Energy and Exergy Analyses on Water based Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Collector with Spiral Flow Absorber

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Energy and Exergy Analyses on Water based Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Collector with Spiral Flow Absorber"

Clinton Cameron
5 years ago
Views:

1 Energy n Exergy Anlyses on Wter bse Photovolti Therml (T) Colletor wi Spirl Flow Absorber 1 AHMAD FUDHOLI, 1 ADNAN IBRAHIM, 1 MOHD YUSOF OTHMAN, 1 MOHD HAFIDZ RUSLAN, 2 HUSSEIN A. KAZEM, 1 AZAMI ZAHARIM, 1 KAMARUZZAMAN SOPIAN 1 Solr Energy Reserh Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebngsn Mlysi 436 UKM Bngi, Selngor MALAYSIA.fuholi@gmil.om, nn@vlsi.eng.ukm.my, myho@ukm.my, ksop@vlsi.eng.ukm.my 2 Renewble Energy n Sustble Tehnology Reserh Group Fulty of Engeerg-Sohr University Sultnte of Omn Abstrt: The performne of wter bse T olletor n be epite by e ombtion of effiieny expression. It omprise of e effiieny n erml effiieny. The totl of e bo effiienies, whih is known s T effiieny ws use to evlute e overll performne of e system. Bse on e testg performe on e olletor, it ws prove t bo effiienies rese when e mss flow rte rese. Therefore, e totl effiieny (T effiieny) n primry-energy svg effiieny rese onurrently when e mss flow rte rese. The wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber proue T effiieny of 58 to 68% wi % effiieny n of 45-55% erml effiieny, lso it proue primry-energy svg effiieny from bout 79% to 91% t e mss flow rte from.11 kg/s to.41 kg/s n solr rition of 8W/m 2. On e oer hn, e T exergy effiieny is between 25% n 42% wi erml exergy of 57 to 138 W n eletril exergy of 63 to 69 W. The entropy genertion of olletor erese wi rese mss flow rte. The entropy genertion is between 279 n 364 W. Keywors: Energy nlysis, exergy nlysis, photovolti erml (T) olletor, spirl flow bsorber 1. Introution Mny reserhes towrs e solr energy our ll over e wor to e onern of globl risis on oil n gs pries. Aorg to some experts, oil hs rey strte to pek. Gs n ol reserves re bigger n oil, will ten to be progressively reple by e former, whih shoul ttenute prie explosion. Nevereless is proess will push energy pries higher, until sustble soures reple epeneny on fossil fuels s mjor soure of energy. The sustble energy suh s solr energy hs been ientifie s one of e promisg soure of energy to reple e epeneny on fossil fuels. Solr energy is len energy whih hs e potentil to meet signifint proportionl of e worl s energy nees. It n be broly lssifie to two systems; photovolti () energy system whih onverts solr energy to eletril energy, n erml energy system whih onverts solr energy to erml energy [1,2]. The spirtion of ombg photovolti () n solr erml olletor to provie eletril n het energy is not new, however it is n re t hs reeive only limite ttention. Wi onern growg over energy soures n eir usge, photovolti erml (T) hs beome n re whih is reeivg muh more ttention. T solr olletors onvert solr rition iretly to bo eletril n erml energies. A T olletor bsilly ombes e funtions of flt plte solr olletor n ose of photovolti () pnel. The reserh on T strte urg e mi-197s, wi e fous on T olletors, n e m im wi rese of e effiieny. Domesti pplition ws regre s e m mrket. Initilly e fous ws ISBN:

T system is promisg system to generte bo energies ue to its higher relibility system wi lower environment impt.

2 on glze olletors, bo ir bse n wter bse. Due to ese problems, e ost for omplete system of T is reibly high n unfforble to e ustril n resientil owners. One of e most ttrtive pplition of T ir or wter bse olletors re builg tegrte photovolti erml (BIT) whih hs unergone rpi evelopments reent yers, however T ir bse system hve been more evelope. T system is promisg system to generte bo energies ue to its higher relibility system wi lower environment impt. Generlly, T wter olletor system onsists of e moule, bsorber olletor e forme of tubes, e glss over (trnsprent) n sulte onter. It is expete t over e next few yers, ere will be rpi grow BIT publitions n prouts [3-5]. Reently, performne nlysis hs been rrie out exergy nlysis on T olletor. The m objetives of is pper is energy n exergy nlyses of wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber, n vestigte e effets of mss flow rte on energy n exergy effiieny. 2. Experimentl Proeure Fig. 1 shows e Spirl flow bsorber of wter bse T olletor. Fig.2 shows e experiment setup of wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber. A stnr moule represente s flt plte sgle glzg sheet of polyrystlle silion hs been lmte n bone wi hightemperture silione hesive n selnt. The bsorber olletor, onsist of sgle unilterl hnnel for e wter to flow is serte unerne e stnr photovolti () moule. The size of e T olletor is.65 wie n 1 m long. An oor testg fility n n experimentl setup of e T olletor were onstrute. The simultor ws use 23 hlogen lmps, eh wi rte of W. The T olletor hs been expose to e solr rition of 8 W/m 2. When e lo is pplie to e olletors, e hnges of urrent n voltge re reore for eh solr rition selete. For mss flow rte, urg is testg, e mss flow rte of.11 to.41 kg/s re set n ny hnges to e olletor ue to ese mss flow rtes re reore. Dt ollete n store e ADAM Dt Aquisition System for every 1 mute n lter use to lulte e n erml effiieny for e olletor. The wter let n outlet for is testg re ontrol n irlg bk to e storge tnk to form lose-loop system. Fig. 1. Spirl flow bsorber Fig.2 The shemti igrm of experimentl setup 3. Energy Anlysis The performne of wter bse T olletor n be epite by e ombtion of effiieny expression [7]. It omprise of e erml effiieny ( ) n e eletril effiieny ( ). These effiienies usully lue e rtio of e useful erml g n eletril g of e system to e ient solr irrition on e olletor s gp wi speifi time or perio. The totl of e effiienies, whih is known s totl effiieny or T effiieny ( T ) is use to evlute e overll performne of e system [6-8]: = + (1) T Consierg t eletril energy is highgre form of energy g, primry energy svg effiieny is propose s noer performne evlution meo to reognize e energy gre ifferene between eletriity n erml, whih is given by: [6-8] E f T = + (2) p Where ( p ) is e eletri-power genertion effiieny of e onventionl power plnt, its vlue n be tken s 38%. The evlution ISBN:

3 itor of primry-energy svg effiieny onerns bo of e qulity n quntity of e energy t e T system onverts solr energy too. The erml effiieny of e olletor is expresse s [9] Ti T = FR ( τα ) FRU L (3) GT Eletril effiieny of e moule ( ), whih is funtion of moule temperture given by [1] = r ( 1 β ( T Tr )) (4) where r is referene effiieny of moule ( r =.12), β is temperture oeffiient ( β =.45 o C), T is ell temperture n Tr is referene temperture. 3. Exergy Anlysis Exergy nlysis is useful meo to estblish strtegies for e esign n opertion of mny ustril proesses where e optiml use of energy is onsiere n importnt issue [11]. This formtion is effetive etermg e plnt n e opertion ost, e energy onservtion, e fuel verstility n e pollutnt. In e reent yers, exergy nlysis hs been wiely use for e performne evlution of erml systems. If e effets ue to e keti n potentil energy hnges re neglete, e generl exergy blne n be expresse rte form s given [12,13] or Exo = Ex Ex (5) ( Ex + Ex ) = Ex Ex (6) where 4 4 T 1 T Ex = + A NI 1 (7) 3 T 3 s Ts T Ex = Qu 1 (8) To Ex = A N I (9) Where T Ex = Ex + Ex (1) Ex is put exergy (rition exergy), Ex is output exergy, Ex is erml exergy, o ExT is photovolti erml exergy, olletor re, A is N is olletors number, I is solr rition, T is mbient temperture n T s is sun temperture ( T s =5777K). The exergy estrution ( E x ) or irreversibility my be expresse s Ex = T S (11) The exergy effiieny ( ex ) of e seon lw effiieny my be expresse s Ex ex = 1 (12) Ex 4. Results n observtions Tble 1 shows e summrize of omprison present stuy wi oer bsorber olletor esigns [14-19]. The performne stuy to evlute n unerstn e tegrtion of n erml system hs been onute [15]. They hve ompre e onventionl solr wter heter e T system knows s tegrte photovolti/erml system (I/TS). They onlue t e solr T olletor me from orrugte polyrbonte moule proue goo erml effiieny. They suggeste t furer improvement oul be hieve by proper sultion for e T esign. They mnge to hieve e effiieny of 9% wi 38% erml effiieny totl effiieny (T effiieny) of 47%. An experiment of T olletor system for omesti pplition Ch hs been onute [16,17]. In is experiment, n lumium-lloy flt box wi squre or retngulr shpe hnnel hs been esigne n onstrute. The test results shows high effiieny on ombe system hieve wi primry energy svg (42) for ily exposure pprohes 65% t zero reue temperture opertion. They mnge to hieve e effiieny of 11% wi 51% erml effiieny totl effiieny (T effiieny) of 62%. Similr experiment hs been performe usg n lumium-lloy flt box, wi squre or retngulr shpe hnnel togeer wi polyrystlle silione ells utilize wter s oolnt for oolg purposes [18]. They onlue t e erml effiieny rehe roun 4% when e itil temperture e system is sme s e ily men mbient temperture. They mnge to hieve e effiieny of 9.87 wi 4% erml effiieny totl effiieny of 49.87%. Anoer experiment on nturl irultion hybri T wter hetg system hs been stuie [19]. In is experiment, sensitivity stuy of e system hs been performe n prove t by ombg e system, e stlltion re proue more energy per unit surfe re n one moule n one hot wter system. They mnge gen ISBN:

4 to hieve e effiieny of 1.15% wi 45% erml effiieny totl effiieny of 55.15%. Referrg to [14], T wter bse olletor n hieve mximum eletril effiieny of roun 9.5% n erml effiieny of bout %. Tble1. The omprison energy nlysis of present stuy wi oer bsorber olletor esigns [14-19] Performne =9.5%, =%, T =59.5% =9%, =38%, T =47% T = 65% t o C opertion temperture =11%, =51%, T =62% f =64.9% =9.87%, =4%, T =49.87% =1.15%, =45%, T =55.15% = 13.8%, =55%, T =68.8% f =79-91% Ref. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Present stuy Fig. 3 show, erml, T n primryenergy svg effiienies for wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber uner mss flow rte rngg from.11 kg/s to.41 kg/s n solr rition t 8 W/m 2. The olletor were proue T effiieny of 58 to 68% wi % effiieny n of 45-55% erml effiieny, lso it proue primry-energy svg effiieny from bout 79% to 91% t e mss flow rte from.11 kg/s to.41 kg/s. Fig. 4 shows e vrition of exergies n entropy genertion of e wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber. In Fig.4 lerly shows t erml n T exergy rese s e mss flow rte reses, n exergy show very slow rese. The T exergy is between 12 W n 25 W wi erml exergy of 57 to 138 W, n eletril exergy of 63 to 67W. On e oer, entropy genertion of olletor erese wi rese mss flow rte. The entropy genertion is between 279 n 364 W. Fig. 5 shows e vrition of effiieny n outlet temperture of e wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber. The energy n exergy effiieny of T olletor rese s e mss flow rte reses. The T exergy is between 12 W n 25 W wi erml exergy effiieny of 57 to 138 W, n eletril exergy effiieny of 25 to 42%. On e oer, outlet temperture of olletor erese wi rese mss flow rte. The outlet temperture is between 52 n 65 o C. Effiieny (%) Therml T Mss flow rte (kg/s) Primry-energy svg Fig. 3. Chnges of effiienies for Spirl flow bsorber over vrious mss flow rtes t solr rition of 8 W/m 2 Exergy (W) Mss flow rte (kg/s) Therml exergy Eletril exergy T exergy Entropy genertion Fig. 4. Chnges of exergies n entropy genertion over vrious mss flow rtes t solr rition of 8 W/m 2 Effiieny (%) Mss flow rte (kg/s) T energy effiieny T exergy effiieny temperture Outlet temperture Fig. 5. Chnges of energy n exergy effiienies n outlet temperture over vrious mss flow rtes t solr rition of 8 W/m 2 4. Conlusion The wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber, hve been vestigte. The effiienies hve been obte. The wter bse T olletor wi Spirl flow bsorber proue T energy effiieny of 58 to 68% wi % effiieny n of 45-55% erml effiieny, lso it proue primry-energy svg effiieny from bout 79% to 91% t e mss flow rte from.11 kg/s to.41 kg/s n solr rition of 8W/m 2. On e oer hn, e T exergy effiieny is Entropy genertion Temperture ( o C) ISBN:

5 between 25% n 42% wi erml exergy of 57 to 138 W n eletril exergy of 63 to 69 W. The entropy genertion of olletor erese wi rese mss flow rte. The entropy genertion is between 279 n 364 W. Aknowlegements The uors woul like to nk e Mistry of Siene, Tehnology n Innovtion Mlysi for fung is reserh (Sienefun SF39) n e Solr Energy Reserh Institute (SERI), University Kebngsn Mlysi for provig e lbortory filities n tehnil support. Referenes [1] A. Ibrhim, M.Y. Omn, M.H. Rusln, S. Mt, A. Zhrim, K. Sop, Experimentl stuies on wter bse photovolti erml olletor (T), WSEAS, Selete Topi System Siene n Simultion Engeerg, ISSN:1792-7X,pp [2] A. Ibrhim, M.H. Rusln, S. Mt, M.Y. Omn, A. Zhrim, K. Sop, Preitg e hrteristis of speil esigne photovolti erml olletor bsorber (T). Pro. of e 3 r WSEAS Int. Conf. on Renewble Energy Soures, ISSN:179-95,pp [3] K. Toufek, M. Hi, A. Mlek, Design n moelg of photovolti erml olletor for omesti ir hetg n eletriity proution, Energy n Builgs 59 (213) [4] R. Dghigh, A. Ibrhim, G.L. J, M.H. Rusln, K. Sop, Preitg e performne of morphous n rystlle silion bse photovolti solr erml olletors, Energy Conversion n Mngement 52 (211) [5] A. Ibrhim, M.Y. Omn, M.H. Rusln, S. Mt, K. Sop, Reent vnes flt plte photovolti/erml (/T) solr olletors, Renewble n Sustble Energy Reviews 15 (211) [6] W. He, Y. Zhng, J. Ji, Comprtive experiment stuy on photovolti n erml solr system uner nturl irultion of wter, Applie Therml Engeerg 31 (211) [7] X. Zhng, X. Zho, S. Smi, J. Xu, X. Yu, Review of R&D progress n prtil pplition of e solr photovolti/erml (/T) tehnologies, Renewble n Sustble Energy Reviews 16 (212) [8] E. Rziemsk, Performne nlysis of photovolti-erml tegrte system, Interntionl Journl of Photoenergy (29)1-6. [9] G. Voks, N. Christnonis, F. Skitties, Hybri photovolti-erml system for omesti hetg n oolg- eoretil pproh, Solr Energy 8 (5) (26) [1] A. Tiwri, M.S. Soh, Performne evlution of hybri pv/erml wter/ir hetg system: prmetri stuy, Renewble Energy 31 (15) (26) [11] A. Ur, M. Inlli, Therml n exergy nlysis of solr ir olletors wi pssive ugmenttion tehniques. Interntionl Communitions Het n Mss Trnsfer 26;33: [12] A. Tiwri, S. Dubey, G.S. Sunhu, M.S. Soh, S.I. Anwr, Exergy nlysis of tegrte photovolti erml solr wter heter uner onstnt flow rte n onstnt olletion temperture moes. Applie Energy 29;86: [13] S. Dubey, G.N. Tiwri, Anlysis of /T flt plte wter olletors onnete series. Solr Energy 29;83: [14] X. Zhng, X. Zho, S. Smi, J. Xu, X. Yu, Review of R&D progress n prtil pplition of e solr photovolti/erml (/T) tehnologies. Renewble n Sustble Energy Reviews 212;16: [15] B.J. Hung, T.H. L, W.C. Hung, F.S. Sun, Performne evlution of solr photovolti/erml systems. Solr Energy 21;7(5): [16] T.T. Chow, J. Ji, W. He, Photovolti erml olletor system for omesti pplition. Proeegs of Solr Wor Congress ISEC (ISES 25). [17] T.T. Chow, J. Ji, W. He, Photovoltierml olletor system for omesti pplition. Journl of Solr Energy Engeerg 27;129(2): [18] W. He, T.T. Chow, J. Ji, J.P. Lu, G. Pei, L.S. Chn, Hybri photovolti n erml solrolletor esigne for nturl irultion of wter. Applie Energy 26;83(3): [19] J. Ji, J.P. Lu, T.T. Chow, W. He, G. Pei, A sensitivity stuy of hybri photovolti/erml wter-hetg system wi nturl irultion. Applie Energy 27;84(2): ISBN:

Appendix A: HVAC Equipment Efficiency Tables

Appendix A: HVAC Equipment Efficiency Tables Appenix A: HVAC Equipment Effiieny Tles Figure A.1 Resientil Centrl Air Conitioner FEMP Effiieny Reommention Prout Type Reommene Level Best Aville 11.0 or more EER 14.6 EER Split Systems 13.0 or more SEER