Structural Clay Products. B ulletin No UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary

Transcription

1 l q, 3: 1451 Digitized for FRASER Montgomery Co. ^ ^ «c ubrary *Us5H* j^j ^ 5 S9 INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Structural Clay Products J U L Y -A U G U S T 1964 B ulletin No UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clogue, Commissioner

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3 INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Structural Clay Products JU L Y -A U G U ST 1964 Bulletin No September 1965 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary n r BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., Price cents

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5 Preface This bulletin sum m arizes the results a Bureau Labor S tatistics survey ws and supplem entary benefits in structural clay products m anufacturing industry group in July August Separate State relea ses w ere issu ed e a rlie r, u sually within a few months the p ayroll p eriod studied, for selected product branches within the group as follow s: B rick and structural clay tile C alifornia, G eorgia, Illin ois, North C arolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and T exas; cera m ic w all and flo o r tile C alifornia and Ohio; clay re fr a c to rie s M issou ri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; and clay sew er pipe Ohio. C opies these relea ses are available from the B ureau L abor S tatistics, W ashington, D.C., 20212, or any its region al o ffice s. This study was conducted in the B ureau's D ivision O ccupational Pay, T oivo P. Kanninen, Chief, under the general d irection L. R. L insenm ayer, A ssistant C om m issio n e r, Ws and Industrial R elations. The analysis was prepared by C harles M. O'Connor, under the im m ediate supervision L. E arl L ew is. F ield w ork for the survey was d irected by the A ssistant Regional D irectors for Ws and Industrial R elations. Other rep orts available fro m the B u reau's p r o gram industry w studies as w ell as the a ddresses the B ureau's six regional o ffices are listed at the end this bulletin. iii

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7 P Summary Industry characteristics Products and processes Location Establishment s iz e Union contract cover Method w payment Aver hourly earnings Occupational earnings Establishment practices and supplementary w provisions- Scheduled weekly hours Shift provisions and practices Paid vacations Health, insurance, and pension plans Nonproduction bonuses T ables: Aver hourly earnings: 1. By selected characteristics 9 Earnings distribution: 2. Structural clay products Brick and structural clay tile Ceramic wall and floor tile Clay refractories Clay sewer pipe Occupational avers: 7. Structural clay products Brick and structural clay tile Ceramic wall and floor tile By labor-manment contract cover and 13. By labor-manment contract cover and 14. By method w payment 23 Occupational earnings: Brick and' structural clay tile 16. Georgia Illinoi s North Carolina Ohio v

8 Contents Continued P Table s Continued Occupational earnings Continued Ceram ic wall and floor tile 22. C alifor nia Clay refractories 2 5. Ohi o Clay sew er pipe Establishm ent p ra ctices and supplem entary w provision s: Method w payment: 28. Structural clay prod u cts Selected structural clay prod u cts Scheduled weekly hours: 30. Structural clay prod u cts Selected structural clay prod u cts Shift differential provisions: 32. Structural clay products Selected structural clay products 43 Shift differential p ra ctices: 34. Structural clay prod u cts S elected structural cla y products Paid holidays: 36. Structural clay prod u cts Selected structural clay prod u cts Paid vacations: 38. Structural clay prod u cts Selected structural clay prod u cts 54 Health, insurance, and pension plans: 40. Structural clay prod u cts Selected structural clay prod u cts 61 Nonproduction bonuses: 42. Structural clay prod u cts Selected structural clay prod u cts 64 Appendixes: A. Scope and method survey B. Occupational d escrip tion s vi

9 Industry W Survey----- Structural Clay Products, July August 1964 Summary Straight-tim e hourly earnings production w orkers in structural clay products manufacturing establishments averd $ in July^-August Nearly all the 51, 324 production w orkers covered by the Bureau Labor Statistics su rv e y 1 had earnings within a range $ to $3.5 0 an hour; the middle half earned between $1.61 and $ Regional avers ranged from $ 1.51 an hour in the Southwest to $ in the P acific States.2 In the Great Lakes region, where em ploym ent concentration was greatest, the aver was $ Among the four m ajor product branches studied separately, nationwide avers were $1.91 in brick and structural clay tile, $ in ceram ic wall and floor tile, $2.2 1 in clay sewer pipe, and $2. 51 in clay refra ctories. Of the occupations studied separately, nationwide avers were lowest fo r janitors and finishers ($1.77 and $1.78) and highest for maintenance m achinists and electricians ($ and $ ). O ff-bearers, nearly 4, 000 in number, a verd $ an hour. A large m ajority the workers were in establishments providing paid holidays, paid vacations, and at least part the cost various health and insurance benefits. Industry C h aracteristics Establishments within scope the survey employed 51, 324 production and related w orkers in July-August This was approximately 10 percent below the employment in April June I960, the date the Bureau1s previous study the structural clay products in dustries.3 Despite this general decline in employment, production m ost types m aterial had increased substantially during this period. A ccording to the Bureau the Census, the production unglazed b rick increased 12 percent; clay wall and floor tile, 20 percent; and clay sewer pipe, 1 p ercen t.4 Much the increased production resulted from technological im provem ents, including the increased use tunnel kilns and the installation im proved m aterials handling equipment. Men com prised m ore than nine-tenths the production w orkers in July August They accounted for virtually all the w orkers in each the product branches studied separately, with the exception ceram ic wall and flo o r tile plants in which slightly m ore than a third w ere women. Products and P ro ce s s e s. Data are presented for all establishments within scope the study and separately for establishments manufacturing 1 the 4 m a jor products. When com bined, these establishm ents accounted fo r all 1 See appendix A for scope and method survey. 2 For definition regions used in this study, see footnote 1 in appendix A table. 3 See W Structure: Structural Clay Products. April June I960 (ELS Report 172, 1961). 4 Source: U. S. Bureau the Census, Current Industrial Reports. Clay Construction Products, Series M32D (61) - 13 and M32D (64) - 8 and 9. 1

10 2 but a sm all proportion the total work fo r c e.5 M ost establishments specialized in one type product, although there were som e exceptions. Establishments prim arily engd in the manufacture brick and structural clay tile employed 45 percent the production w orkers covered by the study; those manufacturing ceram ic wall and flo o r tile, 19 percent; clay refra ctories, 18 percent; and clay sew er pipe, 14 percent. As indicated in the following sections this report, there was considerable variation among these four product branches with respect to severa l ch a ra cteristics that influence ws. The basic p rocesses mining, form ing, drying, and burning are com m on to the production all structural clay products. Clay and shale m ost com m only are mined by power shovels. Pick mining, however, was reported by som e establishments, particularly those extracting fire (refractory) clay which is mined at deeper levels than other clays. P ractically all structural clay products are form ed by machine. The three principal form ing methods are the "stiff-m ud, " "st-m ud, " and "d ry -p re s s " p ro ce sses. M ost widely used is the stiff-m ud p rocess, which requires clay con taining only sufficient m oisture and plasticity to perm it extrusion through a die. This method was used to produce m ost the brick and structural clay tile and sew er pipe at the time the study. The st-m ud p rocess, molding clay too wet for extrusion, was used to som e extent in manufacturing brick and structural clay tile, clay refra ctories, and clay sew er pipe, but was not the predominant method in any the four product branches. The d ry -p ress p rocess, molding clay in a nearly dry condition, was predominant among plants manufacturing ceram ic wall and floor tile and clay refra ctories. P rior to the burning operation, which is one the m ost specialized steps in the manufacture clay products, dryers rem ove m ost the excess m oisture. Burning is then accom plished in one several types kilns. Scove kilns are form ed by the units to be burned; thus, a new kiln is constructed for each burning. In periodic kilns, the dried units are set by hand in a manner which perm its the free circulation the hot kiln gases. In a tunnel kiln, the units are loaded on cars which travel through the kiln1s various temperature zones at a prescribed speed, thereby perm itting continuous use the kiln. At the time the study, tunnel kilns w ere the predominant type used in burning brick and structural clay tile, ceram ic wall and floor tile, and clay refra ctories; periodic kilns were p re dominant in burning clay sew er pipe; and scove kilns w ere used to some extent in m ost regions for b rick and structural clay tile. During drawing the p rocess unloading a kiln after cooling the units are sorted, graded, and taken to stor or loaded fo r delivery. L ocation. Structural clay products are manufactured throughout m ost the country. The source raw m aterials and the desire to locate as near as possible to the m ajor consum ers appear to be the principal determinants plant locations. Regionally, the largest employment concentrations were in the Great Lakes (28 percent), Southeast (19 percent), and Middle Atlantic (15 percent). Ohio not only accounted for m ore em ployees than any other State, but was the m ost diversified from the standpoint products. Other important producing States w ere: Pennsylvania, California, Texas, M issou ri, Georgia, Illinois, and North Carolina. As indicated in table 1, the four m ajor product branches the industry were distributed quite differently among the regions. Thus, the Great Lakes region accounted fo r nearly on e-h alf the em ployees in plants manufacturing 5 Establishments primarily engd in the manufacture products not tabulated separately (e.g., terra cotta and roing tile) employed only about 3 percent the workers in the industry group.

11 3 clay sewer pipe, one-third the w orkers in plants making ceram ic wall and floor tile, and about one-fifth the workers in each the other branches. The Southeast region employed nearly three-tenths the w orkers in the brick and structural clay tile branch, com pared with a sixth or less in the other branches. The Middle West region em ployed three-tenths the w orkers in the clay r e fra cto rie s branch, but le ss than a tenth in the other branches. M etropolitan areas accounted for about half the em ployees covered by the study. Among the regions, the approximate proportions ranged from a fourth in the Middle West to nine-tenths in the Mountain and P a cific. T h ree-fifth s o f the ceram ic wall and floor tile w orkers, about half the brick and structural clay tile w orkers, and slightly less than two-fifths the clay refra ctories and clay sew er pipe w orkers were employed in m etropolitan areas. Among the regions, there was no consistency by [product branch. In clay refra ctories, for example, m etropolitan areas accounted for a sixth the w orkers in the Middle Atlantic and about two-fifths in the Great Lakes; in brick and structural clay tile, the corresponding proportions were about three-fifths and tw o-fifths; and in ceram ic wall and floor tile the proportions were identical slightly m ore than half in both regions. Establishment S ize. Most establishments covered by the study employed fewer than 100 w orkers. (See the following tabulation.) They accounted for about a tenth the w orkers in the clay sewer pipe branch, an eighth in ceram ic wall and floor tile, and a fourth in clay refractories, com pared with slightly m ore than th ree-fifth s in the b rick and structural clay tile branch. Number establishments within scope survey by product branch and number workers employed Brick and Ceramic Clay Clay structural wall and refrac sewer clay tile floor tile tories pipe All establishments Establishments employing Less than 100 workers workers workers workers ,000 workers or more Union Contract C over. Establishments with union contracts covering a m ajority their production w orkers employed nearly two-thirds the total work fo rce. This contract cover varied by region and by product branch, as illustrated in the follow ing tabulation: Percent production workers in establishments with union contracts United States Middle Atlantic Border States Great Lakes Middle West Southeast Southwest Mountain Pacific Total industry group Brick and structural clay tile Ceramic wall and floor tile Clay refractories :85H CL Clay sewer pipe NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.

12 4 The United B rick and Clay W orkers A m erica was the m ajor union in brick and structural clay tile, clay refra ctories, and clay sew er pipe. United Glass and Ceram ic W orkers North A m erica was the m ajor union in ceram ic wall and floor tile. Method W Payment. Nearly seven-tenths the production w orkers w ere paid on a tim e-rated basis (table 28). Typically, these w orkers were paid according to form ally established w system s providing a single rate fo r s p e c ified job categories. In the Southeast and Southwest, however, workers m ost com m only were paid according to their individual qualifications. Incentive pay system s, m ost com m only group piece, applied to about three-tenths the w orkers. Jobs predominantly paid on this basis included die p ressers, glazingmachine feeders, kiln drawers and setters, m olding-m achine operators, and pattern mounters. A method w payment generally referred to as "stint w ork" or "task w ork" applied to 3 percent the w ork ers. This system p r o vides a fixed daily rate for a predeterm ined amount work, regardless the actual time taken to com plete the task. Kiln draw ers and setters, m olders, and f-bea rers w ere among the jobs som etim es paid under this system. In this study, stint w orkers w ere classified as tim ew orkers in the tabulations earnings by method o f w payment. Among the product branches, the approximate proportions tim e-rated w orkers were three-fifths in ceram ic wall and floor tile, two-thirds in brick and structural clay tile, and three-fourths in both clay refra ctories and clay sew er pipe (table 29). Incentive workers constituted a m ajority only in ceram ic wall and flo o r tile in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes region s. A ver Hourly Earnings Straight-tim e earnings the 51, 324 production w orkers covered by the study averd $ an hour in July August This represented an 8.3 p e r cent in crease since A pril June I960, when the Bureau conducted a sim ila r study.7 Regionally, avers ranged from $ in the P acific to $1.5 1 an hour in the Southwest. W orkers in the Great Lakes, Southeast, and Middle Atlantic regions (the three num erically m ost important regions) averd $ 2.2 9, $ 1.5 4, and $ an hour, respectively. These regional variations in pay were partly due to differences in the m ix the industry branches with disparate pay levels. The com paratively high aver recorded for the Middle West region ($2. 36), fo r example, reflects the relatively high proportion w orkers in clay refractories establishments. In each the regions perm itting com parisons, w orkers in these establishments averd substantially m ore than those in the other branches the industry. 6 Hie straight-time aver hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross aver hourly earnings published in the Bureau's monthly hours and earnings series ($2.22 in August 1964). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for woik on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Aver earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number individuals; in the monthly series, the sum the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. The estimate the number production woxkers within scope the study is intended only as a general guide to the size and composition the labor force included in the survey. They differ from the number published in the monthly series (60.2 thousand in August 1964) by the exclusion establishments employing fewer than 20 woikers and because the advance planning necessary to make the survey requires the use lists establishments assembled considerably in advance data collection. Thus, establishments new to the industry are omitted, as are establishments originally classified in the structural clay products industry group but found to be in other industries at the time the survey. Also omitted are establishments manufacturing structural clay products, but classified incorrectly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled. 7 BLS Report 172, op. cit. The Federal minimum hourly w for manufacturing establishments engd in interstate commerce was increased from $1 to $1.15 effective Sept. 3, 1961, and to $1.25 effective Sept. 3, 1963.

13 5 Nationwide, earnings w orkers in brick and structural clay tile plants averd $1.9 1 an hour, com pared with $ in ceram ic wall and floor tile plants, $2.21 in plants manufacturing clay sewer pipe, and $2.51 in those making clay re fra cto rie s. These nationwide pay relationships, however, w ere not con sistent among the regions. F or example, in both the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions w orkers in plants manufacturing brick and structural clay tile averd substantially m ore than workers in plants producing ceram ic wall and flo o r tile; this relationship, how ever, was rev ersed in the Southeast and Southw est regions. Men com prised alm ost the entire work force in 3 the 4 industry branches studied separately. Women, accounting for slightly m ore than a third the w orkers in plants manufacturing ceram ic wall and floor tile, averd $ an hour, com pared with $ for men in this branch the industry. The large m ajority the women w ere employed in jobs requiring com paratively little skill or training whereas men w ere distributed over a much wider range sk ills. Earnings data w ere also tabulated according to community size, establishment size, and labor-m anm ent contract status. Nationwide, aver hourly earnings were higher in m etropolitan areas than in sm aller communities ($ and $ ), higher in establishments employing 100 w orkers or m ore than in sm aller establishments ($ and $ 2.0 2), and higher in establishments with union agreements covering a m ajority their production w orkers than in establishm ents without such contract cover ($ and $ ). The nationwide earnings relationship fo r size community held in 3 6 regions p e r mitting com parisons; for size establishments, in 6 7 regions; and for labor-m anm ent contract status, in the 5 regions where com parisons were possible. In considering the w differences noted in the preceding paragraphs and in a following discussion occupational earnings, it must be emphasized that in a study such as this it is not possible to isolate the influence each fa ctor as a determ inant w s. To illustrate their interrelationship, establishments with labor-m anm ent contracts accounted for a greater proportion the w orkers in m etropolitan areas than in sm aller communities in half the regions and fo r a greater proportion w orkers in la rg er than in sm aller establishments in all regions. Furtherm ore, as indicated previously, the extent labor-m anm ent contract cover was greatest in the relatively high-w clay re fra cto rie s branch the industry. Earnings nearly all production w orkers were within a range $ to $ an hour, with the middle half the w orkers earning between $ 1.61 and $ (table 2). Regionally, the proportions workers earning less than $ ranged from nearly two-thirds in the Southwest and three-fifths in the Southeast to less than 1 percent in the P acific States. Among the m ajor product branches, the distribution w orkers within the earnings array varied co n sid e r ably (tables 3 6). In the Great Lakes region, for exam ple, the relative d is p e r sions (com puted by dividing the interquartile ranges by the rhedians) w ere 11 p e r cent fo r clay sew er pipe, 22 percent each for brick and structural clay tile and clay refra ctories, and 27 percent for ceram ic wall and floor tile. Occupational Earnings The occupational cla ssifica tion s fo r which data are provided in table 7 a c counted for nearly three-fifths the production w orkers covered by the study. Among these occupations, nationwide avers w ere low est for janitors and finishers ($ and $ ) and highest fo r maintenance m achinists and e le c tricians ($ and $ ).

14 6 A fifth the production w orkers w ere em ployed as kiln loaders (placers or setters), unloaders or draw ers, and firem en jobs relating to the burning or "firin g 1' the product. Nationwide, aver hourly earnings were nearly identical fo r periodic kiln setters and drawers ($ and $2. 39) and for tunnel kiln placers and unloaders ($ and $ ); firem en, w orkers regulating the temperatures these kilns, averd $2 and $ 1.9 6, respectively. Firem en periodic and tunnel kilns also averd less than those loading and unloading such kilns in all regions, except the P acific. In m ost regions, setters periodic kilns averd m ore than draw ers, while unloaders tunnel kilns averd m ore than the p la cers. O ff-bearers, nearly 4,000 in number, averd $1.98 an hour. R e gional avers for f-b earers, w orkers handling products both before and after the burning p rocess, ranged from $ 1.44 in the Southwest and $ in the Southeast to $2.39 in the Great Lakes. With few exceptions, incentive w orkers averd m ore than tim e-rated w orkers in the same occupational classification (table 14). Regionally, incentive w orkers usually averd at least 30 cents an hour m ore than counterpart workers paid on an hourly rate b asis. Occupational avers varied among the product branches studied separately (tables 8 through 11). In the Great Lakes, the only region permitting com parisons for all four product branches, occupational avers usually were higher in clay refractories or brick and structural clay tile than in ceram ic wall and floor tile or clay sew er pipe. A sim ilar relationship held even when com parisons w ere lim ited to a single State, as illustrated in the follow ing tabulation fo r selected occupations in Ohio. Pay relatives for selected occupations in Ohio (Clay sewer pipe aver hourly eamings=100) Brick and Ceramic Occupations structural wall and Clay (men) clay tile floor tile refractories Dry-pan operators Kiln firemen (tunnel) Kiln placers (tunnel) Kiln unloaders (tunnel) Maintenance men, general utility Off-bearers Pugmill men Truckers, hand Truckers, power (foiklift) Occupational avers w ere usually higher in m etropolitan areas than in sm aller com m unities in the Southeast and Great Lakes regions. In the Middle Atlantic, Southwest, and Middle West, the other regions where com parisons could be made, the reverse was usually true (table 12). Avers for w orkers in the sam e job cla ssifica tion w ere usually higher in la rg er than in sm a ller establishments (table 13), and in establishments with a m ajority their w orkers covered by labor-m anm ent agreements than in those without such cover even when com parisons w ere lim ited to the same com m unity or establishm ent size group.

15 7 Earnings individual w orkers varied greatly within the same job and State (tables 15 27). F or some jobs, particularly those typically paid under incentive system s, there was considerable earnings dispersion even in the same establishment. In several instances, the difference between the highest and lowest paid w orker in the sam e establishm ent and job exceeded $ 1 an hour. Establishm ent P ra ctices and Supplementary W P rovision s Data were also obtained on certain establishment p ractices, including shift differentials fo r production w ork ers, work schedules, and selected supplem entary w benefits such as paid holidays; paid vacations; and health, insurance, and pension plans fo r production and fice w ork ers. Scheduled Weekly Hours. Work schedules 40 hours a week were in effect in plants employing approxim ately four-fifths the production and fice w orkers in the industry at the time the study (table 30). Work schedules tended to be somewhat longer in brick and structural clay tile plants than in the other branches the industry (table 31). Shift Provisions and P ra ctice s. Provisions fo r late shifts, usually p ro viding differential pay, were recorded in establishments employing slightly m ore than three-fourths the production w orkers (table 32). Such provisions were less frequently recorded in brick and structural clay tile than in the other branches (table 33). Only an eighth the w orkers covered by the survey were employed on late shifts at the time the survey (table 34). These w orkers usually received differentials, m ost com m only 8 cents an hour for the second shift and 12 cents for third or other late shifts. Among the four product branches, the proportions w orkers on late shifts, as w ell as the differentials paid, varied considerably (table 35). In the Great Lakes region, for example, the proportions w orkers on late shifts ranged from less than a tenth in brick and structural clay tile to a fifth in ceram ic wall and floor tile; also in this region, shift differentials were usually paid in ceram ic wall and floor tile and clay refra ctories, but not in the other two groups. Paid Holidays. Paid holidays, usually 6 or 7 annually, w ere provided by establishments employing slightly m ore than four-fifths the production w orkers and m ore than nine-tenths the fice w orkers (table 36). Regionally, the proportions production w orkers in such establishments ranged from threefifths in the Southeast and Southwest to all or nearly all in the Middle Atlantic, Middle West, and P acific. Paid holiday provisions usually applied to a sm aller proportion in brick and structural clay tile than in the other branches (table 37). This relationship is illustrated in the Southeast, where holiday provisions applied to approxim ately two-fifths the w orkers in brick and structural clay tile, com pared with m ore than nine-tenths in ceram ic wall and floor tile and clay sew er pipe. Paid Vacations. Paid vacations after qualifying periods service were available to slightly m ore than nine-tenths the production w orkers covered by the study (table 38). A large m ajority were eligible for 1 w eek's pay after 1 year service and 2 weeks' pay after 5 yea rs. Slightly m ore than half the w orkers w ere eligible for at least 3 weeks' pay after 15 years service. Vacation provisions, usually 2 weeks' pay after 1 year and at least 3 weeks' pay after 15 years, applied to alm ost all the fice w orkers.

16 8 Virtually all the production w orkers in three the product branches and about seven-eighths those in b rick and structural clay tile w ere in establishm ents providing paid vacations (table 39). In the latter branch, the p ro p o r tions ranged from two-thirds in the Southwest to virtually all in the Middle Atlantic, Great Lakes, and P acific regions. The amount vacation pay in each branch also varied among the regions. In brick and structural clay tile, for example, provisions for m ore than 2 weeks w ere not found in the Border States and Southwest; provisions for 3 weeks or m ore after 15 years* service, however, applied to about seven-eighths the w orkers in the P a cific region. Vacation payments usually were based on the employee* s regular pay for a specified length time in brick and structural clay tile and ceram ic wall and floor tile; a percent earnings usually was the basis for payment in clay re fra cto rie s and clay sew er pipe. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance, for which em ployers paid all or part the cost, were available to at least nine-tenths the production w orkers (table 40). Accidental death and dism em berm ent insurance, sickness and accident insurance, and m edical insurance applied to about tw o-thirds. These benefits generally applied to sim ilar proportions the fice w orkers. Catastrophe insurance, however, applied to two-fifths the fice workers com pared with one-fifth the production w orkers; and sick leave with full pay and no waiting period covered three-tenths the fice w orkers, but ra rely covered production w ork ers. Pension plans, providing regular payments upon retirem ent fo r the r e m ainder the worker* s life (in addition to Federal social security benefits) were provided by establishments employing two-fifths the production workers and one-half the fice w ork ers. The incidence these health, insurance, and pension plans varied by region and by product branch (table 41). In ceram ic wall and floor tile, for example, establishments providing sickness and accident insurance, employed a fourth the production workers in the Southeast and seven-eighths in the Great Lakes; corresponding proportions in clay sew er pipe w ere slightly m ore than tw o-fifths and virtually all the w ork ers. Nonproduction Bonuses. Nonproduction bonuses, usually Christmas or yearend, were provided by establishments employing slightly m ore than a third the production w orkers and nearly two-fifths the fice workers (table 42). Provisions fo r nonproduction bonuses applied to a m ajority the production w orkers in ceram ic wall and floor tile and clay sew er pipe, com pared with a third the w orkers in brick and structural clay tile and less than a tenth in clay refractories (table 43). In ceram ic wall and floor tile, nonproduction bonuses w ere recorded principally in the Middle Atlantic, Southwest, and Great Lakes region s; in clay sew er pipe, they w ere record ed principally in the Great Lakes.

17 Table 1. Aver Hourly Earnings: By Selected Characteristics (Num ber and aver straight-tim e hourly earnings1 production w orkers in structural clay products m anufacturing establishm ents by selected ch aracteristics, United States and selected regions, July -August 1964) Item United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific Number workers A ver hourly earnings Number workers Aver - hourly earnings Number workers A v er hourly earnings Number w orkers A ver hourly earning s Number w orkers Aver - hourly earning s Number w orkers Aver - hourly earnings Number w orkers A ver hourly earnings Number w orkers A v e r hourly earnings Number w orker s Aver - hourly earnings All workers 3 51,324 $ ,644 $ , 307 $ ,929 $ ,437 $ ,561 $ , 542 $ ,610 $ , 832 $2. 43 M en 47, , , , , , , , , W om en 3, , Major product: Brick and strucbiral clay tile. _ 23, , , , , , , , , Ceramic wall and floor tile 9, , , , , _ 1, Clay refra ctories 9, , , , Clay sewer p ip e 7, * - " - 1, , , Size community: Metropolitan areas 4 23, , , , , , , Nonmetropolitan areas , , , , , , , , , Size establishment: worker s , , , , , , , , workers or m ore... 32, , , , , , , , Labor-manment contracts: Establishments with Majority workers cov ered 33, , , , , , , , , None or minority workers covered 18, , , , , ' 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for New England region in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes data for major product classifications in addition to those shown separately. 4 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau the Budget in NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. CD

18 Table 2. Earnings Distribution: Structural Clay Products (Percent distribution production 'orkers in structural clay products manufacturing establishm ents by aver straight-tim e hourly ea rn in g s,1 United States and selected regions, July August 1964) o A ver hourly earnings1 United States2 Total Men Women Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle W est Mountain Pacific Under $ _ $1. 25 and under $ $1. 30 and under $ $1. 35 and under $ (3) $1. 40 and under $ $1. 45 and under $ (3) $1. 50 and under $ $1. 60 and under $ $1. 70 and under $ $ and under $ $1. 90 and under $ $2. 00 and under $ $2. 10 and under $ $2. 20 and under $ $2. 30 and under $ ' $2. 40 and under $ $2. 50 and under $ $2. 60 and under $ $2. 70 and under $ $2. 80 and under $ $2. 90 and under $ $3. 00 and under $ $3. 10 and under $ (3) $3. 20 and under $ $3. 30 and under $ $3. 40 and under $ (3) (3) $3. 50 and over _ T o t a l Number w ork ers , , , 747 7, , 307 9, , ,561 4, 542 1,610 3, 832 A ver hourly earnings $2. 08 $2. 10 $1. 78 $2. 38 $2. 07 $1. 54 $1. 51 $2. 29 $2. 36 $2. 27 $ Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for New England region in addition to those shown separately. 3 L e ss than percent. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sums individual item s may not equal totals.

19 Table 3. Earnings Distribution: Brick and Structural Clay Tile (P ercent distribution production w orkers in brick and structural clay tile m anufacturing establishm ents by aver straight-tim e hourly earnings, 1 U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) Aver hourly earnings 1 United States 2 T otal Men W omen Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle W est Mountain Pacific Under $ _ $ 1.25 and under $ $ and under $ _ _ 0.8 _ $ and under $ _ _ $ 1.40 and under $ _ $ 1.45 and under $ $ 1.50 and'under $ $ and under $ _ _ $ 1.70 and under $ _ $ 1.80 and under $ _ $ and under $ $ and under $ $ and under $ $ 2.20 and under $ $ and under $ $ and under $ $ and under $ _ $ and under $ _ $ 2.70 and under $ _ _ $ and under $ _ _ $ 2.90 and under $ $ 3.00 and under $ _ (3) $ and under $ _ _ $ 3.20 and under $ _ $ 3.30 and under $ _.5.2 _.1.9 _ $ 3.40 and under $ $ and over _ (3) T otal Number w ork ers Aver hourly earnings 1 23,2 7 4 $ , 164 $ 1.91 no $ , 830 $ , 669 $ , 491 $ , 632 $ , 839 $ , 041 $ , 264 $ , 144 $ E x clu d e s p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and late sh ifts. 2 In clu d es data fo r New E ngland r e g io n in addition to th ose shown s e p a r a te ly. 3 L ess than 0.05 percent. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s may not equal totals.

20 Table 4. Earnings Distribution: Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile (Percent distribution production workers in ceram ic w all and floor tile manufacturing establishm ents by aver straight-tim e hourly ea rn ings,1 United States and selected regions, July August 1964) 10 A ver hourly earnings1 United States2 Total Men W omen Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Under $ _ $1.25 and under $1. 30 _ $1. 30 and under $ _ $1. 35 and under $ $1. 40 and under $ $1.45 and under $1.50. _ $1. 50 and under $ $1. 60 and under $ $1. 70 and under $ $1. 80 and under $ $ and under $ $2. 00 and under $ $2. 10 and under $ $2. 20 and under $ $2. 30 and under $ $2. 40 and under $ $2. 50 and under $ $2. 60 and under $ $2. 70 and under $ $2. 80 and under $ $2. 90 and under $ $3. 00 and under $ $3. 10 and under $3. 20 _ _ $3. 20 and under $ _ _ $3. 30 and under $ _ _ $3. 40 and under $ (3). 3 $3. 50 and over _ T otal Number w o rk ers 9, , 288 3, 517 2, 046 1,601 1,0 22 3, 260 1,4 14 A ver hourly earnings1 $ 1.97 $2. 08 $1. 79 $2. 12 $1. 66 $ $2. 08 $ Excludes prem ium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 L e ss than percent. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sums individual items m ay not equal totals.

21 Table 5. Earnings Distribution: Clay Refractories Table 6. Earnings Distribution: Clay Sewer Pip< (P e r c e n t d is tr ib u tio n p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in cla y r e fr a c t o r ie s m anufactu rin g e sta b lis h m e n ts by a v e r a g e str a ig h t-tim e h ou rly ea rn in gs, 1 U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July August 1964) (P e r c e n t d istr ib u tio n o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c la y se w e r pipe m anufactu rin g e s ta b lis h m e n ts by a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t-tim e h o u r ly e a rn in gs, 1 U nited S tates and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) Aver hourly earnings 1 United States 2 Total Men W omen Middle Atlantic Great Lakes Middle W est A v e ra g e h o u r ly ea rn in gs 1 U nited States 2 S outheast G rea t L ak es P a c ific Under $ $ 1.25 and under $ Z 0.1 $ 1.30 and under $ (3") _ $ 1.35 and under $ Z.8 _ $ 1.40 and under $ Z.Z 1.0 _ $ 1.45 and under $ z.2 Z $ 1.50 and under $ (3) $ and under $ Z. 3 _.8 $1.70 and under $ $ and under $ 1.90 _.... Z.4 Z _ 4.1 (3) $ 1.90 and under $ Z $ Z. 00 and under $ Z. 10 Z. 3 Z Z $ Z. 10 and under $ Z. Z Z $ Z.Z0 and under $ Z $ Z.30 and under $ Z.40 1Z.8 1Z Z 16.5 $ Z.40 and under $ Z Z Z Zl.Z $ Z.50 and u n d er $ _ 1Z.3 1 Z.4 13.Z $ Z.60 and under $ Z.70 _ _ $ Z.7 0 and under $ Z $ Z.80 and under $ Z _ $ Z.90 and under $ Z $ and under $ T Z.7 Z.O Z. 1 $ and under $ 3. Z0 Z. 3 Z. 3 _ $ 3.Z0 and under $ 3.30_ l.z l.z Z.O $ 3.30 and under $ l.z l.z _ $ 3.40 and under $ (3).6.4 $ and o v e r Z Total U nder $ 1.Z $ 1.Z5 and under $ $ 1.30 and under $ _ (3) $ 1.35 and under $ 1.40 Z. 3 Z.7 _ (3) $ and under $ 1.45 _ l.z 5.5 _ $ and under $ $ and under $ 1.60 Z $ and under $ Z _ $ and under $ $ and under $ Z.Z 1.9 _ $ 1.90 and under $ Z Z $ Z.00 and under $ Z.10 Z $ Z. 10 and under $ Z.Z0 14. Z 1.7 Z5.4.6 $ Z.Z0 and under $ Z $ Z.30 and under $ Z $ Z.40 and under $ Z $ Z.50 and under $ Z $ Z.60 and under $ Z.70 Z.O _ $ Z.70 and under $ Z.80 Z.l $ Z.80 and under $ Z _ $ Z.90 and under $ $ and under $ $ 3.10 and under $ 3.Z0.7 _ $ 3.Z0 and under $ _ $ 3.30 and under $ _.7.1 $ 3.40 and under $ $ 3.50 and o v e r 4.1 _ T o ta l Number w o rk ers 9, 4Z1 9, Z, Z18 Z, 093 Z, 7Z7 Aver hourly earnings 1 $ Z.5 1 $ Z.5Z $ 1.7Z $ Z.61 $ Z.46 $ Z.59 N u m ber o f w o r k e r s 4 7, , 151 3, 309 1, 046 A v e ra g e h o u r ly ea rn in gs 1 $ Z.Z1 $ 1.63 $ Z. 35 $ E x clu d e s p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and late sh ifts. 2 In clu d e s data fo r r e g io n s in ad d ition to th ose show n sep arately. 3 L ess than 0.05 percent. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s may not equal totals. 1 E x clu d e s p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h olid a y s, and late sh ifts. 2 In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in ad d ition to th ose show n se p a r a te ly. 3 L ess than 0.05 percent. 4 Includes 5 wom en. NOTE: Because rounding, sums individual item s m ay not equal totals.

22 Table 7. Occupational Avers: Structural Clay Products (Number and aver straight-time hourly earnings 1 workers in selected occupations in structural clay products manufacturing establishments, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) United States 2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific Occupation and sex Num ber w orkers A v e r hourly earnings Number workers A v e r hourly earnings Num ber workers A v e r hourly earnings Num ber workers A v e r hourly earnings Number workers A v e r hourly earnings Num ber workers A v e r hourly earnings Number workers A v e r hourly earnings Number workers A v e r hourly earnings Number workers A v e r hourly earnings C lay m akers (all men) 347 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Die pressers (686 men and 19 women) $ D ry-pan operators (all men) E le ctrician s, maintenance (all men) F in ishers _ Men Vro m e n G lazing-m achine fe e d e r s M e n Wom en _ G rinders, clay (all men) H elpers, maintenance trades (all men) _ Janitors (398 men and 51 women) Kiln drawers (periodic kiln) (all m en ) , Kiln firem en (periodic kiln) (all men) 1, Kiln firem en (scove kiln) (all men) Kiln firem en (tunnel kiln) (all m en) , Kiln loaders (scove kiln) (all m en) _ Kiln placers (tunnel kiln) (1, 667 men and 62 women) , Kiln setters (periodic kiln) (all m en) , Kiln unloaders (tunnel kiln) (1, 804 men and 4 women) _ , M achinists, maintenance (all men) Maintenance m en, general utility (all men) 1, M echanics, automotive (maintenance) (all m en) _ M echanics, maintenance (all m en) Molders, hand (478 men and 1 woman) M olding-m achine operators (all men) O ff-b e a re rs , , , Men , W om en _ Men _ P ackers _ W om en _. Pattern m ounters (448 women and 2 m e n ) Pipe turners (all men) _ Power-shovel operators (all m en) _ P ressm e n, automatic (537 men and 3 women) Pugm ill men (all m en) S orte rs, brick (681 men and 46 women) S orters, tile (742 women and 81 m e n ) 'Truckdrivers (all men) , Light (under IV2 tons) (all m e n ) _ Medium ( 1 V2 to and including 4 tons) (all m en) Heavy (over 4 tons, tra iler type) (all m en) Heavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer type) (all men) T ru ck ers, hand (all m en) Truckers, power (forklift) (all m en) , Truckers, pawer (other than forklift) (all m en) " Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for New England region in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes drivers operating a combination the types and sizes trucks shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.

23 Table 8. Occupational Avers: Brick and Structural Clay Tile (N u m ber and a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t-tim e h ou rly e a r n in g s 1 m en in s e le c te d o ccu p a tio n s in b r ic k and str u ctu ra l c la y tile m an u factu rin g e s ta b lis h m e n ts, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) O ccu p a tio n United States 2 N u m b er w ork e r s A v er - h ou rly e a r n - in g s Middle \tlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific Num- A ver- Num- A v e r Num A v er Num A v e r Num A v er Num A v e r Num A v er Num A verber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly work- earn- w ork- earn w ork earn w ork earn- w ork earn work earn work earn w ork earners -IPS 5 ers ings ers ings ers - inks ers ings er s ings ers ings ers ings D ie p r e s s e r s D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s E le c t r ic ia n s, m a in te n a n c e G la z in g -m a c h in e f e e d e r s G r in d e r s, c la y H e lp e r s, m a in ten a n ce tr a d e s J a n ito r s K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln fir e m e n (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln fir e m e n (s c o v e k i ln ) K iln fir e m e n (tunnel k iln ) K iln lo a d e r s (s c o v e k iln ) K iln p la c e r s (tunnel k i ln ) K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln u n lo a d e rs (tunnel k i ln ) M a ch in is ts, m a in te n a n c e M a in ten an ce m en, g e n e r a l u t ilit y M e c h a n ic s, a u tom otiv e (m a in te n a n c e ) M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n ce M o ld e r s, h a n d M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s O ff-b e a r e r s P o w e r -s h o v e l o p e r a t o r s P u g m ill m e n S o r t e r s, b r i c k T r u c k d r iv e r s L igh t (under 1 V2 t o n s ) M ed iu m (lv 2 to and in clu d in g 4 to n s ) H eavy (o v e r 4 ton s, t r a ile r ty p e ) H eavy (o v e r 4 ton s, oth er than t r a ile r t y p e ) T r u c k e r s, hand T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l if t ) T r u c k e r s, p o w e r (o th e r than f o r k lift ) , , , $ $ $ $ $ $ $ _ $ $ _ _ _ " " " ' ' 2 E x clu d e s p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and late sh ifts. In clu d es data fo r New E n glan d re g io n in addition to th ose shown se p a r a te ly. N O T E : D ash es in d ica te no data r e p o r te d or data that do not m e e t p u b lica tio n c r ite r ia.

24 Table 9. Occupational Avers: Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile (Number and aver straight-time hourly earnings 1 workers in selected occupations in ceramic wall and floor tile manufacturing establishments, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) 0) Occupation and sex United States 2 Middle Atlantic Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Number w orkers Aver hourly earnings Number workers Aver hourly earnings Number workers Aver hourly earnings Number workers Aver hourly earnings Number workers Aver hourly earnings Number workers Aver hourly earnings Men Clay m a k ers 119 $ $ $ $2.23 Die p r e s s e r s $ D ry-pan op erators E lectrician s, m aintenance $ G lazing-m achine fe e d e r s G rinders, clay H elpers, maintenance tra des Janitors Kiln firem en (tunnel kiln) Kiln placers (tunnel k iln ) Kiln unloaders (tunnel k iln ) M achinists, m aintenance Maintenance m en, general u tility M echanics, maintenance Off -b e a r e r s P ackers P ressm en, autom atic Pugm ill m en S orters, tile T ru ck d rivers3 _ Medium ( l l/2 to and including 4 tons) T ru ck ers, hand T ru ckers, power (fo rk lift) " Women F in ish e rs , G lazing-m achine fe e d e r s O ff-b e a r e r s P ackers Pattern m o u n ters S orte rs, tile Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes all drivers regard less size and type truck operated. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.

25 Table 10. Occupational Avers: Clay Refractories (N u m ber and a ver str a ig h t-tim e h o u rly ea rn in gs 1 m en in s e le c te d o cc u p a tio n s in c la y r e f r a c t o r ie s manufacturing establishm ents, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) O ccu p a tion United States 2 Middle Atlantic Great Lakes Middle West N u m ber w orke rs A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in gs N u m ber o f w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h ou rly e a rn in gs N u m ber o f w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u rly ea rn in gs N u m b er o f w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u r ly ea rn in gs C lay m a k e r s 88 $ $ $ $2.65 D ie p r e s s e r s D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s E le c t r ic ia n s, m a in te n a n c e F in is h e r s G r in d e r s, c la y J a n ito r s K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln fir e m e n (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln fir e m e n (tunnel k iln ) K iln p la c e r s (tunnel k iln ) _ K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln u n lo a d e rs (tunnel k iln ) M a ch in ists, m a in te n a n c e M ain ten an ce m en, g e n e ra l u t ilit y M e c h a n ics, au tom otive (m a in te n a n c e ) M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n ce M o ld e r s, h a n d M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s O ff - b e a r e r s P a c k e r s P o w e r -s h o v e l o p e r a to r s _ P r e s s m e n, a u to m a tic P u g m ill m e n T r u c k d r iv e r s M ed iu m (1 V? to and in clu din g 4 tons) H eavy (o v e r 4 to n s, oth er than , t r a ile r t y p e ) T r u c k e r s, h and j T r u c k e r s, p ow er ( f o r k l if t ) T r u c k e r s, p o w e r (o th e r than fo r k lift ) Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 In clu d es data fo r re g io n s in addition to th ose show n se p a r a te ly. 3 In clu d es a ll d r iv e r s re g a r d le s s o f size and type o f tru ck op e ra te d. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria.

26 Table 11. Occupational Avers: Clay Sewer Pipe 00 (Number and aver straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 men in selected occupations in clay sewer pipe manufacturing establishm ents, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) O ccupation United States 2 Southeast Great Lakes P acific Number w o rk e r s A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in gs N u m ber w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u r ly ea rn in gs N u m ber o f w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u r ly ea rn in gs Num ber w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u r ly ea rn in gs C lay m a k e r s 31 $ $2.20 D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s $ E le c t r ic ia n s, m a in te n a n c e $3.20 F in is h e r s G r in d e r s, c la y H e lp e r s, m a in ten a n ce t r a d e s J a n ito r s K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic k i ln ) K iln fir e m e n (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln fir e m e n (tunnel k iln ) K iln p la c e r s (tunnel k i ln ) K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln u n lo a d e rs (tunnel k i ln ) M a ch in is ts, m a in te n a n c e M a in ten an ce m en, g e n e r a l u t ilit y M e c h a n ic s, a u tom otiv e (m a in te n a n c e ) M e c h a n ic s, m a in te n a n ce M o ld e r s, h a n d M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s O ff - b e a r e r s P ip e t u r n e r s P o w e r -s h o v e l o p e r a t o r s P r e s s m e n, a u to m a tic P u g m ill m e n T r u c k d r iv e r s L ight (u n d er 1 V2 t o n s ) M ed iu m (1 V2 to and in clu d in g 4 to n s ) H eavy (o v e r 4 to n s, t r a ile r ty p e ) T r u c k e r s, h and T r u c k e r s, p ow er ( f o r k l if t ) T r u c k e r s, p ow er (o th e r than f o r k lift ) Excludes prem ium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes all d rivers regardless size and type truck operated. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not m eet publication criteria.

27 Table 12. Occupational Avers: By Labor-Manment Contract Cover and Size Community (N u m ber and a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t-tim e h ou rly e a r n in g s 1 m en in s e le c te d o ccu p a tio n s in s tr u ctu ra l c la y p r o d u c ts m a n u fa ctu rin g e s ta b lis h m e n ts b y la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t contract cover and size com m unity, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) O cc u p a tio n and s iz e com m unity M a jc rity co v e re d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s United States 2 A v e r h o u rly e a r n ings Non or m ine rity cove re d N u m b er w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n -.. f o g s. M iddle A tlan tic M a jo rity co v e r e d N um b e r w o r k er s A v e r h o u r ly e a r n in gs M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b er w o r k e r s Southeast Southw est G rea t L ak es M iddle W est P a c ific A v e r h ou rly e a r n -,... None o r m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k e r s Establishm ents with A v e r h o u rly e a r n in gs Non< 3 o r m inoirity co v e :red N u m b er w o r k e r s A v e r h o u r ly e a r n - in gs M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r h o u r ly e a r n ings None or m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r - h o u rly e a r n ings M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k er s A v e r h o u r ly e a r n in gs M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n in gs None or m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n ings C lay m a k e rs: M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s $ $ $ $ $ $ 2.23 N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s $ $ _ Die p ressers: M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ 57 $ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ _ $ 2.25 _ 44 _ 2.43 _ D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s : M e tr o p o lita n a re a s N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ $ _ 2.67 _ 6 _ E lectrician s, m aintenance : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ _ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ G r in d e r s, c la y : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ N onm etropolitan a re a s _ J a n ito r s : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ _ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic k iln ): M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ K iln firem en (p eriodic kiln ): M etropolitan a re a s N onm etropolitan a re a s K iln firem en (tunnel kiln ): M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N onm etropolitan a re a s _ K iln pla cers (tunnel kiln ): M e tr o p o lita n a re a s N onm etropolitan a re a s _ K iln setters (periodic kiln ): M etropolitan a re a s N onm etropolitan a re a s K iln unloaders (tunnel kiln ): M etropolitan a re a s N onm etropolitan a re a s _ 1.95 M a c h in is ts, m a in te n a n ce : M e tr o p o lita n a re a s _ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s M aintenance m en, general utility : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N onm etropolitan areas M echanics, autom otive (m a in te n a n c e ): M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ _ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ M echanics, m aintenance : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s S ee fo o tn o te s at end o f ta ble. (0

28 Table 12. Occupational Avers: By Labor-Manment Contract Cover and Size Community Continued (Number and aver straight-time hourly earnings* men in selected occupations in structural clay products manufacturing establishments by labor-manment contract cover and size community, United States and selected regions, July-August 1964) O cc u p a tio n and s iz e com m unity M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s United States 2 A v e r h o u r ly e a r n in gs N one or m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n ings Middle Atlantic M a jo rity c o v e r e d N u m b er w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n ings M a jo rity c o v e r e d N um b er w o r k e rs Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle W est A v e r h o u r ly e a r n in gs N one or m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k e r s Establishm ents with A v e r h o u rly e a r n i n g 8,- N one o r m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r h o u r ly e a r n ings M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r h o u r ly e a r n -., ing-s_- Nome or mine)r ity cove:re d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r h o u rly e a r n - M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n - - J i l g S - M ajc>rity cove;re d N u m b e r w o r k e r s A v e r h o u rly e a r n in gs None2 or m ine>rity coveired N u m b er w o r k e r s A v e r h o u rly e a r n in gs M o ld e rs, hand: M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s $ $ $ $ $ $ $ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s " M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s $ $ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s $ 2.20 ~ M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s , $ 1.91 N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s P ow er-sh ovel operators: M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N o ijm e tr o p o lita n a r e a s P ressm en, autom atic: M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s P u g m ill m e n : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s " - S orters, brick : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ~ - - T r u c k d r iv e r s : 3 M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s T N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ^ M ed iu m ( 1V2 to and in clu d in g 4 to n s): M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s H ea vy (o v e r 4 ton s, t r a ile r ty p e ): M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s " H ea v y (o v e r 4 to n s, oth er than tra iler type ): M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s _ N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s T ru ckers, hand: M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s " T ru ckers, pow er (forklift): M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s T r u c k e r s, p o w e r (o th e r than f o r k lift ) : M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s " ' ' ' 1 Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes all drivers regard less size and type truck operated. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria.

29 Table 13. Occupational Avers: By Labor-Manment Contract Cover and Size Establishment (Number and aver straight-time hourly earnings1 men in selected occupations in structural clay products manufacturing establishments by labor-manment contract cover and size establishment, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) O c c u p a t i o n a n d s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t M ajo rity co v e re d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s U nited S ta tes2 A v e r h ou rly e a r n i n g 5 Non e or minejr ity cov< ;r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r - h ou rly e a r n ings M iddle A tlan tic M a jo rity c o v e r e d Num ber w o r k ers A v e r - h ou rly e a r n in gs M a jo rity c o v e r e d Southeast Southwe st G reat Lake s M iddle W est P acific None o r m in o r ity c o v e r e d Establishm ents with M a jo rity c o v e r e d None o r m in o r ity c o v e r e d M a jo rity c o v e r e d N one o r m in o r ity c o v e r e d M a jo rity cover ed M a jority c o v e r e d N u m - A v e r - N u m A v e r N u m A v e r N u m A v e r - N u m A v e r - N u m A v e r - N u m A v e r - N u m A v e r - b e r b e r b e r b e r b er b e r b e r b er o f h ou rly o f h ou rly o f h ou rly h ou rly h ou rly o f h ou rly o f h ou rly h ou rly w ork - earn - w ork earn w ork earn w ork earn w ork earn w ork earn w ork earn w ork earners m gs ers ings ers ings ers ings ers ings er s ings ers ings ers ings C l a y m a k e r s : w o r k e r s 24 $ $ w o r k e r s o r m o r e $ w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e w o r k e r s _ 100 w o r k e r s o r m o r e. _ D i e p r e s s e r s : D r y - p a n o p e r a t o r s : E l e c t r i c i a n s, m a i n t e n a n c e : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e G r i n d e r s, c l a y : J a n i t o r s : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e K i l n d r a w e r s ( p e r i o d i c k i l n ) : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e K i ln f i r e m e n ( p e r i o d i c k i l n ) : K i l n f i r e m e n ( t u n n e l k i l n ) : w o r k e r s _ 100 w o r k e r s o r m o r e K i ln p l a c e r s ( t u n n e l k i l n ) : w o r k e r s _ 100 w o r k e r s o r m o r e K i ln s e t t e r s ( p e r i o d i c k i l n ) : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e K i l n u n l o a d e r s ( t u n n e l k i l n ) : w o r k e r s _ 100 w o r k e r s o r m o r e M a c h i n i s t s, m a i n t e n a n c e : w e a k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e M a i n t e n a n c e m e n, g e n e r a l u t i l i t y : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e _ M e c h a n i c s, a u t o m o t i v e ( m a i n t e n a n c e ) : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e _ _ w o r k e r s _ _ 100 w o r k e r s o r m o r e _ M e c h a n i c s, m a i n t e n a n c e : 6 $ $ $1. 46 " - " 85 $ _ 26 $ $ " $ _ " " " " " " $ " " _ ' _ S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le. 10

30 Table 13. Occupational Avers: By Labor-Manment Contract Cover and Size Establishment Continued (Num ber and aver straight-tim e hourly earnings1 men in selected occupations in structural clay products manufacturing establishm ents by labor-m anm ent contract cover and size establishm ent, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) O ccu p a tio n and s iz e o f e sta b lis h m e n t M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s U n ited S ta te s 12 A v e r a ge h o u r ly e a r n in gs N one or m inorityc o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n in gs M id d le A tlan tic M a jo rity c o v e r e d N u m b e r w o r k ers A v e r - h ou rly e a r n ings M a jo rity c o v e r e d N um ber w o r k ers Southeast Southwest G reat Lakes M iddle W est A v e r h ou rly e a r n - in gs N one o r m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e rs Establishm ents with A v e r - h ou rly e a r n in gs M a jo rity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n ings N one or m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n in gs M a jo rity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r a ge h ou rly e a r n in gs N one o r m in o r ity c o v e r e d N u m b er o f w o r k e r s A v e r p h ou rly e a r n in gs M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r h o u r ly e a r n in gs M a jo r ity c o v e r e d N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r h ou rly e a r n ings M o ld e rs, hand: w o r k e r s 75 $ $ _ $ w o r k e r s o r m o r e $ $ $ $ $ M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s : w o r k e r s 61 ^ $ $ w o r k e r s o r m o r e $2. 71 O ff-bea rers: w o r k e r s , _ w orkers or m o r e 1, P a c k e r s : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e P o w e r - s h o v e l o p e r a to r s : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e P ressm en, autom atic: w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e P u g m ill m en : w o r k e r s w orkers or m o r e T r u c k d r iv e r s : w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e M ed iu m (1 l/z to and in clu d in g 4 ton s): w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e H eavy (o v e r 4 to n s, o th e r than t r a ile r t y p e ): w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e T ru ck ers, hand: w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e T ru ck ers, pow er (forklift): w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e , T r u c k e r s, p o w e r (o th e r than fo r k lift): w o r k e r s w o r k e r s o r m o r e Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 In clu d es data fo r re g io n s in a d d ition to th o se shown se p a ra te ly. 3 Includes all drivers regard less size and type truck operated. N O T E : D ash es in d ic a te no data r e p o r te d o r data that do not m e e t p u blica tion c r it e r ia.

31 Table 14. Occupational Avers: By Method W Payment (N um ber and aver straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 men in selected occupations in structural clay products manufacturing establishm ents by m ethod o f w paym en t, United S tates and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) O ccu p a tio n T im e w o rk e rs N um ber w o r k e r s United States 2 A v e ra g e h ou rly earning s N u m ber o f w o r k e r s In cen tive w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u r ly ea rn in gs Num be r o f w o r k e r s T im e w o r k e r s M iddle A tlan tic A v e ra g e h o u rly ea rn in gs N u m ber o f w o r k e r s In cen tive w o r k e r s A ve r h o u r ly ea rn in gs N u m ber w o r k e r s T im e w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in gs B order States N u m ber o f w o r k e r s In cen tive w o r k e r s A v era g e h ou rly earn in gs D ie p r e s s e r s D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic k i ln ) K iln p la c e r s (tu n n el k i ln ) K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln u n lo a d e rs (tunnel k i ln ) M o ld e r s, h a n d M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s O ff - b e a r e r s P r e s s m e n, a u to m a tic.' P u g m ill m e n S o r t e r s, b r i c k T r u c k e r s, h and T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l i f t ) T ru ckers, pow er (other than forklift) 311 $ , , $ , , , $ $ $ $ : Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middlei W est In cen tive T im e w o rk e r s In cen tive T im ew orkers In cen tive w o r k e r s T im e w o r k e r s In cen tive w o r k e r s T im ew orkers w o r k e r s w o rk e r s Number Aver Number Aver Number A ver Number Aver Number Aver Number A ver Number Aver Number Aver o f h ou rly h ou rly o f h o u rly o f h o u rly o f h ou rly o f h o u rly o f h o u r ly o f h ou rly w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings w orkers earnings D ie p r e s s e r s D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic k i ln ) K iln p la c e r s (tu n n el k i ln ) K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) K iln u n lo a d e rs (tu n n el k i ln ) M o lde r s, h a n d M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s O f f - b e a r e r s P r e s s m e n, a u to m a tic P u g m ill m e n S o r t e r s, b r i c k T r u c k e r s, hand * T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l if t ) T ru ck ers, pow er (other than forklift) 1 33 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ _ _ E x clu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and late sh ifts. In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in a d d ition to th ose show n se p a ra te ly. N O T E : D a s h es in d ica te no data r e p o r te d o r data that do not m eet p u b lica tio n c r it e r ia.

32 Table 15. Occupational Earnings: Brick and StructuraJ Clay Tile California (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e str a ig h t-tim e h ou rly ea rn in gs 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, A ugust 1964) 10 * Number workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings O c c u p a t i o n JNu m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r a g e $ h o u r l y a n d e a r n i n g s 1 u n d e r $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3 / 9 0 $ $4. 00 and o v e r A l l p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s 2 ~ 1, $ S e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s 2 D r y - p a n o p e r a t o r s 3 45a / _ G r i n d e r s, c l a y 3 a / K i l n f i r e m e n ( p e r i o d i c k i ln ) 3 a / K i l n f i r e m e n ( s c o v e k iln ) 3 a / K i l n f i r e m e n ( t u n n e l k i l n ) T a / K i l n l o a d e r s ( s c o v e k iln ) 3T K i l n s e t t e r s ( p e r i o d i c k iln ) 3 a / K i l n u n l o a d e r s ( t u n n e l k i l n ) ^ a / M a i n t e n a n c e m e n, g e n e r a l u t i l i t y 3 a / M e c h a n i c s, a u t o m o t i v e ( m a i n t e n a n c e ) 3 a / O f f 'b e a r e r s T i m e P o w e r - s h o v e l o p e r a t o r s 3 a / P u g m i l l m e n 3 a / S o r t e r s, b r i c k 1 a / T r u c k d r i v e r s 3 ats H e a v y ( o v e r 4 t o n s, t r a i l e r t y p e ) * a / T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l i f t ) 3 a / Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 A ll production workers w ere men. 3 Insufficient data to warrant presentation separate avers by method w payment; (a) all or predominantly tim ew orkers, and (b) all or predominantly incentive w orkers. 4 W orkers w ere at $4. 30 to $ Includes all drivers regardless size and type truck operated.

33 Table 16. Occupational Earnings: Brick and Structural Clay Tile-----Georgia (Number and aver straight-time hourly earnings 1 workers in selected occupations, August 1964) O c c u p a t i o n a n d s e x Number workers receiving straight-tim e hourly earning s N u m b e r A v e r a g e o f h o u r ly $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ an d w o r k e r s e a r n i n g s and $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ over A l l p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s , $ M e n 1, S e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s M e n E l e c t r i c i a n s, m a i n t p n a n r p ^ a / C lr in d e r R, r l a y 2 a / J a n i t o r s * a / _ " K i ln f i r e m e n ( p e r i o d i c k iln ) 2 a / _ 6 I _ I I I K i l n f i r e m e n (tu n n e l k i ln ) 2 aj~l _ _ 1 2 K iln p l a r p r s (tunnel k i l n ) 2 h / K i l n s e t t e r s ( p e r i o d i c k i l n j ^ b / _ M achinists, m aintenance * a / _ M a i n t e n a n c e m e n, g e n e r a l u t i l i t y 2 a / _ 1 2 _ 1 _ O f f - b e a r e r s 2 a / _ 9 P o w e r - s h o v e l o p e r a t o r s 2 a / P u g m i l l m e n 2 a / _ _ 1 1 _ S o r t e r s, b r i c k * a /... _ T r u c k d r i v e r s 2 a 7 " _ 2 _ I I M e d i u m ( l ^ ~ t o a n d in c l u d i n g 4 t o n s ) 2 a / " T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( f o r k l i f t ) 2 a / T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( o t h e r t h a n f o r k l i f t ) 2 a / W o m e n O f f - b e a r e r s 2 a / Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Insufficient data to warrant presentation separate avers by method w payment; (a) all or predominantly tim ew orkers, and (b) all or predominantly incentive workers. 3 Includes all d rivers regardless size and type truck operated

34 Table 17. Occupational Earnings: Brick and Structural Clay Tile Illinois (Number and aver straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 workers in selected occupations, August 1964) O cc u p a tio n N u m b er o f w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in gs 1 Under $2.00 $2.00 and under $2.10 $2.10 $2.20 $2.20 $2.30 N u m ber o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t-tim e h ou rly ea rn in gs o f $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.60 $2.70 $2.70 $2.80 $2.80 $2.90 $2.90 $3.00 $3.00 $3.10 $3.10 $3.20 $3.20 $3.30 $3.30 $3.40 $3.40 $3.50 $3.50 $3.60 $3.60 and o v e r A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 171 $ Selected occu pation s2 D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s 3 a/ _ _ 1 _ G r in d e r s ; c la y 3 a / K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic kiln) 3 b / K iln fir e m e n (p e r io d ic kiln) 3 a / K iln fir e m e n ( s c o v e kiln) 3 a /T l K iln fir e m e n (tu n n el kiln) 3 a / K iln lo a d e r s (s c o v e kiln) 3"a _ K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic kiln)"3 b / M aintenance m en, general utility 3 a / M e c h a n ics, a u to m o tiv e (m a in ten a n ce) 3 a / M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s 3 a / O f f - b e a r e r s T im e P o w e r -s h o v e l o p e r a t o r s 3 a / P u g m ill m e n 3 a/ T ru ck d r iv e r s T a / M ed iu m and in clu d in g 4 ton s) a / H eavy (o v e r 4 ton s, o th e r than t r a ile r ty p e) 3 a / T ru c k e r s, hand 3 at T r u c k e r s, p o w e r "! fo r k lift) 3 a / T ruckers, pow er (other than fo r k lift) 3 a/ Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Virtually all production workers were men; data for selected occupations were limited to men workers. 3 Insufficient data to warrant presentation separate avers by method w payment; (a) all or predominantly tim ew orkers, and (b) all or predominantly incentive w orkers. 4 Includes all d rivers regardless size and type truck operated.

35 Table 18. Occupational Earnings: Brick and Structural Clay Tile-----North Carolina (Number and aver straight-tim e hourly ea rn in gs1 w orkers in selected occupations, August 1964) O cc u p a tio n N u m ber o f wo r k e r s A v e ra g e hou rly earn in gs 1 $1.25 and under $ 1.30 $ 1.30 $1.35 $1.35 $1.40 $1.40 $1.45 N u m ber o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t-tim e h o u r ly ea rn in gs o f $1.45 $1.50 $ 1.60 $ 1.50 $ 1.60 $ $1.70 $ $ 1.80 $ 1.90 $ 1.90 $2.00 $ $ 2.00 $2.10 $ $2.20 $2.30 $ 2.30 $2.40 $ $ 2.50 $ $ $2.60 $ 2.70 $2.70 $2.80 $2.80 and o v e r A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 2 3 1, 754 $ Selected occupations 2 G r in d e r s, c l a y 4 a / K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) 4 a / _ K iln fir e m e n (p e r io d ic kiln ) 4 a / _ 10 6 K iln fire m e n (tunnel kiln) 4 a J Z i _ K iln p la c e r s (tunnel k iln ) _ 2 _ T im e _ 2 _ In ce n tiv e _ 26 _ Kiln setters (p eriodic k iln )4b / K iln u n lo a d e r s (tunnel k iln ) T im e _ _ In ce n tiv e M aintenance m en, general utility 4a / _ 1 _ M echanics, autom otive (m a in te n a n ce ) 4 a / _ _ O f f - b e a r e r s _ T im e _ In ce n tiv e _ _ P ow er-sh ovel operators 4a / _ 13 P u g m ill m e n _ T im e _ 4 5 _ 3 _ In ce n tiv e T r u c k d r iv e r s T im e In ce n tiv e _ M edium ( 1 V2 to and including to n s ) _ _ T im e _ H eavy (o v e r 4 to n s, t r a ile r type) 4 a / _ 1 Heavy ( ov er 4 tons, other than t r a ile r t y p e ) _ 4 16 _ 5 1 _ 3 _ T im e _ 2 12 _ In ce n tiv e _ 2 4 _ 5 1 _ T r u c k e r s, h a n d 4 a / _ 3 T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ~ (fo rk lift) 4 a / _ 1 1 _ T ru ckers, pow er (other than fo r k lift) 4 a / E x clu d e s p re m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and late sh ifts. V irtually all production w orkers w ere men; data for selected occupations w ere lim ited to m en w orkers. 3 Includes 6 w orkers under $ Insufficient data to warrant presentation separate avers by method w payment; (a) all or predom inantly tim ew orkers, and (b) all or predom inantly incentive w orkers. 10

36 Table 19. Occupational Earnings: Brick and Structural Clay Tile Ohio (Number and aver straight-time hourly earnings 1 workers in selected occupations, August 1964) O ccu p a tio n Num - A v er - Number w orkers receiving straight- tim e hourly earnings b e r $1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 o f h ou rly w o r k - e a r n - U nder and and $1.60 er s m gs 1 $3.70 $4.00 $1.70 $1:80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2,90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.80 $3.90 o v e r A l f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 409 $ S e le c te d o ccu p a tio n s 2 E le c t r ic ia n s, G lazing -m achine _ _ _ - _ " ~ _ K iln fire m e n (p e rio d ic " K iln fire m e n (tunnel k i l r ) 3 a/ _ " K iln p la c e r s (tunnel pj ^ h / _ _ K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic k i ln ) 3h / _ " K iln unloaders (tunnel r-j In) ^ H / _ " 1 M a ch in ists, YYyntpnanrp ^ a / M aintenance m en, general u tility 3 a / " ~ M echanic s, autom otive (tt) aintpnanrft) ^ a./ _ _ M e c h a n ic s, p y j ^ a / M old in g -m a ch in e o p e r a t o r s 3 a / _ 4 4 _ O ff- b e a r e r s 3 b / " i P o w e r - sh o v e l y > p e rs ^ a/ Pug-m ill m en _ i In cen tive _ i S o rte r, i i rp r u c ^ d r i ^ _ _ M ed iu m ( l ^ t o and in clu d in g 4 ton s) 3 a / H eavy (o v e r 4 to n s, o th e r than t r a ile r type) ^ b / T ruckers hand^h/ i 8 - " T ru ckers, pow er~ (forklift) _ Incpntiv^ -,»ir, _ i T ru ckers, pow er (other than fo r k lift) -r _ _ In ce n tiv e " " " Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Virtually all production w orkers were men; data for selected occupations were limited to men w orkers. 3 Insufficient data to warrant presentation separate avers by method w payment; (a) all or predominantly tim ew orkers, and (b) all or predominantly incentive w orkers. 4 Includes all drivers regardless size and type truck operated. 5 W orkers w ere at $4 to $4.10. '

37 Table 20. Occupational Earnings; Brick and Structural Clay Tile Pennsylvania (Number and aver straight-tim e hourly earnings 1 w orkers in selected occupations, July 1964) O cc u p a tio n N u m b er w o r k e r s A v e r - h ou rly e a r n ings 1 N u m ber o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t-tim e h o u rly ea rn in gs $1.50 $1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $ 2.50 $ 2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 and under and $1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2,00 $2,10 $2.20 $ 2.30 $ 2,j0 $?.5Q $ $2.80.$2,30. $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 o v e r A ll production w orkers , 860 $ ID Selected occupations2 D ry-pan operators 4 a / Grinders, c la y 4 a / Janitors 4 a / Kiln draw ers (periodic kiln) 4 b / Kiln firem en (periodic kiln) 4 a/ Kiln firem en (tunnel kiln) 4 a / Kiln p lacers (tunnel kiln) 4b / Kiln setters (periodic k iln j^ b /----- Kiln unloaders (tunnel kiln)"*b/ M achinists, maintenance 4 a7t Maintenance m en, general utility 4 a/ M olders, hand 4 a / M olding-m achine o p era to rs4 b / O ff-b e a r e r s Incentive P ow er-shovel operators 4 a / Pugm ill m en T im e Incentive Truckdrivers 4 a / Heavy (over 4 tons, other than tra iler type) 4 a / T ruckers, hand Incentive Truckers, power (forklift) 4 a / _ 2 _ _ _ _ _ 1 _. _ 1 _ _ _ _ 1 _ 4 _ 4 - _ I 5 2 " _ _ _ E xcludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 A ll production w orkers w ere m en. 3 In clu d es 6 w o r k e r s at $ to $ 1. 30, and 8 at $ to $ Insufficient data to w arrant presentation separate avers by method w paym ent; (a) all or predom inantly tim ew orkers, and (b) all or predom inantly incentive w orkers. 5 Includes all d rivers regard less size and type truck operated. 10 ( 0

38 Table 21. Occupational Earnings: Brick and Structural Clay Tile Texas ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s, A u g u s t ) N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s - O c c u p a t i o n N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r a g e $ 1, 1 0 h o u r l y a n d e a r n i n g s 1 u n d e r $ $ $ $ 1, 3 0 $ $ 1, 4 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ a n d $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ o v e r A l l p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s 2 3 2, $ S e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s 2 D r y - p a n o p e r a t o r s _ T i m e _ _ - _ In c e n t i v e _ _ G l a z i n g - m a c h i n e f e e d e r s 4 a / _ G r i n d e r s, c l a y _ 2 T i m e _ _ J a n i t o r s 4 a / _ _ - - K i ln d r a w e r s ( p e r i o d i c k i l n ) 4 b / _ _ K i ln f i r e m e n ( p e r i o d i c k iln ) <i,/ K i ln f i r e m e n ( s c o v e k iln ) 4 a 7IZ _ 6 _ 3 3 _ 4 2 _ K i ln f i r e m e n ( t u n n e l k iln ) 4 a / _ 10 1 _ - _ K i ln l o a d e r s ( s c o v e k iln ) 4 a / _ K i ln p l a c e r s (tu n n e l k i l n ) _ _ 1 T i m e _ 1 12 I n c e n t i v e _ _. _ 1 _ K i ln s e t t e r s ( p e r i o d i c k i l n ) 4 b / _ K i ln u n l o a d e r s (tu n n e l k i ln ) "5^ / _ - 8 M a i n t e n a n c e m e n, g e n e r a l u t i l i t y 4 a / _ 2 M e c h a n i c s, a u t o m o t i v e ( m a i n t e n a n c e ) 4 a / M o l d i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s 4 a / _ - O f f - b e a r e r s T i m e _ I n c e n t i v e P o w e r - s h o v e l o p e r a t o r s 4 a / P u g m i l l m e n T i m e _ In c e n t iv e _ S o r t e r s, b r i c k 4 a / _ T r u c k d r i v e r s _ 10 _ 2 T i m e _ I n c e n t i v e _ M e d i u m ( 1V2 t o a n d in c l u d i n g 4 t o n s ) T i m e _ I n c e n t i v e H e a v y ( o v e r 4 t o n s, t r a i l e r t y p e ) 4 a / T r u c k e r s, h a n d 4 a _ 12 _ _ _ 1 T r u c k e r s, p o w e T ~ (fo r k lift) _ - _ T i m e _ I n c e n t i v e _ 3 _ T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ( o t h e r th a n f o r k l i f t ) l a / E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s, h o li d a y s, a n d l a t e s h i f t s. 2 V i r t u a l l y a l l p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s w e r e m e n ; d a ta f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s w e r e l i m i t e d to m e n w o r k e r s. 3 I n c lu d e s 11 w o r k e r s u n d e r $ I n s u f f i c i e n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t i o n o f s e p a r a t e a v e r a g e s b y m e t h o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t ; (a ) a l l o r p r e d o m i n a n t l y t i m e w o r k e r s, a n d (b ) a l l o r p r e d o m i n a n t l y in c e n t i v e w o r k e r s. 5 I n c lu d e s a l l d r i v e r s r e g a r d l e s s o f s i z e a n d t y p e o f t r u c k o p e r a t e d.

39 Table 22. Occupational Earnings: Ceramic W all and Floor Tile California (Number and aver straight-time hourly earnings 1 workers in selected occupations, August 1964) O ccupation and sex Num - A v er - Number w orkers receiving straight- tim e hourly earnings o f h o u rly $1.25 $ $ $1.50 $1.60 $ $ 1.80 $ 1.90 $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3.30 $ 3.40 $ 3.50 $3.60 $3.70 w o r k - under and c r a $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 $1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2,.6Q $.2,79 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 over A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s.. W o m e n , 414 $ , S e le c te d o cc u p a tio n s C la y m a k e r s 2 a / - D ie p r e s s e r s In ce n tiv e G la zin g -m a ch in e fe e d e r s 2b /. K iln fir e m e n (tunnel kiln) 2 b /-. Kiln pla cers (tunnel kiln) 2 a / K iln u n lo a d e rs (tunnel kiln) 2 a / - M aintenance m en, general M e c h a n ic s, m a in ten a n ce 2 a / O ff-b e a r e r s In ce n tiv e P r e s s m e n, a u to m a tic 2 a /~ S o r t e r s, t ile In ce n tiv e T r u c k d r iv e r s 2 a / 3 T r u c k e r s, h a n d 2 a / T r u c k e r s, p o w e r (fo r k lift) 2 a / _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ 5 3 _ _ _ _ _. - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F in is h e r s 2 b / G la z in g -m a c h in e f e e d e r s T im e O ff- b e a r e r s 2b / P a c k e r s 2 a / S o r t e r s, t il e T im e In ce n tiv e _ _ _ E xcludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. In s u ffic ie n t data to w a r ra n t p re s e n ta tio n sep arate a v e r a g e s by m eth od w pa ym en t; (a) a ll o r p re d o m in a n tly tim e w o r k e r s, and (b) a ll or p re d o m in a n tly in cen tiv e w o rk e r s. Includes all drivers rega rd less size and type truck operated. CO

40 Table 23. Occupational Earnings: Ceramic W all and Floor Tile Ohio (Number and aver straight-time hourly earnings 1 workers in selected occupations, August 1964) O ccupation and sex N u m b e r o f w o r k - e r s A v e r - h ou rly N u m ber o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t-tim e h o u r ly e a rn in gs o f $1.25 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 $1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 and and under in gs 1 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 $1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 over A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s.. M e n W o m e n 3, 007 $2.11 1, , ' S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s D ie p r e a s e r s 12 3a / D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s 2b / E le c t r ic ia n s, m a in ten a n ce 2 a / G la z in g -m a c h in e fe e d e r s 2 a T G r in d e r s, c la y In ce n tiv e H e lp e r s, m a in te n a n ce tr a d e s 2 a / J a n ito rs 2 a / K iln fir e m e n (tu n n el kiln) 2 a / K iln p la c e r s (tu n n el kiln) 2b / K iln u n lo a d e r s (tu n n el k iln ) 2 a / M a c h in is ts, m a in ten a n ce 2 a / M aintenance m en, general u tility^ a / - O ff- b e a r e r s 2 b / P a c k e r s T im e In ce n tiv e P r e s s m e n, a u tom atic.. T im e In ce n tiv e.. P u g m ill m e n 2 b / T r u c k d r iv e r s 2 a / 4. M ed iu m ( l ^ t o and in clu d in g 4 ton s) 2 a /.. T r u c k e r s, h a n d 2b / T r u c k e r s, p o w e r ~ (fo rk lift) _ T im e _ _. 6 _ " l l I 2 _ _ 1. 6 _ _ _ 1 _ _. 3 _ _ _ 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 _ ' : _ F in is h e r s 2 b / O f f-b e a r e r s 2b /_ P a c k e r s 2 a /. P a tte r n m o u n te rs 2b /._ S o r t e r s, t i l e 2b / _ _ 1 3 _ _ E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w o rk on w eek en d s, h olid a y s, and late sh ifts. 2 In s u ffic ie n t data to w a r ra n t p r e s e n ta tio n o f sep arate a v e r a g e s b y m ethod o f w paym ent; (a) a ll o r p red om in an tly tim e w o r k e r s, and (b) a ll o r p re d o m in a n tly in ce n tiv e w o r k e r s. 3 W o r k e r s w e r e at $3.50 to $ In clu d e s a li d r iv e r s r e g a r d le s s o f s iz e and type o f tru ck op e ra te d.

41 Table 24. Occupational Earnings: Clay Refractories Missouri (N u m ber and a ver s tr a ig h t-tim e h ou rly ea rn in gs 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o ccu p a tio n s, A ugust 1964) O ccu p a tion Nurnbe r o f w o r k e r s A v e ra g e $ 2.10 $ 2.20 h ou rly and e a rn in gs 1 under $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.30 $2.40 $2.40 $2.50 $ $ N u m ber o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t-tim e h o u r ly ea rn in gs - $ 2.60 $ 2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $ 3.30 $ $3.50 $ 3.60 $2.70 $ 2.80 $ 2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $ $3.50 $3.60 $ 3.70 $ 3.70 $ 3.80 $ 3.80 $ 3.90 $ 3.90 $ $4.00 $4.10 $4.10 $4.20 $4.20 and o v e r A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 727 $ Selected occupations 2 C la y m a k e r s _ 1 1 T im e _ D ie p r e s s e r s _ _ T im e _ 2 8 _ 9 In ce n tive _ _ _ D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s 45a / E le c t r ic ia n s, m a in ten a n ce 4 a / _ 4 G r in d e r s, c l a y ^ a / _ J a n ito rs 4 a / Kiln draw ers (periodic k iln ) 4b / _ _ 1 Kiln firem en (p eriodic k iln ) 4 a / K iln fire m e n (tunnel k iln ) 4 a / _ K iln p la c e r s (tunnel kiln ) 4 a / _ _ *Kiln setters (p eriodic k iln ) 4 b / _ K iln u n lo a d e rs (tu n n el k iln ) 4J o l _ M a ch in ists, M a in ten an ce m e n, g e n e ra l u tility 4 a / _ M echanics, autom otive (m a in ten a n ce) 4 a / _ _ 4 _ - _ M e c h a n ic s, m aintfinanrfi 4 a / _ M o ld e r s, h a n d _ Tim fl In ce n tiv e _ _ 2 M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s 4b / _ 1 O ff-b e a r e r s Tim a In ce n tive _ P a c k e r s 4a / P ow er-sh ovel npsratnrs 4 *! _ Pugm ill m#»n a / _ " T ru c k d r iv e rs ~ r a / I I M ed iu m ( l ^ T t o and in clu d in g 4 ton s) 4a / _ T r u c k e r s, h a n d 4a / _ T r u c k e r s, p o w e r (fo r k lift) _ T im fi In ce n tive _ T ru ckers, pow er (other than fo r k lift ) _ _ 1 1 Tim e In ce n tiv e _ E x clu d e s p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and late s h ifts. 2 V ir tu a lly a ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s w e re m en; data fo r s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s w e re lim ite d to m en w o r k e r s. 3 In clu d es 8 w o r k e r s u n d er $ Insufficient data to w arrant presentation separate avers by m ethod w payment; (a) all or predom inantly tim ew orkers, and (b) all or predom inantly incentive w orkers. 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s : 4 at $ to $ ; 1 at $ to $ ; 2 at $ to $ ; 3 at $ to $ 4. 60; and 4 at $ and o v e r. 6 In clu d es a ll d r iv e r s r e g a r d le s s o f s iz e and type o f tru ck o p e r a te d.

42 Table 25. Occupational Earnings: Clay Refractories Ohio O ccu p a tio n (N u m b er and a v e r a g e str a ig h t-tim e h o u r ly e a rn in gs 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, A ugust 1964) Num - A v er - Number w orkers receiving straight- tim e hourly earnings b e r $ $1.80 $ 1.90 $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $ 2.30 $ 2.40 $2.50 $ 2.60 $ $ 2.80 $2.90 $ 3.00 $ 3.10 $ 3.20 $ 3.30 $ 3.40 $ 3.50 $ $ $ $ 3.90 $ $ o f h ou rly Under and w o r k e a r n and $ u n d er e r s ings 1 $ $1.90 $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $2.30 $ 2.40 $ 2.50 $2.60 $ 2.70 $ $ 2.90 $3.00 $ 3.10 $3.20 $ 3.30 $ $ $ 3.60 $ $ 3.80 $ $ 4.00 $ o v e r 1, 880 $ 2. 47' M e n , i W o m e n S e le c te d o cc u p a tio n s 2 C la y m a k e r s 3 a / ' - D ie p r e s s e r s In ce n tiv e D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s 3 a / G r in d e r s, c l a y 3a / ~ 1 ~ _ " J a n ito rs 3 a / " K iln d r a w e r s (p e r io d ic k iln ) _ Ti ttv^ ~ - ~ In ce n tiv e K iln fire m e n (p e rio d ic kiln ) 3 a / K iln fire m e n (tunnel kiln) 3 a / Kiln p la cers (tunnel k iln ) T im e In ce n tiv e _ " 1 1 K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic kiln) 3 b / K iln u n lo a d e rs (tunnel k iln ) T im e In ce n tiv e " M a ch in is ts, m a in ten a n ce 3 a / M aintenance m en, general u tility 3 a / M e c h a n ic s, " 1 " m a in ten a n ce 3 a / " - " " " M o ld e r s, hand 3 a / O f f - b e a r e r s In ce n tiv e P a c k e r s 3 a / P r e s s m e n, a u to m a tic T im e In ce n tiv e P u g m ill m e n T i m e In ce n tiv e T r u c k d r iv e r s 3 a / M ed iu m ( 1V2 to and in clu d in g 4 ton s) 3 a / T r u c k e r s, hand 3 a / _ ~ T ruckers, pow er (fo r k lift) 3 a / T ruckers, pow er (other than fo r k lift) 3 a / " " ' ' 1 E x clu d e s p r e m iu m p ay f o r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h olid a y s, and late sh ifts. 2 D ata fo r s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s w e r e lim ite d to m en w o r k e r s. 3 In su ffic ie n t data to w a r ra n t p r e s e n ta tio n o f sep arate a v e r a g e s by m ethod o f w paym ent; (a) a ll o r p r ed om in a n tly tim e w o r k e r s, and (b) a ll o r p re d o m in a n tly in ce n tiv e w o r k e r s. 4 W o r k e r s w e re d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s : 4 at $ 4,2 0 to $ ; and 11 at $ to $ W o r k e r s w e re d is tr ib u te d as fo llo w s : 5 at $ to $ ; and 2 at $ to $ 5. 6 In clu d es a ll d r iv e r s r e g a r d le s s o f s iz e and type o f tru c k o p e r a te d.

43 Table 26. Occupational Earnings: Clay Refractories Pennsylvania (Number and aver straight-tim e hourly ea rn in gs1 w orkers in selected occupations, July 1964) O ccu p a tio n N u m ber w o r k e r s A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in gs 1 $ 1.90 T> 2. oo and under $2.00 $2.10 $2.10 $2.20 $2.20 $ $ $2.40 $ $ Number w orkers receivin g straight-tim e hourly earnings $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2.80 $ $ $ w- ^ o o $ $ $ $ $ 3.40 $ 3.50 $ $ $ $ $ $3.80 $ $ $3.90 $4.00 $4.00 and o v er A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 997 $ _ S e le c te d o cc u p a tio n s 2 C lay m a k e r s _ 4 10 _. _... D ie p r e s s e r s _ 6 18 _ 9 _ T im e _ 9 _ 29 _ 9 _ In c e nt i v e _ D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s _ _ 4 5 _ T im e _ _ 4 In ce n tiv e _ 5 _ E le c t r ic ia n s, m a in ten a n ce _ _ F in is h e r s _ G r in d e r s, c la y _ 10 _ J a n ito rs Kiln draw ers (periodic k iln ) T im e _ 6 In c e nt ive _ 10 _ K iln fire m e n (p e rio d ic kiln) _ 7 _ 8 K iln s e tte r s (p e r io d ic kiln) _ _ 8 T im e _ - _ 3 _ In ce n tiv e _ _ 8 M a ch in ists, m a in ten a n ce _ - - _ _ M aintenance m en, general u t ilit y _ _ 1 M echanics, autom otive (m a in ten a n ce) M e c h a n ic s, m a in ten a n ce _ - - _ M o ld e r s, h a n d _ _ _ 1 1 M o ld in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s 4 _ _ - 1 _ O ff- b e a r e r s _ T im e _ 2 _ 2 P a c k e r s _ 7 8 _ 2 P r e s s m e n, a u to m a tic _ 2 _ _ P u g m ill m e n T im e _ _ In c e n tiv e _ T r u c k d r iv e r s 4 6_ _ 2 _ 3 _ _ M ed iu m (lv 2 to and in clu d in g 4 ton s) _ _ T r u c k e r s, h a n d _ 2 _ T r u c k e r s, p o w e r o' i i1! i i E xcludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for w ork on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 V ir tu a lly a ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s w e re m en ; data fo r s e le cte d occ u p a tio n s w e re lim ite d to m en w o r k e r s. 3 In clu d es 3 w o r k e r s at $ to $ ; and 4 at $ to $ In su ffic ie n t data to w a r ra n t p re s e n ta tio n o f sep arate a v e r a g e s by m eth od o f w p aym en t, a ll or p re d o m in a n tly tim e w o r k e r s. 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d is tr ib u te d as fo llo w s : 6 at $ to $ ; and 10 at $ to $ In clu d e s a ll d r iv e r s r e g a r d le s s s iz e and type o f tru ck operated.

44 Table 27. Occupational Earnings: Clay Sewer Pipe Ohio O ccu p a tio n N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r h o u r ly e a r n in gs 1 (N u m ber and a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t-tim e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s, A ugust 1964) Under $ 2.00 $ 2.00 and under $ 2.10 Number w orkers receiving straight- time hourly earnings - $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3,40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $ 2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 and $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 o v e r A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 2 2, 195 $ Selected occupations 2 C la v m a k e r s 34a / D r y -p a n o p e r a t o r s 3 a / E le c t r ic ia n s, m a in ten a n ce 3 a / ~ ~ - ~ ~ F in is h e r s 3 a / G r in d e r s, c l a y 3 a / J a n ito rs 3 a / Kirin draw ers (p eriodic k iln ) 3 b / _ K iln fire m e n (p e r io d ic k iln ) 3 a / K iln fire m e n (tunnel k iln ) 3 a / Kiln pla cers (tunnel kiln ) 3 a / Kiln setters (p eriodic k iln ) 3 b / i K iln u n lo a d e rs (tu n n el k iln ) 3 a / M a in ten an ce m e n, g e n e r a l u t ilit y 3 a / M echanics, autom otive (m a in te n a n ce ) 3 a / M o ld e r s, hand 3~b " " " " O ff- b e a r e r s 3 a / P ip e t u r n e r s _ ~ ~ ' T i m e I n c e n t iv e ~ " ~ _ 4 P r e s s m e n, a u tom a tic 3 a / P u g m ill m e n 3 a / r u ck d r iv e r 8~s~a/ L igh t (u n d er ll/2 ton s) 3 a / T r u c k e r s, h a n d 3 a / T r u c k e r s, p o w e r (fo r k lift) i a / T ru ck ers, pow er (other than fo r k lift) 3 a / E xcludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 V ir tu a lly a ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s w e r e m en ; data fo r s e le c te d occu p a tion s w e re lim ite d to m en w o r k e r s In su ffic ie n t data to w a r ra n t p r e s e n ta tio n o f sep a ra te a v e r a g e s by m ethod o f w paym en t; (a) a ll o r p r e d o m in a n tly t im e w o r k e r s, and (b) a ll o r p r e d o m in a n tly in cen tiv e 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d is tr ib u te d as fo llo w s : 8 at $5 to $ ; 5 at $ to $ ; 3 at $ to $ ; 2 at $ to $ 6; 4 at $6 to $ ; and 11 at $ and o v e r. 5 In clu d es a ll d r iv e r s r e g a r d le s s s iz e and type tru c k o p erated.

45 Table 28. Method o f W Payment: Structural Clay Products (P ercent production w orkers by method w payment, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) Method w payment 1 United States 2 Middle Atlantic B order States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific A ll w o r k e r s T im e -r a t e d w o r k e r s F o r m a l p la n s S in gle ra te R ange o f r a t e s Individu al r a t e s ' 12 5 In cen tive w o r k e r s Individu al p ie c e w o r k (3) G ro u p p i e c e w o r k In dividu al b o n u s G rou p b o n u s (3 ) " 12 Stint w o r k e r s F or definition m ethod w payment, see appendix A, 2 In clu d e s data f o r New E ngland re g io n in addition to those show n s e p a r a te ly. 3 L e s s than 0.5 p e r ce n t. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s may not equal totals. CO Nj

46 Table 29. Method o f W Payment: Selected Structural Clay Products (P ercen t production w orkers by method w payment, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) Brick and structural clay tile C eram ic w all and floor tile Method w paym ent 1 U nited States 2 M iddle A tlan tic B o r d e r States Southeast Southw est G re a t L ak es M iddle Wfest Mountain P acific U nited States 2 M id d le A tlan tic Southeast Southw est G rea t L ak es P a c ific A ll w o r k e r s T im e -r a t e d w o r k e r s F o r m a l p la n s S in gle r a t e R ange o f r a t e s In d ivid u al r a t e s In cen tive w o r k e r s In dividu al p i e c e w o r k G ro u p p i e c e w o r k Trt^-i^rirln al hnnnfi G ro u p b o n u s (3") (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) Stint w o r k e r s Clay refractories Clay sew er pipe United States 2 Middle Atlantic Great Lakes M iddle W est United States 2 Southeast Great Lakes P acific A ll w o r k e r s T im e -r a t e d w o r k e r s F o r m a l p la n s S in gle r a t e R ange o f r a t e s ( 3 ) - In dividu al r a t e s " 8 45 (3 ) - Incentive w o r k e r s (*) In dividu al p i e c e w o r k (3) G ro u p p ie c e w o r k In dividu al b o n u s ( 3) (3) G ro u p b o n u s Stint w o r k e r s 2 5 ( 3) 1 1 " ( 3 ) 1 F or definition m ethod w paym ent, see appendix A. 2 In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in a d d ition to th o se show n se p a r a te ly. 3 L ess than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because rounding, sums individual items may not equal totals.

47 Table 30. Scheduled W eekly Hours: Structural Clay Products (P ercent production and fice w orkers by scheduled w eekly hours, 1 United States and selected regions, July August 1964) W eekly hours United States2 Middle Atlantic B order States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes M iddle W est Mountain P acific P roduction w orker;s A ll w o r k e r s h o u rs _ ( 3) 40 h o u r s O ver 40 and under 44 hours h o u r s ll z h o u r s h o u r s O v e r 45 and u n d er 48 h o u r s h o u r s ~ ~ " O v e r 48 h o u r s (>) 1 O ffic e w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s U n der 37V? h o u r s V2 h o u r s _ and u n d er 40 h ou rs.... " (3) _ O v e r 40 and u n d er 44 h ou rs _ h o u r s i > O v e r 44 and u n d er 48 h ou rs 2 40 h o u r s h o u r s (3) ( 3) 2 ( 3) 1 0 ( 3) 13 2 O v e r 48 h o u r s Data r e la te to the p r e d o m in a n t w o rk sch edu le fo r fu ll-tim e d a y -s h ift w o r k e r s in e a ch esta b lis h m e n t. In clu d es data fo r New E ngland r e g io n in ad d ition to th ose show n se p a r a te ly. 3 L ess than 0. 5 percent. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sums individual item s may not equal totals. : CO CD

48 Table 31. Scheduled W eekly Hours: Selected Structural Clay Products (P ercent production and fice w orkers by scheduled w eekly hours, 1 United States and selected regions, July August 1964) B rick and structural clay tile C eram ic wall and floor tile W eek ly h ou rs U nited States 2 M iddle A tlan tic B o r d e r States Southeast Southw est G reat L ak es M id d le W est M ountain P a c ific U nited States 2 M idd le A tlan tic Southeast P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s h o u r s _ _ h o u r s..... i O v e r 40 and u n d er 44 h o u r s _ h o u r s,. _....,, V2 h o u r s h ou r s O v e r 45 and u n d er 48 h o u r s - ~ _ - 48 h o u r s _ _ O v e r 48 h o u r s " - O ffic e w o r k e r s AU w o r k e r s U n der 37x/2 h o u r s _.. 37V2 h o u r s _ and u n d er 40 h o u r s (3) h o u r s - _ O v e r 40 and u n d er 44 h o u r s _ 44 h o u r s _ 1 O v e r 44 and u n d er 48 h o u r s h ou r 8 _ _ - O v e r 48 h o u r s See footnotes at end table.

49 Table 31. Scheduled W eekly Hours: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued (P ercent production and fice w orkers by scheduled w eekly hours, 1 United States and selected regions, July -August 1964) W e e k ly h ou rs C eram ic wall and floor tile Continued Clay refra ctories Clay sew er pipe Southw est G reat Lak es P a c ific United States 2 M iddle A tlan tic G reat L ak es P roduction w orkers M iddle W est U nited States 2 S outheast G reat L ak es P a c ific AU w o r k e r s , h o u rs _ _ 5 _ 40 h o u r s O v e r 40 and u n d er 44 h o u r s h o u r s V2 h o u r s h ou r s _ O v e r 45 and u n d er 48 h o u r s h o u r s O v e r 48 h o u r s " _ " O ffice w o r k e r s A ll w ork ers - ~ U n der 37x/2 h o u r s V2 h o u r s and u n d er 40 h o u r s h o u r s O v e r 40 and u n d er 44 h o u r s h ou r s _ O v e r 44 and u n d er 48 h o u r s h ou r s O v e r 48 h o u rs Data relate to the predom inant w ork schedule for full-tim e day-shift w orkers in each establishm ent. 2 In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in a d d ition to th ose show n sep arately. 3 L ess than 0.5 percent. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sums individual it >.ms m ay not equal totals.

50 Table 32. Shift Differential Provisions: Structural Clay Products (P ercen t production w orkers by shift-differential provision s, 1 United States and selected regions, July August 1964) Shift differential United States2 M iddle Atlantic B order States Southeast Southwest G reat Lakes M iddle W est Mountain P acific S e co n d sh ift W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts having s e c o n d -s h if t p r o v is i o n s W ith sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l U n ifo r m ce n ts p e r h o u r c e n t s _ - Z l( z c e n t s. 5 _ 7. 2 _ - 3 c e n t s ce n ts _ 8. 2 _ c e n t s _ c e n t s c e n t s Vz c e n t s c e n t s _ 9 c e n t s _ c e n t s _ _ c e n t s _ - U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e p e r c e n t p e r c e n t p e r c e n t p e r c e n t h o u r s ' p ay fo r 7 lf z h o u r s ' w o r k O t h e r W ith no sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l T h ir d o r o th e r la te sh ift W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts having t h ir d - o r o th e r la t e -s h ift p r o v is io n s W ith s h ift d iffe r e n t ia l U n ifo r m ce n ts p e r h o u r c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s _ c e n t s _ 10 c e n t s c e n t s _ c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e / z p e r c e n t p e r c e n t p e r c e n t h o u r s ' p a y fo r 7 l! z h o u r s ' w o r k O t h e r W ith no sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l R e fe r s to p o lic ie s o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts eith er c u r re n tly op eratin g late shifts o r having p r o v is io n s co v e r in g late sh ifts. 2 In clu d es data fo r N ew E n glan d r e g io n in ad d ition to th o se show n se p a r a te ly. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal totals.

51 Table 33. Shift Differential Provisions: Selected Structural Clay Products (P ercent production w orkers by shift-differential provisions, 1 United States and selected regions, July August 1964) Shift d iffe r e n tia l United States 2 M iddle A tlan tic B o r d e r States B rick and structural clay tile Southeast Southw est G rea t L ak es M iddle W est Mountain P acific C eram ic w all and floor tile United States 2 M iddle A tlan tic Southeast S e co n d sh ift W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts having s e c o n d -s h if t p r o v is i o n s W ith sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l U n ifo r m c e n ts p e r h o u r c e n t s V? c e n t s _ _ 3 c e n t s _ c e n t s _ c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s _ l l/ z c e n t s _ - 8 ce n ts _ _ 10.3 _ 9 c e n t s _ _ 10 c e n t s U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e I I 7 p e r c e n t p e r c e n t p e r c e n t _ 8 h o u r s ' pay fo r 7 V2 h o u r s ' w o r k _ - - _ 41.5 _ O th er.. _. _ - W ith no sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l T h ird o r o th e r la te sh ift W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts h avin g t h ir d - o r other late -sh ift provision s W ith sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l U n ifo r m ce n ts p e r h o u r c e n t s _ _ 4 c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s _ 7 c e n t s c e n t s _ c e n t s _ c e n t s c e n t s _ c e n t s _ _ 13 c e n t s - - _ 14 c e n t s _ - _ c e n t s I l l c e n t s _ I 1.0 U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e p e r c e n t _ - 16 p e r c e n t h o u r s ' pay fo r 7 l/ z h o u r s ' w o r k 2.2 _ O t h e r _ W ith no sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l _ ' 14.7 See footnotes at end table. * CD

52 Table 33. Shift Differential Provisions: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued * * (P ercen t production w orkers by shift-differential provisions, 1 United States and selected regions, July August 1964) C e r a m i c w a l l a n d f l o o r t i l e C o n tin u e d C l a y r e f r a c t o r i e s C l a y s e w e r p ip e S h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l S o u th w e s t G r e a t L a k e s P a c i f i c U n ite d S t a t e s 2 M i d d le A t la n t i c G r e a t L a k e s M i d d le W e s t U n it e d S t a t e s 2 S o u t h e a s t G r e a t L a k e s P a c i f i c S e c o n d s h ift. W o r k e r s i n e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v in g s e c o n d - s h i f t p r o v i s i o n s W i t h s h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l U n i f o r m c e n t s p e r h o u r c e n t s V2 c e n t s _ _ - 3 c e n t s _ - _ 4 c e n t s c e n t s _ c e n t s _ _ 6.3 _ 2.1 _ 7 c e n t s _ 7 V2 c e n t s _ - 8 c e n t s c e n t s _ 10 c e n t s -, _ c e n t s _ - U n i f o r m p e r c e n t a g e p e r c e n t p e r c e n t p e r c e n t o u r s ' p a y f o r 7 V2 h o u r s ' w o r k h O t h e r t h n o s h i f t d i r e n t i a l W i f f e T h i r d o r o t h e r l a t e s h i f t W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v in g t h i r d - o r o t h e r l a t e - s h i f t p r o v i s i o n s W i t h s h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l U n i f o r m c e n t s p e r h o u r c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s _ 6 c e n t s _ - 7 c e n t s _ 8 c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s _ 3.6 _ 11 c e n t s _ - _ 12 c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s ~ - ~ " ~ 2 0 c e n t s : 4.4 U n i f o r m p e r c e n t a g e p e r c e n t , p e r c e n t & h o u r s ' p a y f o r 7 V2 h o u r s ' w o r k O t h e r W i t h n o s h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l R e fe r s to p o lic ie s o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts e ith e r c u r r e n tly op eratin g late shifts o r having p r o v is io n s c o v e r in g late sh ifts. 2 In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in a d d ition to th o se show n s e p a r a te ly. N O T E : ' B e c a u s e rounding, sum s individual item s m ay not equal totals.

53 Table 34. Shift Differential Practices: Structural Clay Products (Percent production w orkers em ployed on late shifts, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) Shift differential United States 1 Middle Atlantic B order States Southeast Southwest G reat Lakes M iddle W est Mountain P acific S e co n d sh ift W orkers em ployed on second shift R e c e iv in g sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l U n ifo r m ce n ts p e r h o u r c e n t s V2 c e n t s (2) ce n ts _ 4 c e n t s _ 1.4 _. 5 _. _ 5 ce n ts _ _ c e n t s _ _ 7 c e n t s _ 7V2 c e n t s (2). 3.. _ 8 c e n t s _ 9 c e n t s. 2 (2) 2. 2 ( 17 c e n ts ( 2) c e n t s _ 2) ( 2) 6. 0 U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e _. _ 7 p e r c e n t (?) ? p e r c e n t ( ) (2) p e r c e n t - (?). 2-8 h o u r s ' p a y fo r 7 V2 h o u r s 1 w o r k (2) _ R e c e iv in g no sh ift d iffe r e n tia l T h ir d o r o th e r la te sh ift W orkers em ployed on third or other late sh ift _ R e c e iv in g sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l U niform cents per hour c e n t s (2) (2) -. 5 ce n ts (2) c e n t s _ _. 7 c e n t s (2) _ (2) 8 ce n ts. 1 (2) c e n t s _. _ (2) (2) c e n t s c e n t s c e n ts _ _ 14 c e n t s _ ce n ts _ c e n t s (2). 2 _ 20 c e n t s (2). (2). 1 U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e _ 7 V2 p e r c e n t 0 ( 2) - - _.. 10 p e r c e n t (?) p e r c e n t (2) _. - O t h e r i. 2 _ 2. 0 _ (2) R e c e iv in g no sh ift d iffe r e n tia l In clu d es data fo r N ew E n glan d re g io n in addition to th ose show n se p a r a te ly. 2 L ess than percent. * NOTE: Because rounding, sums individual items may not equal totals. * 0 1

54 Table 35. Shift differential Practices: Selected Structural Clay Products (P ercent production w orkers em ployed on late shifts, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) A 0 ) B rick and structural clay tile C eram ic w all and floor tile Shift d iffe r e n tia l U n ited S ta te s 1 M idd le A tlan tic B o r d e r States Southeast Southw est G re a t L ak es M id d le W est M ountain P a c ific U nited States 1 M id d le A tla n tic Southeast S e co n d sh ift W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on s e c o n d sh ift R e c e iv in g sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l U n ifo r m c e n ts p e r h o u r c e n t s ( 2) V2 c e n t s c e n t s _ - 4 c e n t s ( 2) _ 1. 0 _ - _. 5 _ c e n t s _ _ 6 c e n t s c e n t s V2 c e n t s _ - 8 c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s _ - U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e '7 p e r c e n t p e r c e n t ( 2) h o u r s ' p a y fo r h o u r s ' w o r k R e c e iv in g no sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l _ T h ir d o r oth e r late sh ift W orkers em ployed on third or other late sh ift R e c e iv in g sh ift d iffe r e n tia l U n ifo r m c e n ts p e r h o u r c e n t s ( 2). 1-5 c e n t s c e n t s ( 2) c e n t s c e n t s. 1 ( 2) ( ) c e n t s ( 2) ( 2) c e n t s c e n ts c e n t s c e n ts c e n ts ( 2) c e n t s c e n ts U n ifo rm p e r c e n t a g e p e r c e n t p e r c e n t ( 2) O th e r R e c e iv in g no sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l See footnotes at end table.

55 Table 35. Shift Differential Practices: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued (P ercent production w orkers em ployed on late shifts, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) Shift d iffe r e n tia l Ceram ic wall and floor tile Continued Clay refra ctories Clay sew er pipe Southw est G rea t L akes P a c ific U nited S ta te s 1 M id d le A tlan tic G rea t L ak es M id d le W est U nited S ta te s 1 S ou th east G re a t L ak es P a c ific S e co n d sh ift W orkers em ployed on second shift R e c e iv in g sh ift d iff e r e n t ia l U n ifo r m ce n ts p e r hour c e n t s _ 2V2 c e n t s c e n t s _ 4 c e n t s -. 2 _. 2 _ 1. 0 _ c e n t s _. 1 _ 6 c e n t s _ _.. 9 _. 3 _ 7 c e n t s _ 7V2 c e n t s _. 2.9 _. 8 c e n t s i c e n t s ( 2) - ( 2) _ 10 c e n t s c e n ts U n ifo r m p e r c e n ta g e p e r c e n t p e r c e n t h o u r s ' p ay fo r 7 V2 h o u r s ' w o r k R e c e iv in g no sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l T h ir d o r oth er late sh ift W orkers em ployed on third or other late s h ift R e c e iv in g sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l U n ifo r m ce n ts p e r h o u r c ent s c e n t s _ c e n t s _ - - _ c e n t s c e n t s c e n t s _. 1 _ c e n t s _ c e n t s _ - - _ c e n t s _ c e n t s c e n t s cen ts _ - 20 c e n t s U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e p e r c e n t p e r c e n t O t h e r ( 2) R e c e iv in g no sh ift d iffe r e n t ia l In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in a d d ition to th ose shown se p a ra te ly. 2 L ess than percent. NOTE: Because rounding, sums individual items may not equal totals.

56 Table 36. Paid Holidays: Structural Clay Products (P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n and o ff ic e w o rk e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith fo r m a l p r o v is io n s fo r paid h o lid a y s, U nited States and s e le c t e d r e g io n s, July A u gu st 1964) * 00 Num ber paid holidays United States 1 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle W est Mountain P acific Production w orkers A ll w o r k e r s _ W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g p a id h o lid a y s d a y day p lu s 4 h a lf d a y s (2) d ays d a ys p lu s 1 h a lf d a y (2 ) d a ys _ d ays _ d ays d ays p lu s 1 h a lf d ay d ays days p lu s 1 h a lf d a y d a ys p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s days _ d ays p lu s 1 h a lf d a y (2 ) days p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s d a ys - _ (2 ) d a y s (2 ) W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g no p a id h o lid a y s _ O ffic e w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g p a id h o lid a y s d a y (2) d a y s (2 ) - - (2 ) d a y s (2) - 4 days _ days days p lu s 1 h a lf d a y d a y s days p lu s 1 h a lf d ay days p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s d a y s days p lu s 1 h a lf d ay (2 ) days p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s d a y s d a y s (2) W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g no p aid h o lid a y s In clu d es data fo r New E n glan d r e g io n in a d d ition to th ose show n sep arately. 2 L ess than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because rounding, sums individual items may not equal totals.

57 Table 37. Paid Holidays: Selected Structural Clay Products (P e rce n t p rod u ction and o ffic e w o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith fo r m a l p r o v is io n s fo r paid h o lid a y s, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) B rick and structural clay tile C eram ic w all and floor tile N u m ber o f p a id h o lid a y s United States 1 M idd le A tlan tic B o r d e r States S outheast Southw est G rea t L ak es M iddle W est Mountain P acific United States 1 M iddle A tlan tic Southeast P r o d u ctio n w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s _ W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g p a id h o lid a y s day 1. 4 _ d ay plu s 4 h a lf d a y s d a y s days plu s 1 h a lf day d a y s d a y s 4-23 (2) days --, days p lu s 1 h a lf d a y days _ days plu s 1 h a lf d ay days p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s (2) days days p lu s 1 h a lf d a y days p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s ft days days (2) - - ~ " W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g n o p a id h o lid a y s _ O ffice : w o r k e r s A ll w ork ers W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g p a id h o lid a y s d a y days (2 ) - - (2) d a y s,,,... _ days _ days _ days p lu s 1 h a lf d a y days... T.,.,, days p lu s 1 h a lf d ay days p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s days days plu s 1 h a lf d a y days p lu s 2 h a lf days days days - (2) " - W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g n o p a id h o lid a y s See footnotes at end table. u <0

58 Table 37. Paid Holidays: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued (P e r c e n t o f p ro d u ctio n and o ffic e w o rk e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith fo r m a l p r o v is io n s fo r paid h o lid a y s, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) Num ber paid holidays C eram ic w all and floor tilt Continued Clay refra ctories Clay sew er pipe S ou th w est G reat L ak es P a c ific U nited States 1 M idd le A tlan tic G rea t L ak es Production w orkers M iddle W est U nited States 1 Southeast G rea t L ak es P a c ific A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g p aid h o lid a y s d a y _ 1 day p lu s 4 h a lf d a y s days _ days p lu s 1 h a lf d ay days _ d a y s _ d a y s _* days plu s 1 h a lf d a y d a y s r_ days plu s 1 h a lf d ay days plu s 2 h a lf d a y s (2 ) d a y s days plu s 1 h a lf d a y _ days p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s _ d a y s d a y s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g no p aid h o lid a y s _ O ffic e w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g p aid h o lid a y s d a y d a y s _ 4 d a y s d a y s days plu s 1 h a lf d ay _ 6 d a y s _ _ 6 days plu s 1 h a lf d ay days plus 2 h a lf d a y s days _ days plus 1 h a lf day days p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s d a y s d a y s ~ W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g no p a id h o lid a y s In clu d es data fo r re g io n s in a d d ition to th o se shown sep arately. 2 L ess than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because rounding, sums individual item s may not equal totals.

59 Table 38. Paid Vacations: Structural Clay Products (P ercent production and fice w orkers in establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, U nited S tates and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A u gu st 1964) V acation p olicy United States1 Middle Atlantic B order States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes M iddle W est Mounta in P acific P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s. _ Method paym ent W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g p aid v a c a tio n s, L en gth - -tim e paym ent P e r c e n ta g e p a y m e n t O th er _ 1 _ 3 W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g no p a id v a c a tio n s Am ount vacation pay2 A fte r 1 y e a r o f s e r v ic e : U n der 1 w eek w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s _ A fte r 2 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : Under 1 week 1 3 _ 1 1 w eek._ O ver 1 and under 2 w eeks w eeks _ A fter 3 years service : U n der 1 w eek (3) w eek O ver 1 and under 2 w eeks w e e k s._.._ A fter 5 years service : U n der 1 w eek... (3) _ ( 3) 1 w eek O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s 1 1 _ 1 2 w eeks O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w eek s w e e k s _ A fter 10 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : 1 w eek O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w eek s _ 8 _ _ w eeks O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s _ u d er 4 w eek s w e e k s O v e r 3 and _ n A fter 15 years service : 1 w e e k. _ _ 1 2 weeks _ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s. _ 1 4 _ 1 _ w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s _ _ w e e k s. _ See footnotes at end table, 01

60 Table 38. Paid Vacations: Structural Clay Products Continued (Percent production and fice workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) V acation p olicy United States1 Middle Atlantic B order States Southeast Southwest G reat Lakes Middle West Mountain P acific P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s -C on tin u ed Am ount o f v a c a tio n p a y 2 C on tin u ed A fter 20 years service : 1 w e e k _ _ 1 2 w e e k s _ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s 2 4 _ 5 _ 1 _ 3 w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s 4 18 _ _ 4 w e e k s A fte r 25 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : 1 w e e k _ 1 2 w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s 2 4 _ 5 _ 1 _ 3 w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 4 w e e k s (3) " - - " 1 " - O ffic e w o r k e r s A l l w o r k e r s M ethod paym ent W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g p a id v a c a t io n s L e n gth -_ o f-tim e pa ym en t P e r c e n ta g e p a y m en t W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g no p a id v a c a t io n s 2 " Am ount vacation pay2 A fte r 1 y e a r o f s e r v ic e : U n der 1 w e e k (3) _ - 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s (3) - - ( 3) - - _ 2 w e e k s A fter 2 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s 2 8 _ ( 3) 2 (3) _ 2 w e e k s w e e k s (3) - 4 " " A fte r 3 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s ( 3) _ - 2 w e e k s w e e k s (3) 4 1 See footnotes at end table.

61 Table 38. Paid Vacations: Structural Clay Products Continued (Percent production and fice workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) V acation policy United States1 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest G reat Lakes M iddle West Mountain P acific O ffice w orkers Continued A m ou n t o f v a c a tio n p a y 2 C on tin u ed A fter 5 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s ( 3) - - (3) - ( 3) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s ( 3) w e e k s ( ) w e e k s (3) A fter 10 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s (3) - - ( 3) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s w e e k s (3) - 4 " " A fter 15 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s ( 3) - - (3) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s (3) w e e k s w e e k s (3) " 4 " 1 " ( 3) A fter 20 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s (3) - - ( 3) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s (3) w e e k s w e e k s (3) O v e r 4 w e e k s (3) " - - A fter 25 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s (3) - - (3) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s (3) w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s (3) w e e k s _ (3) O v e r 4 w e e k s 2 22 (3) 2 1 In clu d es data fo r New E ngland re g io n in addition to th ose shown se p a r a te ly. 2 V a c a tio n p a y m en ts su ch a$ p e r c e n t o f annual ea rn in gs w e re c o n v e r te d to an equ ivalen t tim e b a s is. P e r io d s o f s e r v ic e w e r e a r b it r a r ily ch o s e n and do not n e c e s s a r ily r e fle c t the individual establishm ent provision s for progression. For exam ple, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years m ay include changes in provisions between 5 and 10 years. 3 L ess than 0. 5 percent. NOTE: Because rounding, sums individual items may not equal totals

62 Table 39. Paid Vacations: Selected Structural Clay Products 01 -U (Percent production and fice workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, United States and selected regions, July August 1964) V acation policy U nited S tates 1 M iddle A tlan tic B o r d e r States B rick and structural clay tile S outheast Southw est G rea t L ak es M iddle W est Mountain P acific C eram ic wall and floor tile United. States 1 M iddle A tlan tic Southeast P r o d u ctio n w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s M ethod payment W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g paid v a ca tio n s L e n g t h -o f-t im e p a y m e n t P e r c e n ta g e p a y m en t _ O t h e r 2 - _ _ 35 _ W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g no paid v a c a t io n s > " Am ount vacation pay 2 A fter 1 year service : U n der 1 w e e k _ 1 w eek O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w eek s 74 _ 49 _ w e e k s A fter 2 years service : U n der 1 w e e k w e e k _ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s A fter 3 years service : U n der 1 w e e k w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s A fter 5 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s _ w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s - - ~ ~ A fter 10 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s ' A fter 15 years service : 1 w e e k w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s w e e k s 1 15 See footnotes at end table.

63 Table 39. Paid Vacations: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued ^Percent production and fice w orkers in establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, United S tates and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A u gust 1964) V acation policy United States 1 M iddle A tlan tic B o r d e r States B rick and structural clay tile Southeast Southw est G rea t L ak es M iddle W est Mountain P acific C eram ic wall and floor tile United States 1 M iddle A tlan tic Southeast P roduction w orkers Continued Amount vacation p a y 2 Continued A fter 20 years service : 1 w e e k w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s _ O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s w eek s _ w e e k s _ 5 _ A fter 25 years service : 1 w e e k w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s 2 11 _ 2 _ 2 _ 3 w e e k s _ O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s 1 7 _ w e e k s _ O v e r 4 w e e k s - - " O ffic e w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s M eth od o f p aym en t W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g paid v a c a tio n s L e n g t h -o f-t im e p a y m e n t P e r c e n ta g e paym en t _ 2 2 _ W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g no p a id v a c a t io n s ' Am ount vacation pay 2 A fter 1 year service : U n der 1 w e e k (3 ) - - _ 2 _ 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s (3) 1 _ 2 w e e k s A fter 2 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s _ 2 _ w e e k s w e e k s A fter 3 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s 1 5 _ 1 _ 2 _ w e e k s w e e k s See footnotes at end table.

64 Table 39. Paid Vacations: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued (P ercen t production and fice w orkers in establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, United States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) B rick and structural clay tile C eram ic w all and floor tile V a ca tio n p o lic y U nited S tates 1 M iddle A tlan tic B o r d e r States S outheast Southw est G re at L ak es M iddle W est Mountain P acific U nited States 1 M iddle A tlan tic Southeast O ffice w orkers Continued Am ount vacation p a y 2 Continued A fter 5 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s (3) ( 3) w e e k s " ' ~ ~ - ~ A fter 10 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s (3) * w e e k s O v e r 2 ahd u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s w e e k s - " " " " - " A fter 15 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s ( 3) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s w e e k s " " " 3 3 ~ - A fter 20 years service : 1 ijrpflv O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s _ ( 3) w e e k s & v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 4 w e e k s " ' ~ " ' A fter 25 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s (3 ) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 4 w e e k s See footnotes at end table.

65 Table 39. Paid Vacations: Selected Structural Clay Products-----Continued (P ercen t production and fice w orkers in establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, U nited States and se le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) V a ca tio n p o lic y Ceram ic wall and floor tile Continued Clay refra ctories Clay sew er pipe Southw est G reat Lakes P a c ific United S tates 1 M iddle A tlan tic G rea t L ak es Production w orkers M iddle W est United States 1 Southeast G rea t L ak es P a c ific A ll w o r k e r s M ethod o f paym en t W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g paid v a c a t io n s L ength - o f -tim e p a y m e n t P e r c e n ta g e p a y m e n t O t h e r W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g no paid v a c a t io n s 5 ~ " " ' A m ou n t o f v a c a tio n p a y 2 A fter 1 year service : U nder 1 w e e k w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s w e e k s A fter 2 years service : U n der 1 w e e k w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s After 3 years service : U n der 1 w e e k w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s A fter 5 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s _ w e e k s _ A fter 10 years service : 1 w e e k (3) O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s " A fter 15 years service : 1 w e e k _ (3 ) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s w e e k s See footnotes at end table, 01

66 Table 39. Paid Vacations: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued (P ercen t production and fice w orkers in establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, United States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, Ju ly A ugust ) V a ca tio n p o lic y C eram ic wall and floor tile Continued Clay refra ctories Clay sew er pipe Southw est G rea t L ak es P a c ific United S tates 1 M id d le A tlan tic G rea t L ak es M iddle W est P ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s -C ontinued United S tates 1 Southeast G rea t L ak es P a c ific Am ount vacation pay 2 Continued A fter 20 years service : 1 w e e k (3) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s w e e k s " " A fter 25 years service : 1 w e e k (3) w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 4 w e e k s " " 1 " 4 " " O ffic e w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s Method paym ent W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g paid v a c a t io n s L e n g t h -o f-t im e p a y m e n t P e r c e n ta g e p a y m en t W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g no paid v a c a t io n s ~ 7 ( 3) 1 Amount vacation pay 2 " " " " " " A fter 1 year service : U n der 1 w e e k w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s A fter 2 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s (3) w e e k s w e e k s - " A fter 3 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s w e e k s S ee fo o tn o te s at end o f ta b le.

67 Table 39. Paid Vacations: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued ( P ercen t production and fice w orkers in establishm ents with form al provisions for paid vacations after selected periods service, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A u gust 1964) V acation policy C eram ic wall and floor tile Continued Clay refra ctories Clay ;sew er pipe S outhw est G reat Lakes P a c ific U nited States 1 M iddle A tlan tic G reat L ak es M iddle W est O ffice w orkers Continued U nited States 1 S outheast G rea t L ak es P a c ific Amount vacation p a y 2 Continued A fter 5 years service : 1 week _ 11 _ 1 9 O ver 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s _ 2 weeks _... _ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s _ 3 w e e k s _ 1 2 _ 4 _ 4 w e e k s - - " A fter 10 years service : 1 w e e k O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s _ 92 _ 91 _ 91 _ 69 3 w e e k s w e e k s " - " " - A fter 15 years service : 1 w e e k _ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O ver 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s -. _ 62 _ 19 3 w e e k s w e e k s - " " - - A fter 20 years service : 1 w e e k O ver 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s - _ w e e k s w e e k s - - _ _ 9 _ 40 _ 81 _ O v e r 4 w e e k s _ " A fter 25 years service : 1 w e e k _ _ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s w e e k s ^ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s _ 3 w eek s O ver 3 and u n d er 4 w e e k s _ 2 4 w e e k s - - _ _ 4 _ O v e r 4 w e e k s In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in addition to th ose show n sep a ra te ly. 2 V acation paym ents such as percent annual earnings were converted to an equivalent tim e basis. P eriods service w ere arbitrarily chosen and do not n ecessarily reflect in div id u al e s ta b lis h m e n t p r o v is io n s fo r p r o g r e s s io n. F o r ex a m p le, ch anges in p r o p o r tio n s in d ic a te d at 10 y e a r s m ay in clu d e ch a n g es in p r o v is io n s b etw een 5 and 10 y e a r s. 3 L ess than 0.5 percent. N O T E : B e c a u s e o f rou n d in g, su m s in d ivid u a l ite m s m ay not equal to ta ls.

68 Table 40. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans: Structural Clay Products (P e r c e n t o f p ro d u ctio n and o ffic e w o rk e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith s p e c ifie d health, in su ra n ce, and p en sio n p la n s, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) 8 Type plan 1 United States 2 Middle Atlantic B order States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle W est Mountain P acific P r o d u ctio n w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g : L ife in s u r a n c e A c c id e n ta l death and d is m e m b e r m e n t in s ur an c e * S ic k n e s s and a ccid e n t in s u ra n ce o r s ic k le a v e o r b o t h S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e S ick le a v e (fu ll pay, no w aitin g p e r io d ) S ic k le a v e (p a r tia l p a y or w aitin g p e r io d )- -_ H o s p ita liz a tio n in s u r a n c e S u r g ic a l in s u r a n c e M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e C a ta s tro p h e in s u r a n c e R e tir e m e n t p e n s io n _ No p la n s " O ffic e w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g : L ife in s u r a n c e A c c id e n ta l death and d is m e m b e r m e n t in s u r a n c e S ic k n e s s and a ccid e n t in s u ra n ce o r s ic k le a v e or b o t h S ic k n e s s and a ccid e n t in s u r a n c e S ick le a v e (fu ll pay, no w aitin g p e r io d ) S ick le a v e (p a r tia l p ay or w aitin g p e r io d ) H o s p ita liz a tio n in s u r a n c e S u rg ica l in s u r a n c e M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e C a ta s tro p h e in s u r a n c e R e tir e m e n t p e n s io n No p l a n s In clu d es on ly th o se p la n s fo r w h ich at le a s t p art o f the c o s t is born e by the e m p lo y e r and e x clu d e s le g a lly re q u ir e d p lans su ch as w o r k m e n 's c o m p e n sa tio n and s o c ia l s e c u r ity ; h o w e v e r, p la n s r e q u ir e d by State te m p o r a r y d is a b ility in su ra n ce law s a re in clu ded if the e m p lo y e r co n tr ib u te s m o r e than is le g a lly r e q u ir e d or the e m p lo y e e r e c e iv e s b e n e fits in e x c e s s the le g a l re q u ir e m e n ts. 2 In clu d es data fo r New E ngland r e g io n in addition to th ose show n sep arately. 3 U n d u p licated to ta l o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s ic k lea ve or s ick n e s s and accid en t in su ra n ce show n se p a r a te ly.

69 Table 41. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans: Selected Structural Clay Products (P e r c e n t o f p rod u ction and o ffic e w o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts with s p e c ifie d health, in s u ra n ce, and p en sion plans, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) B rick and structural clay tile C eram ic wall and floor tile Type plan 1 United States 2 M iddle A tlantic B o r d e r States Southeast Southwe st G rea t L ak es M iddle W est Mountain P acific U nited States 2 M iddle A tlan tic Southeast Production w orkers A ll w o r k e r s W o rk e rs in e sta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g : L ife in s u r a n c e A c cid e n ta l death and d ism e m b e rm e n t in s u r a n c e S ick n ess and a ccid e n t in su ra n ce o r s ick le a v e o r b o t h S ick n e s s and a ccid e n t in s u r a n c e S ick le a v e (fu ll pay, no w aiting p e r io d ) S ick le a v e (p a rtia l pay o r w aiting p e r io d ) H o s p ita liza tio n in s u r a n c e S u rg ica l in s u r a n c e M e d ica l in s u r a n c e C a ta strop h e in s u r a n c e R e tire m e n t p e n s io n No p la n s " " O ffice w o rk e r s A11 w o r k e r s W o rk e rs in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r o v id in g : L ife in s u r a n c e A c c id e n ta l death and d is m e m b e r m e n t in s u r a n c e S ic k n e s s and a ccid e n t in s u ra n ce o r s ic k le a v e o r b o t h S ic k n e s s and a ccid e n t in s u r a n c e S ick le a v e (fu ll pay, no w aitin g p e r io d ) S ick le a v e (p a r tia l pay o r w aitin g p e r io d ) H o s p ita liz a tio n in s u r a n c e S u rg ica l in s u r a n c e M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e C a ta s tro p h e in s u r a n c e R e tir e m e n t p e n s io n No p la n s See fo o tn o te s at end o f ta b le.

70 Table 41. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans: Selected Structural Clay Products Continued (P e r c e n t o f p ro d u c tio n and o ffic e w o rk e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith s p e c ifie d health, in s u r a n c e, and p e n sio n plans, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, J u ly -A u g u s t 1964) Type plan 1 C eram ic wall and floor tile Continued Clay refra ctories Clay sew er pipe S outhw est G reat L ak es P a c ific United States 2 M id d le A tlan tic G rea t L ak es P r o d u ctio n w o r k e r s M iddle W est U nited States 2 S outheast G reat L ak es P a c ific A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g : L ife in s u r a n c e A ccidental death and dism em berm ent in s u r a n c e S ic k n e s s and a ccid e n t in s u r a n c e o r s ic k le a v e o r both S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e S ick le a v e (fu ll pay, no w aitin g p e r io d ) S ic k le a v e (p a r tia l pay o r w aitin g p e r io d ) H o s p ita liz a tio n in s u r a n c e S u r g ic a l in s u r a n c e M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e C a ta s tro p h e in s u r a n c e R e tir e m e n t p en sion No p la n s " ' " 1 2 " O ffice w o rk e i:s A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g : L ife in s u r a n c e A ccidental death and dism em berm ent in s u r a n c e S ic k n e s s and a ccid e n t in s u r a n c e o r s ic k le a v e o r b o t h S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e S ick le a v e (fu ll pay, no w aitin g p e r io d ) S ick le a v e (p a r tia l pay o r w aitin g p e r io d ) H o s p ita liz a tio n in s u r a n c e S u r g ic a l in s u r a n c e M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e C a ta s tro p h e in s u r a n c e R e tir e m e n t p e n sio n No p la n s In clu d es on ly th o se p lans fo r w h ich at le a s t part o f the c o s t is b orn e by the e m p lo y e r and e x c lu d e s le g a lly re q u ir e d plans su ch as w o rk m e n 's co m p e n sa tio n and s o c ia l s e c u r ity ; h o w e v e r, p lans re q u ir e d b y State te m p o r a r y d is a b ility in su ra n ce law s a re in clu ded if the e m p lo y e r co n tr ib u te s m o r e than is le g a lly r e q u ir e d o r the e m p lo y e e r e c e iv e s b e n e fits in e x c e s s o f the le g a l r e q u ir e m e n ts. * In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in a d d ition to th o se shown se p a r a te ly. 3 U n d u p licated total o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s ic k lea v e o r s ick n e s s and a ccid en t in su ra n ce show n s e p a r a te ly.

71 Table 42. Nonproduction Bonuses: Structural Clay Products (P e rc e n t p r o d u c tio n and o ffic e w o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith s p e c ifie d types o f n on p rod u ction b o n u se s, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A ugust 1964) Type bonus United States 1 Middle Atlantic B order States Southeast Southwe st Great Lakes Middle W est Mountain P acific P r o d u ctio n w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w itn n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s _ 12 C h r is tm a s or y e a r e n d P r o fit sh a rin g O t h e r _ W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith no n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s O ffice w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s _ 25 C h r is tm a s o r y e a r e n d _ 25 P r o fit sh a rin g r /2 \ W o r k e r s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith no 2 n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s In clu d es data fo r New E n glan d r e g io n in addition to th ose shown se p a r a te ly. 2 L ess than 0.5 percent. NOTE: B ecause rounding, sums individual item s m ay not equal totals. 0) CO

72 Table 43. Nonproduction Bonuses: Selected Structural Clay Products 0) * (P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n and o ff ic e w o r k e r s in esta b lis h m e n ts w ith s p e c ifie d types o f n on p rod u ction b o n u se s, U nited States and s e le c te d r e g io n s, July A u g u st 1964) B rick and structural clay tile C eram ic w all and floor tile T yp e o f bonus U n ited S tates 1 M iddle A tlan tic B o r d e r States S outheast Southw est G re a t L ak es M id d le W est M ountain P a c ific U nited States 1 M id d le A tlan tic S ou th east P roduction w orkers A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith n o n p ro d u ctio n b o n u s e s C h r is tm a s o r y e a r e n d P r o fit sh a rin g _ O t h e r W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith no n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s O ffic e w o r k e r s A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith n on p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s _ C h r is tm a s o r y e a r e n d P r o fit sh a rin g _ - _ O t h e r _ W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith no n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s C eram ic wall and floor tile Continued Clay refra ctories Clay sewer pipe S ou th w est G rea t L ak es P a c ific U nited S tates 1 M id d le A tlan tic G re a t L ak es M id d le W est U nited States 1 Southeast- G re a t L ak es P a c ific P roduction w orkers A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s C h r is tm a s o r y e a r e n d P r o fit sh a rin g O t h e r - - _ W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith no n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s O ffic e W ork ers A ll w o r k e r s W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith n on p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s C h r is tm a s o r y e a r e n d P r o fit s h a rin g O t h e r W o r k e r s in e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith no n o n p ro d u c tio n b o n u s e s In clu d es data fo r re g io n s in a d d ition to th ose shown se p a r a te ly. NOTE: Because rounding, sums individual item s may not equal totals.

73 Appendix A. Scope and Method Survey Scope Survey The survey included establishm ents p rim a rily engd in the manufacture stru c tural clay products (industry group 325 as defined in the 1957 edition the Standard Industrial C lassification Manual and 1963 Supplement, prepared by the U.S. Bureau the Budget). Important products such establishm ents include: B rick and structural clay tile, cera m ic w all and flo o r tile, clay fire b rick, and other heat resistin g clay products, and clay sew er pipe. The establishm ents studied w ere selected from those em ploying 20 w ork ers or m ore at the tim e referen ce the data used in com piling the u niverse lists. The num ber establishm ents and w ork ers actually studied by the Bureau, as w ell as the number estim ated to be within the scope the survey during the p ayroll period studied, are shown in the table on the follow ing p. Method Study Data w ere obtained by p erson al visits Bureau field econ om ists under the d irection the B ureau's A ssistant R egional D irectors for Ws and Industrial R elations. The survey was conducted on a sam ple basis. To obtain appropriate a ccu racy at minim um cost, a greater proportion large than sm all establishm ents was studied. In com bining the data, how ever, all establishm ents w ere given their appropriate weight. A ll estim ates are presented, th e re fo re, as relating to all establishm ents in the industry group, excluding only those below the minimum size at the tim e referen ce the universe data. Establishm ent Definition An establishm ent, fo r purposes this study, is defined as a single ph ysical location where industrial operations are perform ed. An establishm ent is not n e ce ssa rily identical with the com pany, which m ay con sist one or m ore establishm ents. Em ploym ent The estim ates the number w ork ers within the scope the study are intended as a general guide to the size and com position the labor fo r c e included in the survey. The advance planning n ecessa ry to make a w survey requ ires the use lists establishm ents assem bled con sid erably in advance the p ayroll period studied. P roduction W orkers The term "production w ork ers, " as used in this bulletin, includes working forem en and all n on su p ervisory w ork ers engd in nonfice functions. A dm inistrative, executive, p ression a l and tech n ical person nel, and fo rce -a cco u n t con stru ction em ployees, who w ere utilized as a separate w ork fo rce on the fir m 's own p rop erties, w ere excluded. O ffice W orkers The term "o ffice w o r k e r s," as used in this bulletin, includes all nonsupervisory fice w ork ers and excludes adm inistrative, executive, p ression a l, and technical em p loyees. Occupations Selected fo r Study O ccupational cla ssifica tion was based on a uniform set job d escription s designed to take account interestablishm ent and interarea variations in duties within the sam e job. (See appendix B for these job d escrip tion s.) The occupations w ere chosen fo r their num erical im portance, their usefulness in collectiv e bargaining, or their represen tativeness the entire job scale in the industry. Working su p erv isors, apprentices, lea rn ers, beginners, train ees, handicapped, p a rt-tim e, tem porary, and probationary w ork ers w ere not reported in the data for selected occupations, but w ere included in the data fo r all production w ork ers. 65

74 6 6 Estimated Number Establishments and Workers Within Scope Survey and Number Studied, Structural Clay Products Manufacturing, July-August 1964 Number establishments 12 Workers in establishments Product branch, region,1 and State Within scope Within scope survey Studied survey Studied Total3 4 Production woikers Office workers 4 A ll establishments: United States ,187 51,324 2,985 46,278 Middle A tlantic ,085 7, ,726 Border States ,892 3, ,973 Southeast ,569 9, ,669 Southwest , , ,141 Great Lakes ,356 14, ,041 Middle W e st ,623 4, ,112 Mountain ,968 1, ,279 Pacific , , ,969 Brick and structural clay tile establishments: United States ,274 23, ,096 Middle A tlantic ,285 2, ,594 Pennsylvania ,191 1, ,290 Border States ,975 1, Southeast ,528 6, ,217 Georgia ,684 1, ,333 North Carolina , , ,640 Southwest ,352 3, ,055 T exas ,832 2, ,138 Great Lakes ,637 4, ,2 8 5 Illinois ,375 1, ,253 O h io ,782 2, ,894 Middle W e st ,223 1, Mountain ,501 1, ,010 Pacific ,265 1, California ,111 1, Ceramic wall and floor tile establishments: United States ,806 9, ,526 Middle A tlantic ,471 2, ,045 Southeast ,843 1, ,743 Southwest ,252 1, ,162 Great Lakes ,861 3, ,541 O h io ,574 3, ,228 Pacific ,786 1, ,688 California ,786 1, ,688 Clay refractories establishments: United States ,662 9, ,985 Middle A tlantic ,691 2, ,705 Pennsylvania ,429 1, ,584 Great Lakes ,641 2, ,002 O h io , , ,645 Middle W e st ,434 2, ,299 Missouri ,434 2, ,299 Clay sewer pipe establishments: United States ,423 7, ,306 Southeast ,331 1, Great Lakes ,780 3, ,320 O h io ,522 2, ,142 Pacific ,164 1, , The regions used in this study include: Middle Atlantic New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States Delaware, District Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Great Lakes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Includes only establishments with 20 workers or more at the time reference the universe data. Includes executives, pressional, and other workers excluded from the production and fice worker categories shown separately. 4 Includes structural clay products establishments in addition to those shown separately. 5 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. Total

75 67 W Data The w information relates to aver straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-living bonuses were included as part the workers' regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Aver hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group workers, such as men, women, or production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number individuals. The hourly earnings salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by normal rather than actual hours. Size Community Tabulations by size community pertain to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term "metropolitan area, " as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau the Budget in Except in New England, a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined as a county or group contiguous counties which contains at least one city 50, 000 inhabitants or more. Contiguous counties to the one containing such a city are included in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, where the city and town are administratively more important than the county, they are the units used in defining Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Labor-Manment Agreements Separate w data are presented, where possible, for establishments with (1) a majority the production workers covered by labor-manment contracts, and (2) none or a minority the production workers covered by labor-manment contracts. Method W Payment Tabulations by method w payment relate to the number workers paid under the various time and incentive w systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range rates for individual job categories. In the absence a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily with reference to the qualifications the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period time. Individual experienced workers may occasionally be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are regarded as exceptions. Range--rates plans are those in which the minimum and/or maximum rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length service, or a combination various concepts merit and length service. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit output. Production bonuses are based on production in excess a quota or for completion a job in less than standard time. Stint workers are classified separately. Stint work, also called "task work" is a method w payment akin to a w incentive. It provides a fixed daily rate for a predetermined amount work regardless the actual time required and the worker is at liberty to leave the plant whenever the task is completed. Scheduled Weekly Hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers (or fice workers) employed on the day shift.

76 68 Shift Provisions and Practices Shift provisions relate to the policies establishments either currently operating late shifts or having formal provisions covering late-shift work. Practices relate to workers employed on late shifts at the time the survey. Supplementary W Provisions Supplementary benefits were treated statistically on the basis that if formal provisions were applicable to half or more the production (or fice) workers in an establishment, the benefits were considered applicable to all such workers. Similarly, if fewer than half the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because length--service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid Holidays. Paid-holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid Vacations. The summaries vacation plans are limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal plans whereby time f with pay is granted at the discretion the employer or the supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment 2 percent annual earnings was considered the equivalent 1 week's pay. The periods service for which data are presented were selected as representative the most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years service may include changes which occurred between 5 and 10 years. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Data are presented for health, insurance, and pension plans for which all or a part the cost is borne by the employer, excluding programs required by law, such as workmen's compensation and social security. Among the plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least a part the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contributions, 8 plans are included only if the employer (1) contributes more than is legally required or (2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the requirements the law. Tabulations paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion the worker's pay during absence from work because illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided according to (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment doctors' fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprit organization, or they may be self-insured. Catastrophe insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical insurance, includes the plans designed to cover employees in case sickness or injury involving an expense which goes beyond the normal cover hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide, upon retire regular payments for the remainder the worker's life. ment, Nonproduction Bonuses. Nonproduction bonuses are defined for this study as bonuses that depend on factors other than the output the individual worker or group workers. Plans that defer payments beyond 1 year were excluded. The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions.

77 Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose preparing job descriptions for the Bureau's w surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping occupational w rates representing comparable job content. Because this emphasis on interestablishment and inter - area comparability occupational content, the Bureau's job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau's field economists are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. CLAY MAKER (Blunger-machine operator; clay mixer; clay washer; slip maker; slip mixer; slipman; wet mixer) Blends and mixes various clays into a thin, semiliquid form in a blunger (mixing machine). Work involves the following: Starting and operating the blunger, blending and mixing the various clays with water for the required time; running and regulating flow slip from mixer through lawn (very fine screen made silk or metal), and over magnets which remove iron particles from the slip; and cleaning lawn and washing magnets. Additional duties may include removing excess water from slip by filter press; and measuring clay and other ingredients according to formula. DIE PRESSER Operates a screw press or hydraulic press to squeeze and shape clay into various clay products. Work involves: Filling bottom die with ground or pulverized damp clay; forming ware by operating a press which causes the upper die to descend into the lower die thus squeezing the clay into the proper shape; and removing the formed ware. In addition, may set the dies in the press. DRY-PAN OPERATOR (D ry-m ill operator) Tends or directs the loading one or more dry pans which grinds clay, shale or brick to a fine powder preparatory to screening and tempering. Work involves most the following: Loading or directing the loading clay into the hoppers dry pans; regulating flow clay or shale into dry pans; breaking up or removing large lumps material and loosening clogged material in machine; and lubricating and making minor repairs or adjustments to the machine. ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE Performs a variety electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair equipment for the generation, distribution, or utilization electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most the following: Installing or repairing any a variety electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layouts, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load 69

78 7 0 ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE Continued requirements wiring or electrical equipment; using a variety electrician's handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. FINISHER (Fettler; shaper: sponger; trimmer) Removes rough edges from greenware. Work involves: Scraping dirt, mold marks, rough edges, and other irregularities from ware with fettling knife, stick felt, or emery. In addition, may rub dampened sponge over ware to give it a smooth surface. GLAZING-MACHINE FEEDER Feeds structural clay products into a machine that sprays an even coat glaze on the material as it passes through. GRINDER, CLAY (Crusher; crusherman; crusher operator; granulator; pulverizer; rock grinder; shale grinder) Tends and directs the loading one or more crushing or grinding machines (other than dry or wet pans) which grind pieces rock, clay, or shale into fine particles or dust. Work involves most the following: Loading and/or directing the loading the feeding hopper; watching the material being fed to the machine by a conveyor or by a helper; breaking up large pieces raw materials and loosening clogged material in machine with a slice-bar or maul; regulating the water valve which drips water into the machine to settle the dust; and lubricating and making minor repairs and adjustments to the machine. HELPER, MAINTENANCE TRADES Assists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance trades, by performing specific or general duties lesser skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materials and tools; cleaning working area, machine, and equipment; assisting worker by holding m a terials or tools; and performing other unskilled tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind work the helper is permitted to perform varies from trade to trade: In some trades the helper is confined to supplying, lifting, and holding materials and tools and cleaning working areas; and in others he is permitted to perform specialized machine operations, or parts a trade that are also performed by workers on a full-time basis. JANITOR (Sweeper; charwoman; janitress) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises an fice, apartment house, or commercial or other establishment. Duties involve a combination the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance services; and cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. KILN DRAWER (Periodic Kiln) (Bisque-kiln drawer; bisque-kiln remover; glost-kiln drawer; glost-kiln remover; roundkiln drawer) Removes ware and saggers from kiln after ware has been fired. Work involves most the following: Tearing down door bung and handing top saggers to doorman; removing saggers and ware from kiln; unloading ware from saggers and placing it on trucks or in baskets for removal to other departments; scraping wads from saggers with a trowel; and stacking saggers for future use. In addition, may shovel and sweep all broken materials from kiln, and may use handtruck to remove broken saggers.

79 71 KILN FIREMAN (Periodic Kiln) (Kiln burner; kiln operator; kiln tender) Operates a periodic kiln used to fire brick, tile, or other clay products. Work involves the following: Prepares (or directs helper) firebox and lights fires; regulates tem perature by adjusting drafts and controlling fuel supply; and observes pyrometric cones and/or rings through peepholes to determine by inspection the rate at which burning is proceeding. KILN FIREMAN (Scove Kiln) (Fireman; burner) Supervises the firing a scove kiln used to fire common brick. or other workers in kindling and maintaining fires. Instructs helpers KILN FIREMAN (Tunnel Kiln) (Fireman, continuous kiln; tunnel kiln fireman) Operates a tunnel or continuous kiln to fire ware. Work involves maintaining the proper temperature in the kiln at all times by controlling fuel intake and checking drafts and recording temperatures periodically. In addition, may push the tunnel kiln car into the intake chamber the kiln and remove it from the other end after the ware has been fired and cooled. KILN LOADER (Scove Kiln) (Kiln setter; kiln placer) Places dried bricks into position for firing in a scove kiln. Uses power equipment (usually a crane or lift truck) to stack unburned brick into a proper pile which assumes the shape a kiln. KILN PLACER (Tunnel Kiln) (Tunnel-kiln-car setter) Loads ware or saggers filled with ware (green or glazed bisque) on automatic conveyor car that carries ware through kiln for firing. Work involves setting ware and saggers in proper section car according to the firing requirements each type ware. KILN SETTER (Periodic Kiln) (Kiln loader; kiln stacker; pipe setter) Stacks brick or tile products in the kiln for burning. Work involves the following: Piling the material in rows and tiers, spacing and arranging it so that hot air will circulate freely during burning; and spreading sand on the floor and between the layers to prevent products adhering to one another. KILN UNLOADER {Tunnel Kiln) (Kiln-car unloader; tunnel-kiln drawer) Unloads ware, or saggers filled with fired ware, from tunnel-kiln cars. Work involves: Removing ware from cars or saggers and placing it on trucks or in baskets for transfer to other departments.

80 72 MACHINIST, MAINTENANCE Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs metal parts mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves most the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying out work; using a variety m achinist's handtools and precision measuring instruments; settingup and op erating standard machine tools; shaping metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions work, tooling, feeds, and speeds machining; knowledge the working properties the com mon metals; selecting standard m aterials, parts, and equipment required for his work; and fitting and assembling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the m achinist's work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice, usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MAINTENANCE MAN, GENERAL UTILITY Keeps the machines, mechanical equipment and/or structure an establishment (usually a small plant where specialization in maintenance work is im practical) in repair. Duties involve the perform ance operations and the use tools and equipment several trades, rather than specialization in one trade or one type maintenance work only. Work involves a combination the following: Planning and laying out work relating to repair buildings, machines, mechanical and/or electrical equipment; repairing electrical and/or mechanical equipment; installing, alining, and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings, floors, and stairs, as well as making and repairing bins, crib s, and partitions. MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE (MAINTENANCE) Repairs automobiles, buses, motortrucks, and tractors an establishment. Work involves m ost the following: Examining automotive equipment to diagnose source trouble; disassembling equipment and perform ing repairs that involve the use such handtools as wrenches, gs, drills, or specialized equipment in disassembling or fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts from stock; grinding and adjusting valves; reassem bling and installing the various assem blies in the vehicle and making necessary adjustments; and alining wheels, adjusting brakes and lights, or tightening body bolts. In general, the work the automotive mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment an establishment. Work involves m ost the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and perform ing repairs that mainly involve the use handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production a replacement part by a machine shop or sending the machine to a machine shop for m ajor repairs; preparing written specifications for m ajor repairs or for the production parts ordered from machine shop; reassem bling machines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a form al apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose prim ary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. MOLDER, HAND (Brick m older, hand; tile m older, hand; pipe-fittings molder) Molds brick, tile, or other clay products by hand. Work involves the following: Kneading m oist clay until it is the desired consistency and placing or throwing it forcibly into the mold; packing clay firm ly in the mold by hand or with a mallet, or by means a jogger operated by com pressed air; and cutting f or removing excess clay projecting from the mold. In addition, may rem ove the form from the mold after it has been allowed to dry and shrink slightly.

81 73 MOLDING-MACHINE OPERATOR (Brick molder, machine; brickmaker, machine; molder, machine; tilemaker, machine; tile molder, machine) Tends a machine that automatically molds brick, tile, or other clay products. Work involves seeing that the machine is operating properly and that proper pressure is being applied to the ware. In addition, may place molded ware on trays or on conveyors and may lubricate, adjust, or make minor repairs to the machine. OFF-BEARER (Hacker; racker; stacker) Bears f, carries, or removes the unfinished or finished brick, tile, or other clay products from a machine conveyor or handtruck and piles or sets products on conveyor, floor, drying rack, or handcar. In addition, may remove formed ware from molds. PACKER Prepares finished products for shipment or stor by placing them in shipping containers, the specific operations performed being dependent upon the type, size, and number units to be packed, the type container employed, and method shipment. Work requires the placing items in shipping containers and may involve one or more the following: Knowledge various items stock in order to verify content; selection appropriate type and size container; inserting enclosures in container; using excelsior or other material to prevent break or dam; closing and sealing container; and applying labels or entering identifying data on container. Packers who also make wooden boxes or crates are excluded. PATTERN MOUNTER (Floor and Wall Tile) Assembles ceramic tiles in pattern and mounts them on heavy paper to preserve the arrangement for installation. Work involves: Placing tiles on board, face down, following a previously designed pattern; gluing sheet mounting paper to base tiles; and removing completed assembly and placing it in position for drying. PIPE TURNER (Sewer Pipe) Removes sections green (newly formed) sewer pipe from the pipe press, turns them socket end up, and places them on trucks. POWER-SHOVEL OPERATOR (Dragline operator; shovel operator; shovel runner) Excavates or moves materials with a power shovel or crane equipped with a dragline bucket. Manipulates levers and pedals to move the machine and control the position the bucket or dipper in order to move and deposit materials. PRESSMAN, AUTOMATIC (Press operator; pressman) Operates an automatic powered press to form tempered clay into sewer pipe, tile, or other clay products. Work involves the following: Manipulating a lever which causes the machine to press out form automatically, after the feed hopper has been charged (usually by conveyor) with tempered clay; and operating or directing another worker to operate a lever to actuate mechanism for cutting pipe into sections. In addition, may change press dies with the assistance other workers.

82 74 PUGMILL MAN (Clay pugger; mixing mill operator; pugmill operator; pugmiller; pugger) Prepares ground, sifted, or filtered clay for molding by mixing it with water in a pugmill. Work involves most the following: Feeding clay to the machine; regulating the flow water to mixing chamber; and examining mixed clay for consistency as it is forced out the pugmill in a continuous form. In addition, may make minor repairs to the machine; operate an auger mill or cutting machine in connection with the pugmill; and may cut the continuous form into convenient lengths, stacking cut lengths end up on a truck. SORTER (Brick sorter; tile sorter; shader) Sorts burned brick or tile according to color, hardness, or size. purposes, sorters are classified according to product: For w study Sorter, brick Sorter, tile TRUCKDRIVER Drives a truck within a city or industrial area to transport materials, merchandise, equipment, or men between various types establishments such as: Manufacturing plants, freight depots, warehouses, wholesale and retail establishments, or between retail establishments and customers' houses or places business. May also load or unload truck with or without helpers, make minor mechanical repairs, and keep truck in good working order. For w study purposes, truckdrivers are classified by size and type equipment, as follows: (Tractor-trailer should be rated on the basis trailer capacity.) Truckdriver (combination sizes listed separately) Truckdriver, light (under 1 V2 tons) Truckdriver, medium ( 1 V2 to and including 4 tons) Truckdriver, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type) Truckdriver, heavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer type) TRUCKER, HAND (Transfer man) Pushes or pulls handtrucks, cars, or wheelbarrows used for transporting goods and materials all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. May load or unload, stack materials in stor, and maintain records. TRUCKER, POWER (Transfer man, power) Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electric-powered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. For w study purposes, workers are classified by type truck, as follows: Trucker, power (forklift) Trucker, power (other than forklift)

83 Industry W Studies The most recent reports for industries included in the Bureau's program industry w surveys since January 1950 are listed below. Those for which a price is shown are available from the Superintendent Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, or any its regional sales fices. Those for which a price is not shown may be obtained free as long as a supply is available, from the Bureau Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C., 20212, or from any the regional fices shown on the inside back cover. I. Occupational W Studies Manufacturing Basic Iron and Steel, BLS Bulletin 1358 (30 cents). Candy and Other Confectionery Products, I960. BLS Report 195. ^Canning and Freezing, BLS Report 136. Cigar Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin 1436 (30 cents). Cigarette Manufacturing, I960. BLS Report 167. Cotton Textiles, BLS Bulletin 1410 (40 cents). Distilled Liquors, Series 2, No. 88. Fabricated Structural Steel, BLS Report 123. Fertilizer Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin 1362 (40 cents). Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, BLS Bulletin 1337 (30 cents). Fluid Milk Industry, I960. BLS Report 174. Footwear, BLS Bulletin 1360 (45 cents). Hosiery, BLS Bulletin 1349 (45 cents). Industrial Chemicals, BLS Report 103. Iron and Steel Foundries, BLS Bulletin 1386 (40 cents). Leather Tanning and Finishing, BLS Bulletin 1378 (40 cents). Machinery Manufacturing, BLS Bulletin 1429 (35 cents). Meat Products, BLS Bulletin 1415 (75 cents). Men's and Boys' Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1964, BLS Bulletin 1457 (40 cents). Men's and Boys' Suits and Coats, BLS Bulletin 1424 (65 cents). Miscellaneous Plastics Products, BLS Bulletin 1439 (35 cents). Miscellaneous Textiles, BLS Report 56. Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts, BLS Bulletin 1393 (45 cents). Nonferrous Foundries, I960. BLS Report 180. Paints and Varnishes, BLS Bulletin 1318 (30 cents). Petroleum Refining, BLS Report 158. Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, BLS Bulletin 1423 (30 cents). ^Processed W aste, BLS Report 124. Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard M ills, BLS Bulletin 1341 (40 cents). Radio, Television, and Related Products, Series 2, No. 84. Railroad Cars, Series 2, No. 86. *Raw Sugar, BLS Report 136. Southern Sawmills and Planing M ills, BLS Bulletin 1361 (30 cents). Structural Clay Products, I960. BLS Report 172. Synthetic Fibers, BLS Report 143. Synthetic Textiles, BLS Bulletin 1414 (35 cents). Textile Dyeing and Finishing, BLS Bulletin 1311 (35 cents). ^Tobacco Stemming and Redrying, BLS Report 136. * * Studies the effects the $1 minimum w.

84 I. Occupational W Studies Continued Manufacturing C ontinue d West Coast Sawmilling, BLS Report 156. Women's and M isses' Coats and Suits, BLS Bulletin 1371 (25 cents). Women's and M isses' D resses, BLS Bulletin 1391 (30 cents). Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, BLS Bulletin 1369 (40 cents). *Wooden Containers, BLS Report 126. Wool Textiles, BLS Bulletin 1372 (45 cents). Work Clothing, BLS Bulletin 1440 (35 cents). N onmanuf actur ing Auto Dealer Repair Shops, BLS Bulletin 1452 (30 cents). Banking Industry, I960. BLS Report 179. Bituminous Coal Mining, BLS Bulletin 1383 (45 cents). Communications, BLS Bulletin 1426 (20 cents). Contract Cleaning Services, BLS Bulletin 1327 (25 cents). Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, I960. BLS Report 181. Department and Women's Ready-to-W ear Stores, Series 2, No. 78. Eating and Drinking Places, BLS Bulletin 1400 (40 cents). Electric and Gas Utilities, BLS Bulletin 1374 (50 cents). Hospitals, BLS Bulletin 1409 (50 cents). Hotels and M otels, BLS Bulletin 1406 (40 cents). Laundries and Cleaning Services, BLS Bulletin 1401 (50 cents). Life Insurance, BLS Bulletin 1324 (30 cents). II. Other Industry W Studies Factory Workers' Earnings Distribution by Straight-Time Hourly Earnings, BLS Bulletin 1252 (40 cents). Factory W orkers' Earnings Selected Manufacturing Industries, BLS Bulletin 1275 (35 cents). Retail Trade: Employee Earnings in Retail Trade, June 1962 (Overall Summary the Industry). BLS Bulletin 1380 (45 cents). Employee Earnings at Retail Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers, June BLS Bulletin (25 cents). Employee Earnings in Retail General Merchandise Stores, June BLS Bulletin (45 cents). Employee Earnings in Retail Food Stores, June BLS Bulletin (40 cents). Employee Earnings at Retail Automotive Dealers and in Gasoline Service Stations, June BLS Bulletin (40 cents). Employee Earnings in Retail Apparel and Accessory Stores, June BLS Bulletin (45 cents). Employee Earnings in Retail Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores, June BLS Bulletin (40 cents). Employee Earnings in Miscellaneous Retail Stores, June BLS Bulletin (40 cents). Employee Earnings in Nonmetropolitan Areas the South and North Central Regions, June BLS Bulletin 1416 (40 cents). * Studies the effects the $1 minimum w. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING O F F IC E : 1965 O

85 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REGIONAL OFFICES