s _ P o u r e r s, m e t a l Sand m ix e rs, hand and m ac h in e S h ak eo u t m e n _ S hell-m o ld -m ach in e o p e ra to rs S hipping c l e r k s _ _ Shipping and receiv in g c le rk s S pru e -cu ttin g p re s s o p e ra to rs _ _ T o o l and d ie m a k e r s T ru c k e rs, pow er 3 _ F o r k lif t E xcludes p rem ium pay for overtim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 In c lu d e s d a ta fo r re g io n s in a d d itio n to th o se show n s e p a ra te ly. 3 Includes data for w o rk ers in classification in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data rep o rted or data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

20 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 8. O ccupational averages: By method w age payment (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t - tim e hourly earnings 1 m en in selected occupations in nonferrous foundries by m ethod wage paym ent, United States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) O c c u p a tio n N u m b er U nited S tates 2 M id d le A tla n tic G re a t L a k e s T im ew orkers Incentive w orkers T im ew orkers Incentive w orkers T im ew o rk ers Incentive w orkers N u m b er C h ip p e rs and g r in d e r s 3 3,4 0 8 $ $ $ $ ,2 8 9 $ $3. 67 G r in d e r s , C o re a s s e m b le r s and f i n i s h e r s C o r e m a k e r s, h an d C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ( s e t-u p an d o p e ra te ) D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (o p e r a te only) , , T D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m e n F i l e r s, lig h t (d ie c a s tin g s ) F u r n a c e te n d e r s , I n s p e c to r s, c la s s A I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, fo u n d ry , L a b o r e r s, m a te r ia l h a n d lin g M o ld e rs, f lo o r M o ld e rs, h a n d, b e n c h M o ld e r s, m a c h in e , P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s G ra v ity c a s t i n g P o lis h e r s an d b u ffe rs, m e ta l P o lis h in g - an d b u ffin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s P o u r e r s, m e ta l Sand m ix e r s, h and an d m a c h in e S h a k e o u t m e n S h e ll- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a t o r s T r u c k e r s, p o w e r F o r k l i f t N u m b e r N u m b e r N u m b e r N u m b e r 1 E xcludes p rem iu m pay for o v ertim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 Includes data for w o rk ers in cla ssifica tio n in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data rep o rted o r data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

21 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 9. O ccupational averages: Die-casting establishm ents (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings 1 m en in selected occupations in nonferrous die casting e stab lish m en ts, United States and selected regions, June 1970) O ccupation Num ber United States 12 A tlantic G reat Lakes Pacific N u m b e r N u m b er N u m b er A v erage C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s $ D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (se t-u p $ $ an d o p e r a t e ) 1, $3.48 D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs ( o p e ra te o n ly ) , , D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in g s e t- u p m e n F u rn a c e t e n d e r s I n s p e c to r s, c la s s A 238 3, I n s p e c to rs, c la s s B I n s p e c to rs, c la s s C L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, f o u n d ry L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g, M a in te n a n c e m e n, g e n e ra l u t il it y M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e M illw r ig h ts P a c k e r s, s h ip p in g P o lis h e r s an d b u f fe r s, m e ta l _ - P olishing- and buffing-m achine o p erato rs P o u r e r s, m e ta l _ S hip p in g an d r e c e iv in g c l e r k s S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a t o r s T ool and d ie m a k e r s 1, T r u c k e r s, p o w e r F o r k li f t E xcludes p rem iu m pay for overtim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data rep o rted or data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

22 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 10. O ccupational averages: Sand-casting establishm ents (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t - tim e h ourly 1 m en in selected occupations in nonferrous sand casting e stab lish m en ts, United States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) O ccu p atio n United States 12 New England A tlantic South we st G reat Lakes W est Pacific N u m b e r A v erag e Num ber N u m b er N u m b e r N u m b er N u m b er N u m b er A v erag e C h ip p e rs and g r in d e r s... 3, 279 $ $ $ $2.25 1,241 $ $ $3.20 C h ip p e r s G r in d e r s 1, C o re a s s e m b le r s an d f in i s h e r s Co r e m a k e r s, h a n d C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e F u r n a c e t e n d e r s 1, I n s p e c to rs, c la s s A I n s p e c to rs, c la s s B I n s p e c to rs, c la s s C L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, fo u n d ry , L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g M a in te n a n c e m e n, g e n e ra l u t il it y M o ld e r s, f lo o r M o ld e r s, h a n d, b e n c h M o ld e rs, m a c h in e 2, P a tte r n m a k e r s, w ood P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s P o lis h in g - an d b u ffin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s P o u r e r s, m e ta l Sand m ix e r s, h a n d and m a c h in e S h ak eo u t m e n S h e ll-m o ld -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s T ool and d ie m a k e r s E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 E xcludes data for reg io n s in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no d ata rep o rted or data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

23 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 11. O ccupational averages: Perm anent-m old casting establishm ents (N u m b er an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e 1 m en in s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s in n o n fe rro u s p e rm a n e n t-m o ld c a stin g e s ta b lis h m e n ts, U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, June 1970) O ccu p atio n N u m b e r United States 2 A tlantic G reat Lakes N u m b e r N u m b e r C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s 382 $ $3. 34 G r in d e r s _ C o re a s s e m b le r s and f in i s h e r s F u r n a c e t e n d e r s $ I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, f o u n d ry L a b o r e r s, m a te r ia l h a n d lin g _ M a in te n a n c e m e n, g e n e ra l u tility M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e M o ld e r s, f lo o r M o ld e r s, h a n d, b e n c h M o ld e r s, m a c h in e P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs G ra v ity c a s tin g C e n trifu g a l c a s tin g P o u r e r s, m e ta l S h ak eo u t m e n S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a t o r s T o o l an d d ie m a k e r s T r u c k e r s, p o w e r Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 Includes data for w orkers in classificatio n in addition to those shown sep arately. NOTE: D ashes indicate no data rep o rted or data that do not m eet publication c rite ria.

24 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 12. O ccupational earnings: Chicago, III (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings 2 production w orkers in selected occupations in nonferrous fo undries, June 1970) O ccupation and sex N um - A ver- N um ber w orkers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings ag e $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 w o rk - e a rn - $2.00 u n d e r and e r s in g s $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 over All production , 241 $ M e n , W o m e n " " S elected occupations m en C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s _ 2 _ _ 8 _ 20 2 _ 6 _ T im e ' _ 2 _. G r in d e r s (a ll tim e ) _ _ _ 4 _ - _ C h ip p e rs and g r in d e r s _ T im e _ - _ _ _ 18 2 _ 2 C o r e m a k e r s, h a n d _ _ - _ 7 _ 16 _ 8 2 _ g 2 C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e _ 2 2 _ 14 6 D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (s e t-u p an d o p e r a te ) T im e _ 2 D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (o p e r a te only) T im e In c e n tiv e _ 2 D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m e n _ T im e _ _ E l e c t r ic i a n s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll tim e ) _ F u r n a c e te n d e r s _ 4 _ _ T im e _ _ I n s p e c to r s, c la s s A (a ll tim e ) I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B _ rj1ip"' <=>.. _ I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C (a ll tim e ) _ L a b o r e r s, g e n e r a l, fo u n d ry m > \ x j r i _ L a b o r e r s, m a te r ia l h a n d lin g _. T im e _ M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) M ech an ics, m aintenance (^11 H m p ^ n rv p fs j _ M o ld e r s, f lo o r _ M o ld e r s, m a c h in e _ _ 'T i 7*p o In c e n tiv e _ 2 2 _ P a t te r n m a k e r s, wood (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) P o u r e r s, m e ta l (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) S h a k e o u t m e n (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) _ 8 - Shipping and receiving clerk s (a ll tim e ) S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a to r s See footnotes a t end tab le.

25 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 12. O ccupational earnings: Chicago, III.1 Continued (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t - tim e hourly earnings 2 production w orkers in selected occupations in nonferrous fo undries, June 1970) O ccupation and sex N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r age e a r n ings 2 U nder $2.00 $2.00 and u n d e r $2.10 $2.10 $ 2.20 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.30 $2.40 N um ber w orkers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings - $2.40 $2.50 $ 2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 and $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3,50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 o v e r S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s - m en C o n tin u e d T o o l an d d ie m a k e r s (all tim ew o rk ers ) T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, f o rk lif t (a ll tim e ) S elected occupations----women I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C (a ll tim e ) $ The Chicago S tandard M etropolitan S tatistical A rea consists Cook, D upage, K ane, Lake M ch enry, and W ill C ounties. 2 E xcludes p rem iu m pay for o v ertim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. 3 Insufficient data to w a rran t publication sep arate averages by m ethod wage paym ent, predom inantly tim ew o rk ers. 4 All w o rk ers w ere at $5 to $ W orkers w ere d istrib u ted as follows: 4 at $5 to $5.20; 2 a t $5.20 to $5.40; and 2 at $6.60 to $ W orkers w ere d istrib u ted as follows: 2 at $5.20 to $5.40; 14 at $6.80 to $7; '6 at $7.20 to $7.40; and 2 at $7.40 to $ W orkers w ere d istrib u ted as follow s: 14 at $4.80 to $5; 22 at $5 to $5.20; 5 at $5.20 to $5.40; and 2 at $5.60 to $5.80. T a b le 13. O c c u p a tio n a l earn in g s : C le v e la n d, O h io 1 (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e hourly earnings 2 production w orkers in selected occupations in nonferrous fo undries, June 1970) O ccupation and sex N u m b e r w o rk e r s A v e r- age e a r n in g s 2 $2.00 and u n d e r $2.10 $2.10 $2.20 $2.20 $2.30 $2.30 $2.40 $2.40 $2.50 $2.50 $2.60 N um ber w orkers rec eiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $4.80 $5.00 and $5.00 o v e r A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ,3 0 4 $ M e n , W o m e n S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s m en C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s _ _ In c e n tiv e _ G r in d e r s 4 b / _ -. _ _ 3 _ _ C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s _ _ 2 I n c e n tiv e _ _ 2 C o re a s s e m b le r s an d f i n i s h e r s _ 1 1 _ _ T im e C o r e m a k e r s, h a n d 4b/ _ _ 1 C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e _.. _ 4 _ 1 5 _ 3 _ 3 _ In c e n tiv e ' ' ' See footnotes at end tab le.

26 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 13. O ccupational earnings: Cleveland, O h io 1 Continued (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t - tim e hourly earnings 2 production w orkers in selected occupations in nonferrous fo u n d ries, June 1970) O ccupation and sex N um - A ver- N um ber w o rk ers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings ag e $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 w o rk - e a r n - u n d e r " " - ' " - - and ex t> $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 o v e r S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s m e n C o n tin u ed D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (o p erate only) (a ll in c e n tiv e ) D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m en (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ).. E l e c t r ic i a n s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) F u r n a c e t e n d e r s I n s p e c to r s, c la s s A 4 a / I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B *~a/ I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C T im e L a b o r e r s, g e n e r a l, fo u n d ry (all tim ew o rk ers ). L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g (a ll tim e ) M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) M o ld e r s, m a c h in e In c e n tiv e P a c k e r s, sh ip p in g (a ll tim e ) P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s, g ra v ity c a stin g (a ll in c e n tiv e ) P o lis h in g - an d b u ffin g -m a c h in e o p e ra to rs.. In c e n tiv e P o u r e r s, m e ta l T im e Sand m ix e rs, hand and m achine (a ll tim e ) S h a k e o u t m e n T im e I n c e n tiv e - Shipping and receiv in g clerk s (a ll tim e ) S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a t o r s In c e n tiv e Tool and die m ak ers (a ll tim e ) T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, fo rk lif t (a ll tim e ) $ _ 6 _ 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ 2 6 _ 15 _ _ _ 9 _ " _ - 4 _ _ 6 4 _ _ _ _ ' _ 2 5 _ _ S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s w om en P a c k e r s, s h ip p in g S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a to r s (a ll in c e n tiv e ) The C leveland S tandard M etropolitan S ta tistica l A rea consists Cuyahoga, G eauga, L ake, and M edina C ounties. E xcludes p rem iu m pay fo r o v ertim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. Includes 2 w o rk ers at $1.90 to $2. In s u ffic ie n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p u b lic a tio n s e p a r a te a v e ra g e s by m ethod o f w age p a y m e n t; (a) p re d o m in a n tly tim e w o r k e r s, o r (b) p re d o m in a n tly in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s. W orkers w ere d istrib u ted as follow s: 2 at $5 to $5.20; 1 at $5.20 to $5.40; 2 at $5.40 to $5.60; 2 at $5.60 to $5.80; 4 at $5.80 to $6; and 2 at $6.20 to $6.40.

27 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 14. O ccup ation al earnings: Detroit, M ich.1 (N um ber and av erag e s tra ig h t- tim e h ourly earnings 2 production w orkers in selected occupations in nonferrous foundries, June 1970) N um - A ver- N um ber w o rk ers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings O ccupation and sex $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $ 3.101$3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.8 0 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 w o rk - e a rn - u n d e r and e r s in g s 2 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.4 0 $2.5 0 $2.60 $2.7 0 $2.8 0 $2.9 0 $3.0 0 $ $3.2 0 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.6 0 $3.7 0 $3.80 $4.00 $4.2 0 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 o v er A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s M e n W o m e n 1,8 7 2 $ , " ~ 64 1 Selected occupations m en C h ip p e rs an d g r i n d e r s 3 G r in d e r s C h ip p e rs and g r in d e r s C o r e m a k e r s, h and D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs ( s e t-u p and o p e ra te )... D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (o p e ra te o n ly ) D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m e n F u r n a c e te n d e r s I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility M o ld e rs, f lo o r M o ld e rs, h a n d, b e n c h P o lis h e r s an d b u f fe r s, m e ta l P o lish in g - and buffing-m achine o p e r a to r s S h ak eo u t m e n Shipping and receiv in g c le rk s T o o l an d d ie m a k e r s T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, f o rk lif t S elected occupations wom en I n s p e c to rs, c la s s B _ 4 _ _ 5 _ _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ _ _ 5 7 _ 7 _ _ _ «. _ 2 _.. _ _ _ The D etro it Standard M etropolitan S tatistical A rea consists M acom b, Oakland, and W ayne C ounties. 2 E xcludes p rem iu m pay for o v ertim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 3 Includes w o rk ers in classificatio n in addition to those shown sep arately. 4 W orkers w ere d istrib u ted as follow s: 2 at $ 5.20 to $ 5.40 and 2 at $ 5.60 to $ 5.80.

28 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 15. O ccupational earnings: Los A n g eles Long Beach and A n ah eim S an ta A n a G arden G rove, C a lif.1 (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e h ourly earn in g s 2 production w orkers in selected occupations in nonferrous foundries, June 1970) O ccupation and sex N u m A v e r- b e r a g e w o rk e a r n e r s in g s 2 N um ber w orkers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings - $1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 and u n d e r and $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 over ' A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 601 $2.91 3, W om en S elected occupations m en C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s T im e C h ip p e rs (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) G r in d e r s T im e C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) C o re a s s e m b le r s an d f i n i s h e r s T im e C o r e m a k e r s, hand C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e _ D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs ( s e t-u p an d o p e ra te ) T im e ' D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (o p e ra te o n ly ) _ D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m e n (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) F u r n a c e t e n d e r s T im s I n s p e c to r s, c la s s A (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B T im p I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, f o u n d ry T im e L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) M o ld e rs, flo o r T im e...._ M o ld ers, hand, bench (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) M o ld e rs, m a c h in e T im e In c e n ti v e P a c k e r s, sh ip p in g (a ll tim e ) P a tte r n m a k e r s, wood P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (a ll tim e ) P o u r e r s, m e ta l Time*... n Sand m ix e r s, h an d an d m a c h in e S hak eo u t m e n T im e _ 15 _ _ 5 _ 4 _ _ _ _ 2 6 _ 1 _ ~ _ _ > _ ~ " " _ ~ " 2 ~ " " ~ - - " - ~ " : _ _ _ 4 2 _ _ _. _ 4 2 _ ' ' See footnotes a t end table,

29 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 15. O ccupatio n al earnings: Los A ngeles Long Beach and A n ah eim S an ta A n a G arden G rove, C a lif.1 Continued (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t- tim e hou rly earnings 1 production w orkers in selected occupations in nonferrous foundries, June 1970) Num - A ver- N um ber w orkers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings O ccupation and sex w o rk e a r n e r s in g s 2 $1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $ 2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3780 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $5.00 $5.20 and u n d e r and $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 over S e le c te d o ccupatio n! S hipping c l e r k s - T im e Shipping and receiv in g clerk s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a to r s ( a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) Tool and die m ak e rs (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, f o rk lif t T im e Selected occupations wom en 10 $ " _ _ _ _ " " " 1 " ' F ile rs, light (die casting) 4 I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B 4 I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C T im e * _ 1 _ 3 _ The Los A ngeles Long B each and A naheim -Santa A na-g arden Grove Standard M etropolitan S tatistical A reas co n sist Los A ngeles and O range Counties, E xcludes p rem iu m pay for overtim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 3 In c lu d e s 1 w o rk e r a t $ 1.40 to $ I n s u ffic ie n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p u b lic a tio n s e p a r a te a v e ra g e s b y m eth o d w age p a y m e n t, p re d o m in a n tly tim e w o r k e r s. 5 W o rk e rs w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 4 a t $ to $ ; 5 a t $ to $ ; 1 a t $ to $ ; and 1 a t $ 6 to $

30 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 16. O cc u p atio n al earnings: M ilw au kee, W is.1 (N u m b er an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e 2 p ro d u ctio n in s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s in n o n fe rro u s fo u n d rie s, Ju n e 1970) O ccupation and sex N u m - A v e r - N u m b e r w o r k e r s re c e iv in g s tr a ig h t- tim e age $2.50 TTnrlo-t* $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $ 2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.2 0 $3.3 0 $3.40 $3.50 $ $ $ $ 3.90 $ 4.00 $4.1 0 $ $ $4.40 $4.50 $ $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 w o rk - e a r n - and $2.50 u n d e r e r s in g s 2 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.3 0 $3.4 0 $3.50 $ 3.60 $ $3.8 0 $3.9 0 $ 4.00 $4.1 0 $ 4.20 $ 4.30 $ 4.40 $4.5 0 $4.6 0 $4.8 0 $5.00 $5.20 o v e r A ll production 2,525 $ M en 2, W o m e n S elected occupations 3 C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s _ _ T im e G r in d e r s 5 a / C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) C o r e m a k e r s, hand In c e n tiv e D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (s e t-u p an d o p e ra te ) 5b / D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (o p e ra te o nly)5b / ' D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e s e t- u p m en (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) F u r n a c e te n d e r s T im e I n s p e c to rs, c la s s A (all t im e w o r k e r s ) I n s p e c to r s, c la s s B (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) I n s p e c to r s, c la s s C T im e L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, fo u n d ry (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g T im e M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility T im e M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) M o ld e rs, h a n d, b e n c h 5 a / M o ld e r s, m a c h in e 5 b / P a c k e r s, sh ip p in g (all t im e w o r k e r s ) P e r m a n e n t- m o ld - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s 4 5 a / G ra v ity c a s tin g 5 b / P o u r e r s, m e t a l 5 a.tzl Sand m ix e rs, hand and m achine T im e S h ak eo u t m e n T im e Tool and die m ak ers (all tim e w o r k e r s ) T ru c k ers, pow er, forklift (all tim e w o r k e r s ) The M ilw aukee S tandard M etropolitan S tatistical A rea consists M ilwaukee, O zaukee, W ashington, and W aukesha C ounties. 2 E x c lu d es p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h ifts. 3 D ata fo r s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s w e r e lim ite d to m en w o r k e r s. 4 In clu d e s w o r k e r s in c la s s if ic a tio n in a d d itio n to th o se show n s e p a ra te ly. 5 In su ffic ie n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p u b lic a tio n s e p a r a te a v e ra g e s by m eth o d w age p ay m en t; (a) p re d o m in a n tly tim e w o r k e r s, o r (b) p re d o m in a n tly in cen tiv e w o r k e r s. 6 W o rk e rs w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 1 a t $ 5.20 to $ 5.40; 5 at $ 5.40 to $ 5.60; 2 at $ 5.60 to $ 5.80; and 2 a t $ 5.80 to $ 6.

31 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis Tab le 17. O ccupational earnings: N ew ark and Jersey City, N.J. (N um ber and a v erag e stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings 2 production w o rk ers in selected occupations in nonferrous foundries, June 1970) O ccupation and sex Num - A ver- N um ber w o rk ers receiv in g straight* time hourly earnings age $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $ $ $ $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 w o rk - e a rn - u n d er ~ and e r s ings $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.4 0 $ 2.50 $2.6 0 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 over A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s M e n W o m e n Selected occupations 4 1, 631 $ , ~ ' " " ~ " " C h ip p e rs an d g r i n d e r s T im e G r in d e r s T im e C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s T im e C o r e m a k e r s, h an d (a ll tim e - w o r k e r s ) C o r e m a k e r s, m a c h in e T im e D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs ( s e t up an d o p e ra te ) D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e ra to rs (o p e r a te only) T im e In c e n tiv e F u r n a c e te n d e r s ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, f o u n d ry T i m e L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g T im e M aintenance m en, g en eral utility (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) M o ld e rs, f lo o r T im e M o ld e rs, hand, b e n c h (a ll tim e - w o r k e r s ) M o ld e rs, m a c h in e (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) P a c k e r s, s h ip p in g Sand m ix e rs, hand and m achine (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) Shipping and receiv in g clerk s (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) S p ru e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a t o r s T im e T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, f o rk lif t (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) _ _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 _ 2 _ 1 3 _ _ 2 _ _ _ 3 1. _ T he N e w a rk an d J e r s e y C ity S tan d ard M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a s c o n s is t E s s e x, H udson, M o rr is, and Union C o u n ties. 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w eekends, h o lid a y s, and la te s h ifts. A p p ro x im a te ly 87 p e rc e n t the p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s c o v e re d by th e stu d y w e re p aid on a tim e b a s is. 3 In c lu d e s 2 w o r k e r s a t $ to $ D ata fo r s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s w e re lim ite d to m en. 5 In c lu d e s w o r k e r s in c la s s if ic a tio n in a d d itio n to th o se shown s e p a ra te ly. 6 W o rk e rs p a id on a tim e an d in ce n tiv e s y s te m s w e re d ivided eq u ally.

32 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T ab le 18. O ccupational earnings: N ew York, N.Y. (N um ber and av erag e stra ig h t - tim e h ourly e a rn n ig s 2 production w orkers in selected occupations in n o n ferro u s fo undries, June 1970) O ccupation and sex A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s M e n W om en S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s 4 Num - A v er - N um ber w o rk ers receiving stra ig h t- tim e hourly earnings 3 O f----- $2. 00 $2. 10" $2. 20 $2.3'0 $ <p2750 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 5p3. TO $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3. 60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 w o rk - e a r n - $2.00 u n d e r an d in g s 2 $2. 10 $ $2. 30 $2. 40 $2. 50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 o v e r 1,5 5 3 $ , ' ' ' ' ' C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) 5 * G r in d e r s (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) C o r e m a k e r s, h an d (a ll tim e - w o r k e r s ) D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (s e t u p an d o p e ra te ) In c e n tiv e D ie -c a s tin g - m a c h in e o p e r a to r s (o p e ra te only)... T im e F u r n a c e t e n d e r s... T im e L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, fo u n d ry (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) M a in te n a n c e m e n, g e n e ra l u tility ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e (a ll tim e w o r k e r s )... M o ld e rs, flo o r (a ll tim e ).. M o ld ers, hand, bench (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) M o ld e rs, m a c h in e T im e. P a c k e r s, sh ip p in g T i m e S h ip p in g c le r k s (a ll tim e ). S p r u e -c u ttin g p r e s s o p e r a to r s (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) Tool and die m ak ers (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, f o r k lif t _ _ 1 _ _ _. _ 24 _ 1 _ _ _ - _ _ - 10 _ _ _ j _ 2 15 _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 _ _ _ ~ 1 The New Y ork Standard M etropolitan S tatistica l A rea co n sists New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Q ueens, and Richm ond C ounties), and N assau, Rockland, Suffolk, and W estchester Counties. 2 E xcludes p rem iu m pay for o v ertim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. A pproxim ately 84 p ercen t the production w o rk ers covered by the study w ere paid on k tim e b asis. 3 A ll w o r k e r s w e re a t $ to $ 2. 4 Data for selected occupations w ere lim ited to m en w o rk ers. 5 Includes w o rk ers in c la ssifica tio n in addition to those shown separately. 6 W orkers w ere d istrib u te d as follow s: 2 a t $4. 60 to $4. 70; 3 at $4. 70 to $4. 80; and 1 a t $ to $ W orkers w ere d istrib u te d as follow s: 1 at $4. 60 to $4. 70; 5 at $5 to $5. 10; 1 at $5. 30 to $5. 40; 1 at $5. 50 to $5. 60; and 2 a t $6 and over. 8 Insufficient d ata to w a rra n t publication sep arate averag es by m ethod wage paym ent, predom inantly tim ew o rk ers. " 1 1

33 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 19. O ccup ation al earnings: Philadelphia, Pa. N.J.1 (N u m b er an d a v e ra g e s tr a ig h t- tim e 2 p ro d u ctio n in s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s in n o n fe rro u s fo u n d rie s, Ju n e 1970) O c c u p a tio n N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r age e a r n ings 2 U n d er $2.70 $2.70 and u n d e r $2.80 $2.80 $2.90 $2.90 $ 3.00 $3.00 $3.10 N um ber w o rk ers receiving straig h t'- tim e hourly earnings!p $3.20 $3.30 $3.4 0 $3.5 0 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $ $ $3.70 $3.8 0 $3.9 0 $4.0 0 $ 4.10 $4.10 $4.20 $4.2 0 $4.30 $4.3 0 $4.40 $4.40 $4.50 $4.50 $4.60 $4.60 and o v er A ll production w o rk ers 3 1,997 $ Selected occupations 3 C h ip p e rs a n d /o r g r i n d e r s _ _ 7 1 _ _ 2 T im e _ C h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s _ 7 1 _ _ 2 _. _ T im e _ C o r e m a k e r s, h and _ - _ T im e _ F u r n a c e t e n d e r s _ - _ _ T im e _ _ L a b o r e r s, g e n e ra l, f o u n d ry _ 4. _ T im e _ _ L a b o r e r s, m a t e r i a l h an d lin g (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) _ 5 _ 5 4 _ M aintenance m en, g en eral u tility (a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) _ 1 _ 1 _ 3 M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n c e _ 5 _ 6 2 _ 6 _ T im e _ 4 _ M o ld e rs, flo o r _ _ 6 M o ld e rs, h a n d, b e n c h _ T im e _ _ 8 M o ld e rs, m a c h in e _ _ 1 _ T im e _ - _ _ T r u c k e r s, p o w e r, fo rk lift (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' 1 The P hilad elp h ia Standard M etropolitan S tatistical A rea consists Bucks, C h ester, D elaw are, M ontgom ery, and P hiladelphia C ounties, P a.; and B urlington, Cam den, and G loucester C ounties, N.J. 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w o rk on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h ifts. 3 V ir tu a lly a ll th e p ro d u c tio n w e re m en ; d ata fo r s e le c te d o c c u p atio n s w e re lim ite d to m en w o r k e r s. 4 In c lu d e s w o r k e r s fro m s o m e o r a ll 3 c la s s if ic a tio n s : (a) c h ip p e rs, (b) g r in d e r s, and (c) c h ip p e rs an d g r in d e r s. 5 In su ffic ie n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p u b lic a tio n s e p a r a te a v e ra g e s by m eth o d w age p a y m e n t, p re d o m in a n tly tim e w o r k e r s. ~

34 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2 0. M e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t ( P ercen t production w o rk ers in nonferrous foundries by m ethod wage paym ent, U nited States and selected regions, June 1970) M eth o d w age p a y m e n t1 U nited States 2 New E n g lan d A tla n tic S o u th e a st S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific A ll w o r k e r s T im e - r a te d w o r k e r s F o r m a l p la n s S in g le r a t e s R ange r a t e s In d iv id u a l r a t e s In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s In d iv id u a l p ie c e w o r k G ro u p p ie c e w o r k (3 ) - (3 ) - 3 (3 ) _ (3 ) In d iv id u a l b o n u s G ro u p b o n u s F o r definition m ethod wage paym ent, see appendix A. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 L e s s th a n 0.5 p e rc e n t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal to tals. T a b le 21. S c h e d u le d w e e k ly hours (P ercen t production and ficew orkers in nonferrous foundries by scheduled w eekly hours firs t- s h ift w o rk ers, 1 U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, June 1970) W eekly h o u rs U nited States 2 New E n g lan d A tla n tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s. i U n d e r 3 7V2 h o u r s V2 an d u n d e r 40 h o u r s (3 ) _ 1 40 h o u r s O v e r 40 and u n d e r 45 h o u r s h o u r s _ h o u r s o r m o r e (3 ) O fficew orkers A ll w o r k e r s U n d e r 2 > lx/z h o u r s V2 an d u n d e r 40 h o u r s 6 _ _ 40 h o u r s O v e r 40 and u n d e r 45 h o u r s 2 _ 3 45 h o u r s (3 ) _ (3 ) 1 46 h o u r s o r m o r e (3 ) (3 ) 1 D ata rela te to the predom inant work schedule in each estab lish m en t, reg a rd le ss sex. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown sep arately. 3 L ess than 0.5 p ercen t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal 100.

35 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2 2. S h ift differential provisions ( P ercen t production w orkers in nonferrous foundries by shift d ifferen tial p ro v isio n s, 1 U nited S tates and selected reg io n s, June 1970) S hift d iffe re n tia l U n ited S ta te s 2 New E n g land A tla n tic Southeast Southw est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific S econd sh ift W orkers in estab lish m en ts having s e c o n d - s h if t p r o v is io n s ' W ith s h ift d iffe re n tia ] U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r c e n ts _ an d u n d e r 10 c e n ts _ c e n ts c e n ts _ O v er 12 and u n d er 15 c e n ts c e n ts _ 4.5 O v e r 15 and u n d e r 20 c e n ts _ 1.3 _ c e n ts 3.1 _.9 _ O v e r 20 c e n ts U n ifo rm p e r c e n ta g e p e r c e n t p e rc e n t p e rc e n t h o u r s ' p ay fo r 7V2 h o u r s ' w ork.2 _ - - _ 2.5 O th e r fo rm a l p a id d iffe re n tia l W ith no s h ift d iffe re n tia L. 2.2 \ T h ird or other late shift W orkers in estab lish m en ts having th ird - or o th e r la t e - s h i f t p r o v is io n s W ith shift differentia ] U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r c e n ts _ 3.1 _ and u n d e r 10 c e n ts 2.4 _ c e n ts _ 11 c e n ts _ - _.8 - _ 12 c e n ts _ 9.6 _ O v e r 12 and u n d e r 15 c e n ts _ 15 c e n ts O v e r 15 and u n d e r 20 c e n ts c e n ts O v e r 20 c e n ts _ _ 9.3 U n ifo rm p e rc e n ta g e p e r c e n t V2 p e r c e n t p e rc e n t p e rc e n t p e rc e n t F u ll d a y 's pay fo r re d u c e d h o u r s O th e r f o rm a l p a id d iffe re n tia ] 1.4 _ 2.1 _ - _ W ith no sh ift d iffe re n tia l R e f e rs to p o lic ie s e s ta b lis h m e n ts e ith e r c u rre n tly o p e ra tin g la te s h ifts o r h a v in g p ro v is io n s c o v e rin g la te s h ifts. 2 In c lu d e s d a ta fo r re g io n s in ad d itio n to th o se show n s e p a r a te ly. 3 L e s s th an 0.05 p e rc e n t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal to ta ls.

36 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 23. S h ift differential practices ( P ercen t production w o rk ers in nonferrous foundries em ployed on late sh ifts, U nited States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) Shift d ifferen tial U nited States 1 New E n g lan d A tla n tic Southeast Southw est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific S eco n d s h ift W orkers em ployed on second shift R e c e iv in g sh ift d iffe re n tia l U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r c e n ts and u n d e r 10 c e n ts _ 10 c e n ts c e n ts _ 13 c e n ts c e n ts O v e r 15 c e n ts U n ifo rm p e r c e n ta g e p e r c e n t * p e rc e n t h o u r s ' p ay fo r 7V2 h o u r s ' w o rk (2 ) O th e r f o rm a l p a id d iffe re n tia l W ith no s h ift d iffe re n tia l T h ird o r o th e r la te sh ift W orkers em ployed on th ird o r other la te sh ift R e c e iv in g sh ift d iffe re n tia ] U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r c e n ts an d u n d e r 10 c e n ts (2 ) 10 c e n ts.8 - (2 ) c e n ts (2 ) n c e n ts (2 ) c e n ts c e n ts c e n ts O v e r 15 c e n ts U n ifo rm p e r c e n t a g e p e r c e n t (!) V2 p e rc e n t... (2 ) p e r c e n t p e rc e n t F u ll d a y 's p ay fo r re d u c e d h o u rs... (2 ) O th e r fo rm a l p a id d iffe re n tia ] W ith no sh ift d iffe re n tia l (2 ) 1 In c lu d e s d a ta fo r re g io n s in ad d itio n to th o se shown s e p a r a te ly. 2 L e s s th a n 0.05 p e rc e n t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal to ta ls.

37 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2 4. Paid holidays (P ercen t production and o fficew o rk ers in nonferrous foundries with fo rm al provisions for paid holidays, U nited States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) N um ber paid holidays U nited S ta te s 1 New E nglan d A tla n tic Southeast Southw est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific U n ited S ta te s 1 New E n g land A tla n tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L akes W est P a c ific Production w o rk ers O fficew orkers A ll w o r k e r s W orkers in estab lish m en ts providing p a id h o lid a y s U n d e r 5 d a y s (2 ) 9 _ 1 _ 5 d a y s _ _ 5 d a y s p lu s 1 h a lf d ay... (2 ) (2 ) _ 3 _ 6 d a y s d a y s p lu s 1, 2, o r 3 h a lf d a y s 2 - (2 ) _ _ 7 d a y s d ay s p lu s 1, 2, o r 3 h a lf d a y s day s d a y s p lu s 1 o r 2 h a lf d a y s ; _ 9 d a y s _ d ays p lu s 1 o r 2 h a lf d a y s d a y s _ d ay s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s (2 ) (2 ) _ 2 _. _ 11 d a y s _ 4 _ 11 d ay s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s _ - _ 12 d ay s o r m o re _ W orkers in e stab lish m en ts providing no p a id h o lid a y s (2 ) In c lu d e s d a ta fo r re g io n s in a d d itio n to th o se shown s e p a ra te ly. 2 L e s s th a n 0.5 p e rc e n t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal to tals.

38 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2 5. P aid vacations ( P e rc e n t production and ficew orkers in nonferrous foundries with fo rm al p rovisions for paid vacations a fte r selected perio d s serv ice, U nited S ta te s and s e le c te d reg io n s, Ju n e 1970) V a c a tio n p o lic y 1 U nited States 2 New E ngland A tlan tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific P ro d u c tio n A ll w o r k e r s M ethod p a y m e n t W orkers in e stab lish m en ts providing p a id v a c a tio n s L e n g th -o f-tim e p a y m e n t P e r c e n ta g e p a y m e n t O th e r (4 ) W orkers in e stab lish m en ts providing no p a id v a c a tio n s (4 ) (4 ) - - A m o u n t v a c a tio n p a y 3 A fte r 1 y e a r s e rv ic e : U n d e r 1 w eek _ 2 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s _ 7 _ 14 O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s A fte r 2 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d er 1 w e e k (4 ) w e e k O v e r 1 an d u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v er 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s A fte r 3 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d er 1 w e e k (4 ) (4 ) w e e k O v e r 1 an d u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s > w e e k s (4 ) A fte r 5 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d er 1 w e e k (4) (4 ) w e e k O v er 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 an d u n d e r 4 w e e k s A fte r 10 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s ' O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 an d u n d e r 4 w e e k s w e e k s A fte r 15 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 4 and u n d e r 5 w e e k s See fo o tn o te s a t end tab le,

39 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2 5. Paid vacations Continued ( P e rc e n t production and ficew orkers in nonferrous foundries with fo rm al p ro v isio n s for paid vacations afte r selected p erio d s serv ice, U n ited S ta te s and s e le c te d re g io n s, Ju n e 1970) V a c a tio n p o lic y 1 U nited States 2 New E nglan d A tlan tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific Production w o rk ers Continued Am ount vacation p ay 3 Continued A fte r 20 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 4 an d u n d e r 5 w e e k s _ 5 _. 5 w e e k s o r m o r e _. A fte r 25 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d e r 3 w e e k s IS w e e k s O v e r 3 an d u n d e r 4 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 4 and u n d e r 5 w e e k s _ 5 w e e k s o r m o r e O fficew orkers A ll w o r k e r s M ethod p ay m en t W orkers in estab lish m en ts providing p a id v a c a tio n s L e n g th -o f-tim e p a y m e n t P e r c e n ta g e p a y m e n t W o rk e rs in e sta b lish m e n ts p ro viding no p a id v a c a tio n s A m ount v a c a tio n p a y 3 A fte r 1 y e a r se rv ic e : U n d er 1 w e e k w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s _ A fte r 2 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d er 1 w eek (4 ) w eek O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s _ w e e k s (4 ) A fte r 3 y e a r s s e rv ic e : 1 w eek O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s w e e k s (4 ) 13 7 A fte r 5 y e a r s s e rv ic e : 1 w eek O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v er 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s w e e k s w e e k s (4 ) 9 See fo o tn o te s a t end tab le,

40 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2 5. Paid vacations Continued ( P e rc e n t production and ficew orkers in nonferrous foundries with fo rm al p ro v isio n s for paid vacations afte r selected p erio d s serv ice, U n ited S ta te s and s e le c te d re g io n s, Ju n e 1970) V acation policy 1 U nited State s 2 New E n g land A tlan tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific O fficew orker s Continued A m o u n t v a c a tio n p a y 3 C ontinued A fte r 10 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v er 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s w e e k s " A fte r 15 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s... (4) - (4 ) w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s w e e k s (4 ) O v e r 4 and u n d e r 5 w e e k s A fte r 20 y e a r s s e rv ic e : U n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 an d u n d e r 3 w e e k s... (4 ) - (4 ) w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 4 and u n d e r 5 w e e k s (4) w eek s o r m o r e A fter 25 y ears service : U n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v er 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s (4 ) w e e k s O v e r 4 and u n d e r 5 w e e k s " 5 w e e k s o r m o r e In c lu d e s b a s ic p la n s only. P la n s su ch a s v a c a tio n -s a v in g s and th o se p la n s w hich o ffe r ' e x te n d e d " o r " s a b b a tic a l" b e n e fits b eyond b a s ic p la n s to w o rk ers w ith qualifying lengths service a re excluded. 2 In c lu d e s d a ta fo r re g io n s in ad d itio n to th o se show n s e p a r a te ly. 3 V a c a tio n p a y m e n ts, such a s p e rc e n t annual and f la t-s u m a m o u n ts, w e re c o n v e rte d to an e q u iv a le n t tim e b a s is. P e r io d s s e rv ic e w e re a r b i t r a r i l y c h o s e n and do not n e c e s s a r ily r e f le c t the in d iv id u a l p ro v is io n s fo r p r o g re s s io n. F o r ex a m p le, th e c h a n g es in p r o p o rtio n s in d ic a te d a t 10 y e a rs m ay include changes o ccu rrin g betw een 5 and 10 y e a rs. 4 L e s s th an 0.5 p e rc e n t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal to tals.

41 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2 6. H ealth, insurance, and retirem ent plans (P ercen t production and ficew orker s in nonferrous foundries w ith specified health, in su ran ce, and retire m en t plans, U nited States and selected reg io n s, June 1970) Type plan 1 U nited States 2 New E ngland A tla n tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific U n ited S ta te s 2 New E n g land A tla n tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L ak es W est P a c ific Production w orkers O fficew orker s A ll w o r k e r s W orkers in estab lish m en ts providing: L ife in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s A c c id e n ta l d e a th and d is m e m b e rm e n t in s u r a n c e Non c o n trib u to ry p l a n s Sickness and accident in su ran ce or s ic k le a v e o r b o th Sickness and accident in su ran ce N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s S ick le a v e (full p a y, no w a itin g p e rio d ) Sick leave ( p artial pay or w a itin g p e rio d ) (5 ) - 9 H o s p ita liz a tio n in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s S u rg ic a l in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s M e d ic a l i n s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s M a jo r m e d ic a l in s u r a n c e N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s R e tir e m e n t p l a n s P e n s io n s N o n c o n trib u to ry p l a n s S e v e ra n c e p ay No p l a n s (5 ) In c lu d e s only th o se p la n s fo r w h ich at le a s t p a rt the c o s t is b o rn e by th e e m p lo y e r an d e x c lu d e s le g a lly re q u ir e d p la n s su ch as w o rk m e n 's c o m p e n sa tio n and s o c ia l s e c u rity ; h o w e v e r, plan s r e q u ir e d by S ta te te m p o r a r y d is a b ility in s u ra n c e law s a r e in clu d e d if th e e m p lo y e r c o n trib u te s m o re th an is le g a lly r e q u ir e d o r th e e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e b e n e fits in e x c e s s le g a l re q u ire m e n ts. " N oncontributory p lan s " include only those plans financed entirely by the em ployer. 2 In c lu d e s d a ta fo r re g io n s in a d d itio n to th o se shown s e p a ra te ly. 3 U n d u p licate d to ta l w o r k e r s rec e iv in g sic k leav e o r s ic k n e s s an d a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e show n s e p a r a te ly. 4 U n d u p lica te d to ta l w o r k e r s h avin g p e n sio n o r s e v e ra n c e pay p la n s show n s e p a r a te ly. 5 L e s s th a n 0.5 p e rc e n t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal to ta ls.

42 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis T a b le 2 7. O th e r s e le c te d b e n e fits ( P ercen t production and o fficew o rk ers in n o nferrous foundries with form al provisions for specified benefits, U nited States and selected regions, June 1970) T y p e b e n e fit U nited S ta te s 1 New E n g land A tlan tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific U n ited S ta te s 1 New E n g land A tla n tic S o u th e ast S o u th w est G re a t L a k e s W est P a c ific Production w orkers O fficew orkers W orkers in estab lish m en ts with p rovisions for: T echnological F«vArqnr,«pay _ 14 _ S u p p le m e n ta l u n e m p lo y m en t b e n e fits C o s t-o f-liv in g p ay a d ju s tm e n ts " - P la n on f!pt P la n on n th ^ 1* ba qin _ _ E x te n d ed v a c a tio n p la n s ~ 1 " " (2 ) 13 In s u ra n c e b e n e fits fo r r e t i r e e s : " L ife in s u r a n c e : No p r o v is i o n s P r o v is io n s s a m e fo r r e t i r e e s and a c tiv e w o r k e r s P r o v is io n s l e s s fo r r e t i r e e s th a n fo r a c tiv e w o r k e r s " 1 H o spitalization in su ran ce: No p r o v is io n s P r o v is io n s s a m e fo r r e t i r e e s and f\rtivo. w orkp.rs _ P r o v is io n s le s s fo r r e t i r e e s th an fo r a c tiv e w o r k e r s " ~ ' S u rg ic a l in s u r a n c e : No p r o v is i o n s P r o v is io n s s a m e fo r r e t i r e e s and a c tiv e w o r k e r s P r o v is io n s le s s fo r r e t i r e e s th an fr»i> an-f-iyf* w n rlfp rs _ 3 _ B a s ic m e d ic a l in s u r a n c e : No p r o v is i o n s P r o v is io n s s a m e fo r r e t i r e e s and a c tiv e w o r k e r s P r o v is io n s l e s s fo r r e t i r e e s th a n fo r a c tiv e w o r k e r s In clu d e s d a ta fo r re g io n s in a d d itio n to th o se show n s e p a ra te ly. 2 L e s s th an 0.5 p e rc e n t.

43 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis A p p e n d ix A. S c o p e and M e th o d o f S u rv e y Scope survey The survey included establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing castings and die castings aluminum, brass, bronze, and other nonferrous metals (industry group 336 as defined in the 1967 Standard Industrial Qassification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Office Management and Budget, formerly U.S. Bureau the Budget). Foundry departments establishments producing castings for their own use were not included. Separate auxiliary units, such as central fices and warehouses, were excluded. Establishments selected for study were drawn from units employing eight workers or more at the time reference the data used in compiling the universe lists. The number establishments and workers studied by the Bureau, as well as the number estimated to be within the scope the survey during the payroll period studied, are shown in table A-l. Method study Data were obtained by personal visits the Bureau s field staff. The survey was conducted on a sample basis. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion large rather than small establishments was studied. In combining the data, however, all establishments were given their appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time reference the universe data. Establishment definition An establishment, for purposes this study, is defined as a single physical location where industrial operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company, which may consist one or more establishments. Employment Estimates the number workers within the scope the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition the labor force included in the survey. The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey requires the use lists establishments assembled considerably in advance the payroll period studied. Production and ficeworkers The term production workers, as used in this bulletin, includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonfice functions. Administrative, executive, pressional, and technical personnel and force-account construction employees, who were utilized as a separate work force on the firm s own properties, were excluded. The term ficeworkers, as used in this bulletin, includes all nonsupervisory ficeworkers and excludes administrative, executive, pressional, and technical employees. Occupations selected for study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set job descriptions designed to take account interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descriptions.) The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representativeness the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers. Wage data Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems and cost--living bonuses, were included as part the worker s regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group workers, such as production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earning) by the number workers receiving the rate, 37

44 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis totaling, and dividing by the number individuals. The hourly earnings salaried workers were obtained by dividing their straight-time salary by normal rather than actual hours. Size community Tabulations by size community pertain to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term metropolitan area, as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA s) as defined by the U.S. Office Management and Budget through January Except in New England, a SMSA is defined as a county or group contiguous counties which contains at least one city 50,000 inhabitants or more. Counties contiguous to the one containing such a city are included in the SMSA, if according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, the city and town are administratively more important than the county and they are the units used in defining SMSA s for that region. Labor-management agreements Separate wage data are presented, where possible, for establishments having (1) a majority the production workers covered by labor-management contracts, and (2) none or a minority the production workers covered by labor-management contracts. Method wage payment Tabulations by method wage payment relate to the number workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for timerated workers provide single rates or a range rates for individual job categories. In the absence a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily with reference to the qualifications the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period time. Individual experienced workers occasionally may be paid above or Table A-1. Estimated number establishments and workers within scope survey and number studied, nonferrous foundries, June 1970 Number establishments Workers in establishments Within scope survey _ 1 2 Within Region and area Actually scope Nonsupervisory studied survey T o tal4 Production Officeworkers workers Actually studied United States5... 1, ,871 61,895 4,678 48,846 New E n g la n d , , ,298 Middle A tla n tic ,838 13,064 1,025 10,292 Newark and Jersey City, N. J New Y o rk, N.Y Philadelphia, Pa. N.J ,482 1, ,069 Southeast ,383 2, ,298 S o u th w e s t ,390 1, ,361 Great L a k e s ,329 30,854 2,649 26,220 Chicago, III ,354 4, ,953 Cleveland, O h i o ,0 67 3, ,1 26 D etroit, M ic h ,259 1, ,643 M ilwaukee, W is ,2 93 2, ,815 Middle West ,4 72 2, ,324 P a c ific ,851 5, ,1 94 Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim Santa Ana Garden Grove, C a lif ,2 99 3, ,356 Total The regions used in the survey include: New England Connecticut. Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Southeast Alabama. Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest Arkansas. Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Great Lakes Illinois. Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West Iowa. Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; and Pacific California. Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Alaska and Hawaii are not included in the survey. 2 For definition areas, see footnote 1, tables 12 through Includes only establishments with 8 workers or more at the time reference the universe data. 4 Includes executive, pressional, and other workers excluded from the production and ficeworker categories. 5 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 38

45 below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are regarded as exceptions. Range--rate plans are those in which the minimum and/or maximum rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length service, or a combination various concepts merit and length service. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit output. Production bonuses are based on production in excess a quota or for completion a job in less than standard time. Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers (or ficeworkers) employed on the day shifts. Shift provisions and practices Shift provisions relate to the policies establishments either currently operating late shifts or having formal provisions covering late-shift work. Practices relate to workers employed on late shifts at the time the survey. Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits were treated statistically on the basis that if formal provisions were applicable to half or more the production (or fice) workers in an establishment, the benefits were considered applicable to all such workers. Similarly, if fewer than half the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because length-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to fullday and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid vacations. The summary vacation plans is limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal plans whereby time f with pay is granted at the discretion the employer or the supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment 2 percent annual earnings was considered the equivalent 1 week s pay. The periods service for which data are presented were selected as representative the most common practices but they do not necessarily reflect individual provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years service include changes in provisions which may have occurred between 5 and 10 years. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presented for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance pay plans for which all or part the cost is borne by the employer, excluding programs required by law, such as workmen s compensation and social security. Among the plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company, and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least part the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contributions, 1 plans are included only if the employer (1) contributes more than is legally required or (2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the requirements the law. Tabulations paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion the worker s pay during absence from work because illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided according to (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment doctors fees. These plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprit organization, or they may be a form self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as catastrophe or extended medical insurance, includes the plans designed to cover employees for sickness or injury involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder the retiree s life. Data are presented separately for retirement severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period time) made to employees on retirement. Establishments providing both retirement severance pay and retirement pensions to employees were considered as having both retirement pension and retirement severance plans. Establishments having optional plans providing employees a choice either retirement 1 The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 39

46 severance pay or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Paid funeral and jury duty leave. Data for paid funeral and jury duty leave are limited to formal plans which provide at least partial payment time lost as a result attending funerals specified family members or serving as a juror. Technological severance pay. Data refer to formal plans providing for payments to employees permanently separated from the company because technological change or closing a plant. Supplemental unemployment benefits. Data refer to formal plans which supplement benefits paid under State unemployment systems. Cost--living pay adjustments. Provisions for cost-living pay adjustments relate to formal plans whereby wage rates are adjusted periodically, in keeping with changes in the Consumer Price Index or on some other basis. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 40

47 Appendix B. O ccupational Descriptions The primary purpose preparing job descriptions for the Bureau s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability occupational content, the Bureau s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau s field staff are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. Chipper and grinder (Air-hammer man; bench grinder; chipper; disc grinder; face grinder operator, portable-grinder operator; powerchisel operator; shaft grinder; snagger; stand grinder; swing-frame grinder) Operates one or more types chipping or grinding equipment in removing undesirable projections or surplus metal (fins, burrs, gates, risers, weld seams) from sand- or die-castings, forgings, or welded units. The more common types equipment employed for such operations include pneumatic chisels, portable grinding tools, stand grinders, and swing-frame grinders. A variety hand tools including hammers, cold chisels, hand files and saws may also be utilized by the operator in his work. For wage study purposes, workers are to be classified according to whether they specialize in either chipping or grinding or perform both operations as follows: Chipper Grinder Chipper and grinder Core assembler and finisher (Core paster) Pastes or sticks together sections baked sand cores to form completed cores which are used in molds to produce holes or hollows in castings. Fills in any cracks or seams on core with a paste silica powder and water. Brushes a graphite facing on the surface the core. Coremaker, hand Shapes by hand (on bench or floor) varying types sand cores placed in molds to form hollows and holes in metal castings. Work involves most o f the following: Selecting appropriate core boxes and work sequence; cleaning core boxes with compressed air or hand bellows, and dusting parting sand over inside core box to facilitate removal finished core; packing and ramming core sand solidly into box, using shovels, hands, and tamping tools; selecting and setting vent wires and reinforcing wires into cores; determining appropriate sand blends and moisture content sand required for a particular core; removing core box from core and repairing damage to impressions; baking cores to harden them; assembling cores more than one section. Coremaker, machine Shapes sand cores, used in molds to produce hollows and holes in castings, using a turn-over-draw machine to compact the sand and to facilitate the removal the finished core from the core boxes. Work involves most o f the following: Selecting the appropriate core box and setting it up on machine table; filling core box with sand appropriate blend and moisture content; operating machine to compress sand in the core box; stripping box from core; and smoothing core and repairing damages to impressions. Die-casting-machine operator Operates a die-casting machine which makes zinc, aluminum or magnesium alloyed castings. Work involves Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 41

48 most o f the following: Charging furnace with slabs metal and adding specified quantities alloy; transferring molten alloy to heated reservoir machine with a crane or hand ladle; removing metal fragments from the die surfaces and brushing cavities with a compound to prevent the casting from adhering to the die; regulating valves to heat the furnace, to circulate water through the die, and to force hot metal into the die; moving levers to open and close the two halves the water-cooled die; hooking completed casting from the die with a steel wire and cooling it in water. Operators die-casting machines, designed to perform one or more the above operations automatically are to be included. For wage study purposes, die-casting-machine operators are classified as follows: Die-casting-machine operator (set up and operate) Die-casting-machine operator (operate only) Die-casting-machine setup man Sets up die-casting machines that make nonferrous castings. Work involves most o f the following: Lifting specified die sections into machine; securing die sections in position, and adjusting stroke ram; connecting water hoses to cooling system; preheating die sections; turning valves and setting dials to regulate flow water circulating through die, timing cycle, and operating speed machine. May perform minor maintenance on machine and dismantle dies for repair. Maintenance mechanics who may do some set up die-casting machines are excluded. Electrician, maintenance Performs a variety electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair equipment for the generating, distribution, or utilization electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Installing or repairing any a variety electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, curcuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layout, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements wiring or electrical equipment; using a variety electrician s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Filer, light (die castings) Removes excess metal and surface defects from small metal die castings, performing simple repetitive finishing operations. Work involves: Receiving instructions for finishing procedures; fastening castings in holding devices; and removing burrs, ejector pin marks, and flash, using files and scrapers. May also break flash and gates from castings, using mallets, and remove flash from holes with hand punches. Furnace tender (Furnace operator) Fires and charges a furnace in which various metals or alloys are melted to be used in making castings. Regulates the temperature the furnace; charges with pig or scrap metal; removes molten metal from furnace when metal is at proper pouring temperature. May transport and pour molten metal into molds. Inspector Inspects parts, products and/or processes. Performs such operations as examining parts or products for flaws and defects, checking their dimensions and appearance to determine whether they meet the required standards and specifications. Gass A. Responsible for decisions regarding the quality the product and/or operations. Work involves any combination o f the following: Thorough knowledge the processing operations in the branch work to which he is assigned, including the use a variety precision measuring instruments; interpreting drawings and specifications in inspection work on units composed a large number component parts; examining a variety products or processing operations; determining causes flaws in products and/or processes and suggesting necessary changes to correct work methods; devising inspection procedures for new products. Gass B. Work involves any combination o f the following: Knowledge processing operations in the branch work to which he is assigned, limited to familiar products and processes or where performance is dependent on past experience; performing inspection operations on products and/or processes having rigid specifications, but where the inspection procedures involve a sequence inspection operations, including decisions regarding proper fit or performance some parts; using precision measuring instruments. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 42

49 Class C. Work involves any combination o f the following: Short-cycle, repetitive inspection operations; using a standardized, special-purpose measuring instrument repetitively; visual examination parts or products, rejecting units having obvious deformities or flaws. Laborer, general, foundry (General laborer) Performs a variety unskilled tasks involved in production operations, such as handling sand, castings, scrap, coal, and oil; cleaning tanks, floors, and around machines; and removing debris. May handle cores and straighten rods, wires, pipes, etc. Exclude workers performing the duties o f Material Handling Laborers, as well as those employed as helpers, who are learning skilled jobs such as molders and coremakers. Laborer, material handling (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more o f the following: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; transporting materials or merchandise by hand, truck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and unload ships, are excluded. Excludes Foundry Labor (General Helpers) assisting in the production operations, such as shifter in floormold department and core-transfer-man in core making department. Maintenance man, general utility Keeps the machines, mechanical equipment and/or structure an establishment (usually a small plant where specialization in maintenance work is impractical) in repairs. Duties involve the performance operations and the use tools and equipment several trades, rather than specialization in one trade or one type maintenance work only. Work involves a combination o f the following: Planning and laying out work relating to repair buildings, machines, mechanical and/or electrical equipment; repairing electrical and/or mechanical equipment; installing, alining and balancing new equipment; repairing building, floors, stairs, as well as making and repairing bins, cribs, and partitions. Mechanic, maintenance Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production a replacement part by a machine shop or sending the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specifications for major repairs or for the production parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling machines; and, making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose primary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. Millwright Installs new machines or heavy equipment and dismantles and installs machines or heavy equipment when changes in the plant layout are required. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out the work; interpreting blueprints or other specifications; using a variety handtools and rigging; making standard shop computations relating to stresses, strength materials, and centers gravity; alining and balancing equipment; selecting standard tools, equipment, and parts to be used; installing and maintaining in good order power transmission equipment such as drives and speed reducers. In general, the millwright s work normally requires a rounded training and experience in the trade acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Molder, floor Shapes large molds or mold sections by hand on the foundry floor or in a pit, by ramming or packing sand around patterns placed in flasks. Work involves most o f the following: Selecting and assembling appropriate flasks and patterns and positioning patterns in flasks for a variety molds; determination appropriate sand blends, and moisture content sand required for different molds; packing and ramming sand or loam around patterns; drawing patterns and smoothing molds; selecting and setting in position appropriate cores; determination appropriate gating, venting, reinforcing and facing required for particular mold; assembling mold sections to form complete molds, using such molder s handtools Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 43

50 as riddles, rammers, trowels, slicks, lifters, bellows and mallets in compacting and smoothing molds; directing the pouring the molten metal into molds; operating a crane in lifting and moving molds or mold sections. Molder, hand, bench Shapes small and medium-sized molds (or component sections a mold that are assembled into complete units) by hand on a bench, by ramming and packing sand around patterns placed in flasks. Work involves most o f the following: Selecting and assembling appropriate flasks and patterns for varying molds; determination appropriate sand blends and moisture content sand required for different types molds; packing and ramming green sand, dry sand or loam around patterns; drawing patterns and smoothing molds; selecting and setting cores in position; determination the types gating necessary for the molds; finishing molds by preforming such operations as facing, venting, and reinforcing; assembling mold sections to form complete molds; selecting and using such molder s handbook as riddles, trowels, slicks, lifters, bellows and mallets in packing and smoothing molds or mold sections, directing the pouring the molten metals. Molder, machine Shapes molds or mold sections on any several types molding machines, such as rollover, jarring, and squeeze machines. Work involves most o f the following: Selecting and assembling appropriate flasks and patterns and positioning patterns in flasks; filling flasks with sand and ramming sand around pattern with ramming tool or by mechanical means; determination appropriate sand blends and moisture content sand required for particular molds; preparing molds for drawing patterns, and repairing damage to mold impressions in sand; selecting and setting in position appropriate cores; determination appropriate venting, gating, reinforcing and facing required; assembling upper and lower sections molds, and guiding or assisting in the pouring the molten metal into the mold. Patternmaker, wood Builds wooden patterns, core boxes or match plates. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out work from blueprints, drawings, or models; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions work; using a variety patternmaker s handtools such as saws, planes, chisels, gauges, and mallets; operating various woodworking machines such as band saws, circular saws, borers, routers, lathes, planers, drill presses, sanders, and shapers; checking work with calipers, rules, protractors, squares, straight-edges, and other measuring instruments; assembling patterns and sections patterns by gluing, nailing, screwing, and doweling; working to required tolerances and allowances; selecting the materials for the construction a particular pattern. May also make sweeps (templates) for making molds by the sweep-molding method. In general, the work the patternmaker requires a rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Packer, shipping Prepares finished products for shipment or storage by placing them in shipping containers, the specific operations performed being dependent upon the type, size, and number units to be packed, the type container employed, and method shipment. Work requires the placing items in shipping containers and may involve one or more o f the following: Knowledge various items stock in order to verify content; selection appropriate type and size container; inserting enclosures in container; using excelsior or other material to prevent breakage or damage; closing and sealing container; applying labels or entering identifying data on container. Packers who also make wooden boxes or crates are excluded. Permanent-mold-machine operator Makes castings using a permanent mold casting machine in which the casting metal is subjected to the force gravity or centrifugal force. Die-casting-machine operators are to be excluded from this classification. (See job description for die-casting-machine operator.) For wage survey purposes, workers in this occupation are to be classified by method casting, as follows: Permanent-mold-machine operators, gravity casting Permanent-mold-machine operator, centrifugal casting Polisher and buffer, metal1 Polishes various metal objects in order to produce a smooth surface or a high luster by holding against rapidly rotating wheels made such materials as muslin, paper, leather, sheepskin, felt and/or blockwheels made wood and/or straps and belts made canvas, leather, rubber, etc., and/or flexible shafts and disc wheels. Work involves any combination o f the following: The attainment a smooth surface and the removal 1 In distinguishing between these two jobs, it should be noted that polishers and buffers, metal, are required to perform operations which involve a high degree skill and working to close tolerances, whereas polishing-and-buffing-machine operators perform specialized operations on a repetitive basis. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 44

51 flaws and machine marks on a variety objects involving the maintenance contours, radii, and uniformity shape; polishing to close tolerances; selection proper wheels, shafts, belts, abrasives and polishing compounds; setting up equipment and maintaining wheels. In general, polishers and buffers included in this classification are required to perform operations which involve a rounded knowledge the trade such as is usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Polishing-and-buffing-machine operator1 Polishes metal objects to produce a smooth surface and/or high luster by holding against rapidly rotating wheels, belts or straps on a machine set up to achieve a specialized phase polishing on a repetitive basis. Work involves one o f the following: Setting up and operating machine where wheels and abrasives and polishing compounds are prescribed; polishing involving the maintenance contours, radii and uniformity shape on machines set up by others; selection polishing compounds and abrasives on machines set up by others. Pourer, metal Pours molten metal into molds. Work involves any combination o f the following: Controlling the pouring molten metal at a rate compatible with the size and structure the casting; skimming slag from surface molten metal; transporting metal from furnace to molds; pouring metal into molds, and dumping slag from ladle after pouring operation. Sand mixer, hand and machine Mixes sand, binders, and water by hand or machine to prepare sand for molders or coremakers. Work involves any combination o f the following: Transporting sand and binders from storage to mixing area; removing scraps metal from used molding sand; mixing ingredients according to instructions by hand or machine; and testing samples prepared sand, adding ingredients as necessary to obtain proper mixture. Shakeout man Removes castings from the molds in which they were cast. Work involves one or more o f the following: Releasing clamps holding sections flask together, separating the sections and breaking the sand mold from the castings, using a steel bar or sledge hammer, or removing castings from the sand with the aid metal Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 45 hooks; operating a vibrating shake-out screen in removing sand and castings from flasks; using a pneumatic shaker which, when attached to the flask, jars or jolts it until the mold has crumbled; using a vibratory airhammer to remove the sand and castings; shaking loosely adhering sand from castings; shoveling sand shaken from molds into a pile. Shell-mold machine operator Operates machine which makes shell molds (or cores) by baking a resin and sand mixture on a heated pattern. Work involves some combination o f the following: Starting and stopping machine; installing pattern in machine; preparing or supervising the preparation the mixture sand and resin; determining proper curing temperature and timing; removing cope and drag and pasting together to form mold. Shipping and receiving clerk Prepares merchandise for shipment, or receives and is responsible for incoming shipments merchandise or other materials. Shipping work involves: A knowledge shipping procedures, practices, routes, available means transportation and rates; and preparing records the goods shipped, making up bills lading, posting weight and shipping charges, and keeping a file shipping records. May direct or assist in preparing the merchandise for shipment. Receiving work involves: Verifying or directing others in verifying the correctness shipments against bills lading, invoices, or other records; checking for shortages and rejecting damaged goods; routing merchandise or materials to proper departments; maintaining necessary records and files. For wage study purposes, workers are classified as follows: Shipping clerk Receiving clerk Shipping and receiving clerk Sprue-cutting press operator (Trim-press operator) Tends one or more power presses that trim surplus metal (gates, flash, sprues) from castings between preset dies. Work involves: Placing casting against fixture or stops on machine bed or positioning it under die and starting press; removing trimmed parts from press and placing in trays or boxes. May inspect parts visually or with measuring devices. 1 Ibid.

52 Tool and die maker (Die maker; jig maker; tool maker; fixture maker; gauge maker) Constructs and repairs machine-shop tools, gauges, jigs, fixtures dies for forgings, punching and other metal-forming woxk.woxkinvolvesmost the following: Planning and laying out work from models, blueprints, drawing or other oral and written specifications; using a variety tools and die maker s handtools and precision measuring instruments; understanding the working properties common metals and alloys; setting up and operating machine tools and related equipment; making necessary shop computations relating to dimensions work, speeds, feeds, and tooling machines; heat treating metal parts during fabrication as well as finished tools and dies to achieve required qualities; working to close tolerances; fitting and assembling parts to precribed tolerances and allowances; selecting appropriate materials, tools, and processes. In general, the tool and die maker s work requires a rounded training in machine-shop and tool-room practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Trucker, power Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electricpowered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type truck, as follows: Trucker, power (forklift) Trucker, power (other than forklift) Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis 46

53 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis In d u stry Wage Studies The most recent reports for industries included in the Bureau s program industry wage surveys since January 1950 are listed below. Those for which a price is shown are available from the Superintendent Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, or any its regional sales fices. Those for which a price is not shown may be obtained free as long as a supply is available, from the Bureau Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C., 20212, or from any the regional fices shown on the inside back cover. I. Occupational Wage Studies Manufacturing Price Basic Iron and Steel, BLS Bulletin $0.55 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, BLS Bulletin ^Canning and Freezing, BLS Report Free Cigar Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin Cigarette Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin Cotton and Man-Made Fiber Textiles, BLS Bulletin Distilled Liquors, Series 2, No Free Fabricated Structural Steel, BLS Bulletin Fertilizer Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, BLS Bulletin Fluid Milk Industry, BLS Bulletin Footwear, BLS Bulletin Hosiery, BLS Bulletin Industrial Chemicals, BLS Bulletin Iron and Steel Foundries, BLS Bulletin Leather Tanning and Finishing, BLS Bulletin Machinery Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin Meat Products, BLS Bulletin Men s and Boys Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, BLS Bulletin Men s and Boys Suits and Coats, BLS Bulletin Miscellaneous Plastics Products, BLS Bulletin Miscellaneous Textiles, BLS Report Free Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts, BLS Bulletin Nonferrous Foundries, BLS Bulletin Paints and Varnishes, BLS Bulletin Paperboard Containers and Boxes, BLS Bulletin Petroleum Refining, BLS Bulletin Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, BLS Bulletin *Processed Waste, BLS Report Free Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, BLS Bulletin Radio, Television, and Related Products, Series 2, No Free Railroad Cars, Series 2, No Free *Raw Sugar, BLS Report Free Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, BLS Bulletin Structural Clay Products, BLS Bulletin Synthetic Fibers, BLS Bulletin Synthetic Textiles, BLS Bulletin * Studies the effects the $1 minimum wage.

54 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis I. Occupational Wage Studies Continued Manufacturing Con tinued Price Textile Dyeing and Finishing, BLS Bulletin $0.45 Tobacco Stemming and Redrying, BLS Report Free West Coast Sawmilling and Logging, BLS Bulletin Women s and Misses Coats and Suits, BLS Bulletin Women s and Misses Dresses, BLS Bulletin Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, BLS Bulletin Wooden Containers, BLS Report Free Wool Textiles, BLS Bulletin Work Clothing, BLS Bulletin Nonmanufacturing Auto Dealer Repair Shops, BLS Bulletin Banking, BLS Bulletin ' Bituminous Coal Mining, BLS Bulletin Communications, BLS Bulletin Contract Cleaning Services, BLS Bulletin Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, BLS Bulletin Department and Women s Ready-to-Wear Stores, Series 2, No Free Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, BLS Bulletin Electric and Gas Utilities, BLS Bulletin ' Hospitals, BLS Bulletin Hotels and Motels, BLS Bulletin Laundry and Cleaning Services, BLS Bulletin 1645 Life Insurance, BLS Bulletin Motion Picture Theaters, BLS Bulletin Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, BLS Bulletin *75 II. Other Industry Wage Studies Factory Workers Earnings Distribution by Straight-Time Hourly Earnings, BLS Bulletin Factory Workers Earnings Selected Manufacturing Industries, BLS Bulletin Employee Earnings and Hours in Nonmetropolitan Areas the South and North Central Regions, BLS Bulletin Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas the South, BLS Bulletin Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1966 Retail Trade (Overall Summary). BLS Bulletin Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers. BLS Bulletin General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin Food Stores. BLS Bulletin Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations. BLS Bulletin Apparel and Accessory Stores. BLS Bulletin Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance "Stores. BLS Bulletin Miscellaneous Retail Stores. BLS Bulletin * Studies the effects the $1 minimum wage. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972 O (55)

55 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S R E G IO N A L O F F IC E S Region I 1603-JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass Phone: (Area Code 617 Region V 8th Floor, South Wacker Drive Chicago, III, Phone: (Area Code 312) Region II 341 Ninth Ave.# Rm New York, N.Y Phone: (Area Code 212) Region V I 1100 Commerce St., Rm. 6B7 Dallas, Tex Phone: (Area Code 214) Region III 40 6 Penn Square Building 1317 Filbert St. Philadelphia, Pa Phone: (Area Code 215) Regions V II and V III Federal Office Building 911 Walnut St., 10th Floor Kansas C ity, Mo Phone: (Area Code 816) Region IV Suite Peachtree St. NE. A tlanta, Ga Phone: (Area Code 404) Regions IX and X Golden Gate Ave. Box San Francisco, Calif Phone: ^ (Area Code 41 5) Regions V II and V III will be serviced by Kansas C ity. Regions IX and X will be serviced by San Francisco.

56 Federal Reserve Bank St. Louis U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR B UREAU O F LABOR S TA TIS TIC S WASHINGTON, D.C OFFICIAL BUSINESS P E N A L T Y FO R P R IV A T E USE, $300 THIRD CLASS MAIL POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. D E P A R TM EN T O F LABOR