Reinventing the accelerator for the high-energy frontier
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1 Reinventing the accelerator for the high-energy frontier J. B. Rosenzweig UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy, June 16, 2006
2 Particle physics and particle accelerators have a shared history, destiny Key discoveries associated with innovations in accelerator and beam capabilities, Lawrence (cyclotron, radioactive elements) Rubbia and van der Meer (antiproton cooling, W/Z) Tevatron Consensus in the field emphasize the centrality of accelerator-based HEP Large Hadron Collider (LHC) International Linear Collider (ILC)
3 Schematic view of accelerators for particle physics; related fields Betatron FFAG, etc. Synchrotron Circular Collider Superconducting Circular Collider Cyclotron Medicine Light sources (3 rd Generation) Muon Collider? VLHC? 1930 Electrostatic Accelerators Ion Linear Accelerators Nuclear physics X-ray FEL Ultra-High Energy LC? 2030 Electron Linear Accelerators Electron Linear Colliders Laser/Plasma Accelerators?
4 Now mature (read: aging) ideas have driven HEP accelerators forward Induction acceleration (betatron) Resonant electromagnetic acceleration (cyclotron) Normal and superconducting RF cavities (linac, synchrotron) Alternating gradient magnetic focusing (synchrotron) Fixed targetry, exotic particle sources (synchrotron, linac) Colliding beams in synchrotrons (circular collider) Colliding beams in linear accelerators (linear collider) Cooling of particle beam phase space (colliders) Particle polarization (fixed targets/colliders) Are these enough for the future? Do we need to re-invent the accelerator?
5 Colliders and the energy frontier Fixed target energy for particle creation U PC 2U b m t c 2 Colliding beams (e.g. e + e - ) makes lab frame into COM U PC = 2U b Exp l growth in equivalent beam energy w/time Livingston plot: Moore s Law for accelerators We are now falling off plot! Challenge in energy, but not only luminosity as well QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
6 Present limitations of collider energy Synchrotron radiation power loss Forces future e + -e - colliders to be linear LEP (<207 GeV COM) is last of breed Consider muons? Large (!) circular machines for hadrons Scaling in size/cost Approaching unitary limits Few 10 4 m in dimension Few $10 9 QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. P s γ 4 R 2 Tevatron 27 km circumference complex at FNAL
7 Meeting the energy challenge Avoid giantism Cost above all Higher fields give physics challenges Circular machines: magnets Linacs: accelerating fields Enter new world of high energy density (HED) physics Impacts luminosity challenge
8 HED in future colliders I: the accelerator High fields in violent accelerating systems ee z /mcω ~ 1 Relativistic oscillations Diseases Breakdown, dark current Peak power, heating Approaches High frequency, normal cond. Superconducting Lasers and/or plasma waves! Linear d accelerator schematic QuickTime QuickTime and and a a Photo Photo - - JPEG JPEG decompressor decompressor are are needed needed to to see see this this picture. picture. z
9 The Luminosity Challenge Event rate = Lσ c Luminosity : L = N e+ N e f c 4πσ x σ y = γn e+ N e f c 4π β x* β y * ε x,n ε y,n Circular colliders provide high repetition rate Linear colliders have much lower repetition rate Use large N, small σ; very large collective beam fields Inherent scaling for higher energy not enough: Must have very small phase space, focus well Moore s law also for luminosity; precision beams σ c γ 2
10 HED in future colliders II: collective effects Wakefields in linacs; limit on beam current and stability Huge collective fields in collision; luminosity limit Linear colliders: F,max N b e2 σ z σ z Disruption (cold beams meet HED) Beamstrahlung ; energy loss/spread, nuisance particles Classical electrodynamics and quantum processes LC initial state not so clean 4 TeV/m in LC collision! 0 2U b
11 Approaches to new collider paradigms Advancement of existing techniques Higher field (SC) magnets (VLHC) Another Talk Use of more exotic colliding particles (muons) Higher gradient RF cavities (X-band LC) Superconducting RF cavities (TESLA LC) Revolutionary new approaches (high gradient frontier) New sources: i.e., lasers New structures and/or media: i.e., plasmas Truly immersed in high energy density physics IR 10 arcs separated vertically in one tunnel 5 TeV µ + µ Collider 1 km radius, <L>~5E34 QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2.5 km Linear Collider Segment Cryostat with 16 T Nb 3 Sn magnet at LBNL 2.5 km Linear Collider Segment µ + postcoolers/preaccelerators µ 300kW proton di H C C Tgt Muon collider schematic (R. Johnson, 2005) IR
12 The road to the next accelerator First fork in the road: Snowmass 2001 Consensus that ILC is next machine post-lhc VLHC and muons deferred Second fork: ITRP Selection of Linear Collider Technology Barish committee evaluates warm v. cold accelerator technology QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Superconducting option chosen The crystal ball clears due to ITRP decision, 2004
13 The LC technology selection X-band, high gradient, normal conducting traveling wave linac Superconducting, L-band standing wave cavity Superconducting option provides most robust path to ILC Approach mitigates collective issues try to avoid high energy density
14 Are we on the road to a 3 TeV LC? Surprise? SC LC option does not scale well Intrinsic low gradient 24 MV/m TESLA 500 GeV 35 MV/m TESLA 800 GeV Theoretical limit close X-band still difficult Power sources, efficiencies The linear accelerator paradigm is stressed to limit
15 Paths to higher acceleration fields High field means high frequency Where is power source? Look to wakefields Coherent radiation from bunched, relativistic e - beam Also powers more exotic schemes Intense beams needed by other fields (e.g. X-ray FEL) What about lasers? Many TW of peak power Need to reinvent accelerator structure Operate at small length scales Tolerate (or embrace) high energy density
16 High gradients, high frequency, EM power from wakefields: CERN CLIC wakefield-powered scheme CLIC drive beam extraction structure Power CLIC 30 GHz, 150 MV/m structures
17 The optical accelerator Resonant dielectric structure schematic Simulated field profile (OOPIC); half structure e-beam Scale the linac from 1-10 cm µwave to 1-10 µm laser! Resonant structure (like linac) Slab symmetry (unlike linac) Have copious power Allows high beam charge Suppresses wakefields Limit on gradient? 1-2 GV/m, avalanche ionization Experiments SLAC (1 µm) 10 µm active media at BNL (PASER!) SUSY Laser 2006 power
18 Evading material breakdown: The inverse FEL accelerator Run FEL backwards w/high power laser No nearby material; laser field v. high Magnetic field <=> synchrotron rad. Acceleration dynamics like ion linac Experiment at UCLA Neptune Lab 15 MeV beam accelerated to over 35 MeV Higher harmonic interaction observed Beam captured into beamlets IFEL is now workhorse microbuncher IFEL undulator (50 cm length) Neptune IFEL single shot energy spectrum
19 Inverse Cerenkov Acceleration Coherent Cerenkov wakes can be extremely strong Short beam, small aperture ee zdec 2N br e m e c 2 2πσ z a SLAC FFTB, N b =3E10, σ z = 20 µm, a=50 µm, > 11 GV/m! Not optical THz (unique source) ε 1 ε dielect ric vacuum Simulated GV/m Cerenkov wakes for typical FFTB parameters (OOPIC -)
20 FFTB Cerenkov Wake Results QuickTime and a H.264 decompressor are needed to see this picture. View end of dielectric tube; frames sorted by increasing peak current UCLA/SLAC/LLNL expt. (2005) Quartz fibers 350 µm OD, µm ID, 1 cm length Observed breakdown threshold 4 GV/m surface field 2 GV/m acceleration field! Vaporization of Al cladding dielectric more robust
21 Past the breakdown limit: Plasma Accelerators Very high energy density laser or electron beam excites plasma waves as it propagates Schematic of laser wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) Excitation by ponderomotive forces (laser) or space-charge (beam) Extremely high fields possible: E(V/cm) n e (cm -3 ) Ex: tenous gas density E 100 GV/m, for n e =10 18 cm -3
22 Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (PWFA) Electron beam shock-excites plasma Same scaling as Cerenkov wakes E N b k 2 2 p N b σ z Beam denser than plasma; nonlinear plasma waves Linear wakefield response E z constant in r, Focusing linear in r Familiar: like linac + quadrupoles
23 Ultra-high gradient PWFA: E164 experiment at SLAC FFTB Uses ultra-short beam (20 µm) Beam causes field ionization to create dense plasma (HED) Over 4 GeV(!) energy gain over 10 cm: >40 GV/m fields Self-injection of plasma e - On to energy doubling New experiments: >40 GeV in 90 cm plasma (E167) New data, hoping for PRL cover M. Hogan, et al. n e =2.5x10 17 cm -3 plasma
24 Plasma wave excitation with laser: creation of very high quality beam Trapped plasma electrons in LWFA give ε n ~1 mm-mrad at N b >10 10 Narrow energy spreads produced accelerating in plasma channels QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Not every shot (yet) Looks like a beam. Now >1 GeV! Other applications (FEL) Very popular Lasers cost few $M
25 Application: energy doubling of LC beams the PWFA Afterburner Concept
26 Addressing the luminosity problem: Final focus plasma lenses Magnetic Quadrupoles Underdense Plasma Lens E-Beam Uses magnetic forces to focus electron beam in one dimension at a time. Courtesy JBR Uses electrostatic forces to focus electron beam in both dimensions. Ions Electrons Ex: superconducting quad strength B 250 T/m B equiv. = n p (T/m) Linear collider densities give >10 7 T/m Low aberrations and short focal length Plasma lens strength
27 UCLA/FNAL Underdense Plasma Lens Expt. Beam Spot Before: x FWHM = 1200 µm y FWHM = 1100 µm n b = 5 x cm -3 Beam Spot After (Ave.): x FWHM = 200 µm y FWHM = 300 µm n b = 1 x cm -3 Unfocused 5 electron pulses Plasma focused 1 pulse Focused 1 electron pulses The beam area is reduced by a factor of 22. Equivalent to luminosity enhancement
28 Prospects for advanced accelerators in HEP Optical/plasma accelerators challenging Very large fields Very small dimensions and time scales Multidisciplinary in the extreme Many collective effects to worry about Can we achieve precision HEP beams in presence of HED? Still orders of magnitude in learning curve Breath-taking recent progress More people needed; students eager/welcome
29 Marx HEPAP Subpanel Support Increased in investment in accelerator science Special concern for long-range research A major challenge for the accelerator science community is to identify and develop new concepts for future energy frontier accelerators that will be able to provide the exploration tools needed for HEP within a feasible cost to society. The future of accelerator-based HEP will be limited unless new ideas and new accelerator directions are developed to address the demands of beam energy and luminosity
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