Economic and Environmental Dispatch at Highly Potential Renewable Area with Renewable Storage

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1 Inernonl Journl of Envronmenl Scence nd evelopmen, Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 202 Economc nd Envronmenl spch Hghly oenl Reneble Are h Reneble Sorge F. R. zher, M. F. Ohmn, N. H. Mlk, nd Sfoor O. K. Absrc Economc/Envronmenl spchng (EE) s n mporn mulobjecve opmzon problem o decde he moun of generon o be lloced o ech herml generng un ncludng reneble sources so h he ol cos of generon nd emsson of pollung gses s mnmzed hou volng sysem consrns. Here, he problem s EE of hybrd poer sysem ncludng solr, nd nd sorges of reneble eneres. Hgh poenl reneble re ensures he vlbly of reneble sources n some exen. A conssen opmum EE cn be obned by exrcng mxmum reneble energy durng her vlbly nd usng hem for boh vlble nd unvlble perods h he d of her sorges. Ths pper llusres he opmzon of EE h reneble sorge usng MATLAB smulons. The smulons hve been done usng IEEE-30 es bus (h 6 generors) d. Index Terms EE, energy sorge, mulobjecve, opmzon, reneble energy, solr poer, nd poer. I. INTROUCTION The poer dspch problem s o fnd he opmum operng polcy for commed uns n order o mee he lod demnd hle ssfy ll un nd sysem equly nd nequly consrns. Mnmzng he fuel cos s he objecve of rdonl economc dspch (E) problems. The exsng energy producon s no economclly clen. Abou 63% of orld elecrcy s obned by burnng fossl fuels nd 40% of hch s from col-fred elecrc poer sons. Mos of he col-fred poer sons re bul o decdes before nd em 80-85% of NO x genered by ules. Some older poer plns opere h polluon re up o 70 o 00 mes greer hn he ne plns [], [2]. ue o he ncrese of publc reness on envronmenl proecon, he ules hve been forced o use reneble sources h hybrd poer sysem nd o modfy her operon srees n order o reduce he polluon nd mospherc emsson of poer plns. Economc / envronmenl dspch (EE) s he proposed lernve for he sme. Mnuscrp receved Februry 4, 202; revsed Mrch 9, 202. F. R. zher s h Fculy of Elecrcl Enneerng (FKE), Unvers Technolo Mlys, Skud nd Johor Bhru, Mlys nd lso h Sud Armco Chr n Elecrcl oer, EE eprmen, College of Enneerng, Kng Sud Unversy, Rydh, Sud Arb (eml: fpzher@homl.com) M. F. Ohmn s h Cenre for Arfcl Inellgence & Robocs, Fculy of Elecrcl Enneerng (FKE), Unvers Teknolo Mlys, Jln Semrk 5400, Kul Lumpur, Mlys. (e-ml: fuz@fke.um.my) N. H. Mlk s h Sud Armco Chr n Elecrcl oer, EE eprmen, College of Enneerng, Kng Sud Unversy, Rydh 42, Sud Arb (e-ml: nmlk@ksu.edu.s ) Sfoor O. K. s h Elecroncs & Communcon Enneerng eprmen, College of Enneerng Thlssery, Kerl, Ind (e-ml: sfoor_ok@yhoo.co.n ) EE dsrbues cve nd reneble producon mong he poer sons o mee he mnmzon of boh fuel cos nd pollun emssons smulneously [3], [4]. In EE, he moun of dspchng reneble poer s clculed, bsed on he d conveyed by he Envronmenl Informon Sysems nd Lod spch Ceners, usng ny commerclly vlble sofre pckge [2]. I s beer o re EE s mulobjecve problem nsed of reng s sngle objecve problem [5]. Severl lerures descrbed EE s mulobjecve problem h solr or nd or boh of hem [3], [6]. Reneble energy resources depend on he clme d such s he nd speed, solr rdon, nd emperure. The uncerny nd he vron of he reneble resources cree ssues n EE problems. fferen mehodoloes ere llusred n severl rcles o overcome hese ssues [3], [4]. One of he mehods s o re reneble poer s negve lod nd formule demnd equon n hs bss [3], [7], [8]. The uncerny n he vlbly of solr rrdon s less n he hgh poenl solr res. Sud Arb s one of he exmples for such res. The counry s pr of vs, rnless reon h receves bou 6-7 kwh/m 2 /dy [9]. ependng on geogrphcl locon, he globl solr rdon n he Kngdom vres beeen mnmum of 4493W/m 2 /dy o mxmum of 704W/m 2 /dy h he mnmum nd mxmum duron of sunshne vryng beeen 7.4 nd 9.4 hours. Oher Mddle Es counres, some pr of Ind, Ausrl ec re lso exmples of hgh poenl solr res. The predcon of nd poer prculr locon n cern perod of dy s no possble due o he uncerny n he vlbly of nd speed. Wnd does no blo pon or sedly moves from one drecon; connues blong from one pon o noher pon. Insllng number of ner conneced nd urbnes n he pssge of nd ll ensure he vlbly of nd poer some exend. The reneble generon echnoloes nd energy sorge sysems re suffcenly developed nd re dely used for economcl nd envronmenl frendly dspch. In such dspch he reneble energy sysem nd energy sorge sysem re effecvely nerconneced h he exsng poer plns. Some of energy sorge sysems re descrbed n [0]-[3]. roducon nd sorge of reneble energy off-pek mes, nd n mes hen here ould be surplus of s vlbly, lso reuse hs sored energy durng s unvlble perods ll mke he EE opmzon more effecve. The fuel cos ncreses h he ncrese of he oupus of he ven herml generng uns nd he moun of emsson s lso very hgh for hgher vlues of oupu [4]. Thus, dsrbung he reneble eneres hroughou he operng perods nsed of usng hem only durng her vlble perod ll help o reduce boh cos nd emsson o 77

2 Inernonl Journl of Envronmenl Scence nd evelopmen, Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 202 some exen. Ths dsrbuon cn be cheved usng suble sorge devces. I lso helps o dy-ngh eher bsed pproch for economc dspch []. In hs pper, he EE s formuled s mulobjecve problem h reneble sources nd her sorges. scusson on reneble poer s ven n Secon II. The defnons nd formulon of problems re descrbed n secon III nd he resuls re dscussed n secon IV. II. RENEWABLE ENERGY In hs pper, only solr nd nd poer s consdered. Wnd poer s produced by nd urbnes nd solr poer cn be produced eher by solr pnels, solr herml plns, or boh. The mxmum solr poer produced by solr pnels nd he pproxme solr poer developed by solr herml plns re proporonl o solr rrdon (S W/m 2 ) nd re ven by equons () nd (2) respecvely s m s 000W/m 2 [ τ( T 25) ] = W () cell p = s ηac S W (2) In () nd (2), m s he pnel poer rng, s he drf n pnel emperure per o C, η s he collecor effcency nd A c s he collecor re n m 2. The mechncl poer recovered by nd urbne cn be ren s; 3 = c ρasv W (3) 2 here, c s he erodynmc coeffcen of nd urbne hch depends on he urbne speed nd nd speed, ρ s he r densy, A s s he surfce sep n m 2 nd V s he nd speed n m/s. In order o lm he vrnce n he useful poer produced due o vryng nd speed, he producon of nd poer s desgned n such y h s consn for cern rnge of nd speeds. Also, nd urbnes re desgned o develop nomnl oer n h nomnl nd speed V n. Wnd speed hgher hn V n cuses mechncl overlods n he urbne. To vod mechncl overlodng nd o lm he vrnce n he developed poer, he chrcersc of nd poer h nd speed s summrzed n Tble I. TABLE I: WIN OWER VARIATION WITH WIN SEE Wnd Speed (V m/s) Wnd oer ( W) V V mn 0 V mn V V n V V V 2 V 2 V V 3 V 3 V V n V n V V mx V V mx 0 Useful oer Where V, V 2 nd V 3 (V mn V V 2 V 3 V n V mx ), re he dfferen level of nd speed vlble per dy nd, n nd 3 re he correspondng vlues of useful poer developed. III. ROBLEM FORMULATION The mn objecve of EE s o mnmze boh fuel cos nd he emssons of pollung gses by exrcng mxmum poer from he reneble sources. The objecve funcons re fuel cos nd emsson funcons. The fuel cos funcon F f ( ) n $/h s represened by qudrc equon such s; F f 2 ( ) + b + c = In (4), he coeffcens, b nd c re he ppropre cos coeffcens for ndvdul generng uns, s he rel poer oupu of he h generor nd s he number of he generors. Mn emssons n herml poer plns re SO 2 nd NO x. The emsson of SO 2 depends on fuel consumpon nd hs he sme form s he fuel cos funcon. The emsson of NO x s reled o mny fcors such s he emperure of he boler nd conen of he r. The emsson F e ( ) n on/h of SO 2 nd NO x polluns s funcon of generor oupu nd cn be expressed s; 2 δ ( ) α + β + γ λ e F e = + here, he coeffcens α, β, γ, λ nd δ re emsson coeffcens of he h generng un. Wnd s vlble hroughou he dy dfferen locons h vryng speed nd sun lgh s vlble only for prculr duron of he dy. The m s o exrc mxmum moun of poer from solr recor durng s vlble perod (T ). Some pr of reneble poer genered durng hs perod s sored usng some vlble sorge devces. Ths sored poer s delvered durng unvlble perod (T u ) of sun lgh. The poer exrced from he reneble source vres nd cn be consdered s vrble lod. Therefore hs poer ( s + ) s deduced from he ol demnd ( ) nd lso he sored poer ( s ) s dded o (durng T ) or subrced from (durng T u ), o obn he cul demnd ( ), hch s dsrbued mong he vlble generng uns. The ne cul demnd s expressed s; ( s + ) s g (4) (5) = ± (6) here, s nd re solr nd nd poer genered respecvely. The posve sgn s pplcble durng he sorge heres he negve sgn s used durng he delvery perods. There re some consrns h cn be formuled s follos: The ol poer generon, reneble poer h hve o be consdered nd lso sored poer mus cover he cul 78

3 Inernonl Journl of Envronmenl Scence nd evelopmen, Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 202 demnd nd he poer loss ( L ) n rnsmsson lnes so s o ensure poer blnce,.e. + L = 0 The genered rel poer of h un s resrced by he loer lm nd he upper lm, mn mn mx mx (7),, 2,.., Ng (8) Acve poer loss of he rnsmsson lne s posve,.e., > 0 (9) L The dspched moun of reneble poer s lmed o some pr (x) of he ol cul demnd,.e. ( ) x s + (0) d The sored poer s he dfference of he ol exrced nd dspched moun of reneble poer durng T. urng T u, mus no exceed some pr (y) of he ol sored reneble poer of T perod. Moreover, he sum of ol poer delvered from he sorge devces durng T u mus no exceed he ol poer sored durng T, s ( s + ) g ( s ) d + ; durng T () And, ( + ) ( ) s y s s + g ; durng Tu (2) d here, T T y n such y h; T u s (3) Tu T s No he opmzon problem cn be summrzed s; Mnmze ( F ( ), F ( ) Subjeced o; f e + L = 0 mn L > 0 mx ( s + ) x d s ( s + ) g ( s + ) d y ( + ) ( ) s s s + g T s Tu T The smulons of he bove mulobjecve EE problem h ven consrns ere performed usng MATLAB nd he resuls re dscussed n he nex secon. IV. RESULTS AN ISCUSSIONS The MATLAB smulons ere crred ou usng he d of he sndrd IEEE 30 bus es sysem [3], [5]. Here, o cse sudes ere consdered: Cse A, durng T nd Cse B, durng T u. Three sub cses such s; () hou reneble & sorge, () h reneble only nd () h boh reneble nd sorge ere nvesged. Le, E R, nd E R&S be he vlues of emsson per hour nd C N, C R, nd C R&S he fuel cos per hour correspondng o hese hree sub cses. The vlues of he fuel nd emsson coeffcens re ven n Tble II. s d TABLE II: GENERATOR COST AN EMISSION COEFFICIENTS Cos Emsson b c α β γ λ δ g x g x g x0-6 8 g x0-3 2 g x0-6 8 g x The loer nd upper lms of genered cve poer of ech generor re ven s; 0.05 pu. 5 pu ;, 2,.., 6 (4). urng T perod, hgh nensy of solr rdon nd nd h less or hgh speed s vlble nd one mus exrc mxmum poer from he reneble source durng hs perod. Abou 30% of ol demnd s dspched from hs exrced poer nd he remnng pr s sored. Therefore boh emsson nd cos re ndependen of sored energy durng hs perod. Fg. shos h, E R decreses h ncrese n demnd hle decreses up o cern moun of demnd nd hen demnd ncreses lso ncreses rpdly. Also C R for ven demnd s lys less hn C N. 79

4 Inernonl Journl of Envronmenl Scence nd evelopmen, Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 202 Emsson (on/h) oer emnd (pu) Cos ($/h) 0 Fg.. Vron of Emsson & Cos h oer emnd durng T.. E R, 2., 3. C R & 4. C N vres from 0.5 pu o 3.5 pu vres from 0.5 pu o 3.5 pu E R (on/h) 0.23 (on/h) nd E R (on/h) 0.23 E R&S (on/h) E R&S E R Cos ($/h) Fg. 2. Vron of Emsson h cos durng T Cos ($/h) Fg. 4. Vron of Emsson h cos durng T u E R ercenge reducons n fuel cos per hour h reneble poer %ΔC R ( C C ) x00 nd h of emsson %ΔE R R N ( E E ) x00 R N h reneble poer durng T re ven n Tble III. The %ΔC s ncresed h ncrese n demnd hle, for lo demnd, he moun of emsson h reneble poer s slghly hgher hn he moun of emsson hou reneble poer. Hoever, for hgher demnd, he %ΔE R s ncresed. Fg. 3. Vrons of Emsson & Cos h oer emnd durng Tu.. E R&S, 2. E R, 3., 4. C R&S, 5. C R & 6. C N The vron of emsson h respec o cos s shon n Fg. 2. Comprng Fg. & Fg. 2, s cler h, 2.7 pu demnd cn be me h cos of 400 $/h h reneble sources hle only.9 pu cn mee hou he reneble sources. Hoever, he moun of emsson s bou on/h n boh cses. urng T u, boh nd poer nd sored poer re vlble. ue o he uncerny of he nd speed, he dspch moun of reneble poer s less (bou 20% ol demnd) s compred n cse A. Consderng pu of sored poer durng hs perod, he dspch moun of sored poer s correled o boh demnd nd T u duron. The resuls re summrzed n Fgs. 3 nd 4. I s cler h, he fuel cos per hour s s C R&S C R C N for ven moun of demnd nd emsson per hour s E R&S E R for hgher vlues of demnd. TABLE III: REUCTION IN COST AN EMISSION URING T A (pu) (%ΔC R ) (%ΔE R ) Smlrly, he percenge reducons n fuel cos h reneble poer %ΔC R nd h boh reneble & sorge poer %ΔC R&S nd h of emsson h reneble poer %ΔE R nd h boh reneble & sorge %ΔE R&S durng T u re ven n Tble 4. urng T u, demnd 3.5 pu, bou 7.5% of cos nd 2.5% of emsson re reduced h reneble poer only hle he cos nd emsson reducons re bou 40% nd 8% respecvely usng boh reneble nd sorge poer. The 80

5 Inernonl Journl of Envronmenl Scence nd evelopmen, Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 202 percenge reducon n cos decreses h decrese n demnd n boh cses. Hoever, he emsson s slghly hgher n hese cses hn he dspch of poer hou sorge nd reneble for lo demnds, bu he percenge reducon n emsson s lys more for hgher demnd. TABLE IV: REUCTION IN COST AN EMISSION URING T U (pu) (%ΔC R&S ) (%ΔC R ) (%ΔE R&S ) (%ΔE R ) Fg. 5 shos he percenge chnge n Cos (% C) nd Emsson (% E) for ven dly lod curve. I s cler h more hn 40% of fuel cos s sved durng T u h boh sorge & reneble sources, hle he svng s less hn 20% hen only reneble sources re consdered. And lmos 35% of fuel cos cn be sved durng T h reneble sources. Also, he percenge chnge n emsson s hgh for hgher demnd nd cn be negve for loer demnds. %ΔC T u T Lod Curve T Tme (h) T u 5 %ΔE 0 Fg. 5. ercenge chnge n Emsson nd Cos h Lod Curve. Lod (pu), 2. % ΔC R&S, 3. % ΔC R, 4. % ΔE R&S nd 5. % ΔE R V. CONCLUSION In hs pper EE problem s formuled for hybrd sysem hch ncludes herml generng uns, solr, nd nd reneble sorge. Anlyss s crred ou usng MATLAB smulon for hgh rrdon solr reon. Resuls sho h, he reneble sorge helps o exend dvnge of clen energy sources no unvlble solr rdon perods. The opmzed resuls re compred for boh vlble nd unvlble perods of sun lgh. From he nlyss s concluded h f less moun of exrced reneble poer s requred o opml dspch lo vlues of poer demnd, hereby lrge vlues of energy cn be sored lo demnd durng he solr poer vlble perods. Hgh cos of sorge devce nd uncerny of reneble sources ll reduce he relbly of hs pproch. Furher reserch should be crred ou n order o solve he problems reled o he nerconnecon of number of reneble resources nd o develop sorge devces h loer cos. REFERENCES [] C. lnchm nd N S Bbu, y-ngh Wheher Bsed Economc oer spch, IEEE Trcnscons on oer Sysems, vol. 7, no.2, pp , My 2002, [2] S. Rhmn nd A. de Csro, Envronmenl mpcs of elecrcy generon: A globl perspecve, IEEE Trns. Energy Conv., vol. 0, pp , June 995 [3] S. Brn, H. H. Abdllh, nd A. Oul Economc spch for oer Sysem nclude Wnd nd Solr Therml Energy, Leonrdo Journl of Scences, ssue 4, pp , Jn.-Jun [4] Y. M. Chen nd W. S. Wng, A rcle Srm Approch o Solve Envronmenl/economc spch roblem, Inernonl Journl of Indusrl Enneerng Compuons, ssue, pp , 200. [5] M. A. Abdo. (2003). "A Novl Mulobjecve Evoluonry Algorhm for Envronmenl/economc oer spch, Elecrcl oer Sysem Reserch, Elsever, Scence drec. [Onlne]. Issue 65. pp 7-8. Avlble:.scencedrec.com [6] A. T. Al-Am, E. Soromme, nd M. A. El-Shrk, Opmzng Economc/envronmenl spch h Wnd nd Therml Uns, IEEE oer & Energy Socey Generl Meeng, pp. -6, [7] L. Xe nd M.. Ilc, Model redcve Economc/envronmenl spch of oer Sysems h Inermen Resource, IEEE ES 09, pp. -6, [8]. Anderson nd M. Lech, Hrvesng nd Redsrbung Reneble Energy: On he Role of Gs nd Elecrcy Grds o Overcome Inermency hrough he Generon nd Sorge of 8

Inernonl Journl of Envronmenl Scence nd evelopmen, Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 202 Hydrogen, Elsever, Energy olcy Vol. 32, Issue 4, pp. 603-64, 2004. [9] F. R. zher, N. H. Mlk, A. A. Al-Arny, O. K. Sfoor, E.

Rho, eermnon of he nsllon se nd opml cpcy of he bery energy sorge sysem for lod levellng, IEEE Trns. Energy Conv., vol., pp. 62 67, Mr. 996. [] N. S. Ru nd W.

Burns, Uly energy sorge pplcon sudes, IEEE Trns. Energy Conv., vol., pp. 658 664, Sep. 996. [3] S.. Fek, Superconducng mgnec energy sorge (SMES) uly pplcon sudes, IEEE Trns. oer Sys., vol. 2, pp.

degree n Elecrcl & Elecroncs Enneerng from he Clcu Unversy, Ind n 200 nd M. Tech. degree n Elecrcl Enneerng from Kerl Unversy, Ind n 2004.

6 Inernonl Journl of Envronmenl Scence nd evelopmen, Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 202 Hydrogen, Elsever, Energy olcy Vol. 32, Issue 4, pp , [9] F. R. zher, N. H. Mlk, A. A. Al-Arny, O. K. Sfoor, E. A. Al- Ammr, nd A. Imhs, Smr Grd Cn Mke Sud Arb Meg Exporer, n roc. 20 As-cfc oer nd Energy Enneerng Conference, Wuhn, Chn, 20, pp. -4. [0] K.-H. Jung, H. Km, nd. Rho, eermnon of he nsllon se nd opml cpcy of he bery energy sorge sysem for lod levellng, IEEE Trns. Energy Conv., vol., pp , Mr [] N. S. Ru nd W.. Shor, Opporunes for he negron of nermen reneble resources no neorks usng exsng sorge, IEEE Trns. Energy Conv., vol., pp. 8 87, Mr [2] S. M. Schoenung nd C. Burns, Uly energy sorge pplcon sudes, IEEE Trns. Energy Conv., vol., pp , Sep [3] S.. Fek, Superconducng mgnec energy sorge (SMES) uly pplcon sudes, IEEE Trns. oer Sys., vol. 2, pp ,Aug [4] I. Kockr, A. J. Conejo, nd J. R. Mconld, Influence of he Emsson Trdng Scheme on Mrke Clenng, n roc 6 h SCC, Scolnd, 2008, pp. -7. F. R. zher receved hs B.Tech. degree n Elecrcl & Elecroncs Enneerng from he Clcu Unversy, Ind n 200 nd M. Tech. degree n Elecrcl Enneerng from Kerl Unversy, Ind n He s pursung h n oer Sysem Schedulng from Unvers Teknolo Mlys. He hs uhored over 20 reserch ppers. He s h MES College of Enneerng, Ind from 2005 o 2006 nd h College of Enneerng, Thlssery, Ind from 2006 o Currenly he s Lecurer n Sud Armco Chr n Elecrcl oer Kng Sud Unversy, KSA. (e-ml: fpzher@homl.com ) M. F. Ohmn receved hs M. Eng (Elec.) n oer Sysem Conrol from Unvers Teknolo Mlys (UTM) n 996 nd h n Conrol Sysem from The Unversy of Sheffeld, UK n He hs uhored over 30 reserch ppers. resenly he s he Senor Lecurer nd prncple resercher of Arfcl Inellgence Reserch Group Cenre for Arfcl Inellgence & Robocs, Fculy of Elecrcl Enneerng, Unvers Teknolo Mlys (UTM). N. H. Mlk grdued h B.Sc.n E.E from UET, Lhore n 973, MASc n Elecrcl Enneern from Unversy of Wndsor, Cnd n 977 nd receved h.. from he Unversy of Wndsor, Cnd n 979. He hs uhored over 50 reserch ppers nd four books. resenly he s Chr rofessor of Sud Armco Chr n Elecrcl oer, Elecrcl Enneerng eprmen, Kng Sud Unversy, KSA. Sfoor O. K. receved her B.Tech. degree n Elecroncs & Communcon Enneerng from he Cochn Unversy of Scence nd Technology, Ind n She hs uhored 4 reserch ppers. Currenly she s Asssn rofessor n Elecroncs nd Communcon Enneerng eprmen College of Enneerng Thlssery, Kerl, Ind. 82

Optimization of Pollution Emission in Power Dispatch including Renewable Energy and Energy Storage

Optimization of Pollution Emission in Power Dispatch including Renewable Energy and Energy Storage eserch Journl of Appled cences, Engneerng nd Technology (3): 59-556, I: -767 Mxwell cenfc Orgnzon, ubmed: Aprl, Acceped: My, Publshed: ecember, Opmzon of Polluon Emsson n Power spch ncludng enewble Energy