An Integrated Control Model for Managing Network Congestion

Transcription

1 An Inegred Conrol Model or Mngng Nework Congeson Heng Hu* Deprmen o Cvl Engneerng Unversy o Mnneso 00 Pllsbury Drve S.E. Mnnepols MN Eml: huxxx@umn.edu (*Correspondng Auhor) Henry X. Lu Deprmen o Cvl Engneerng Unversy o Mnneso 00 Pllsbury Drve S.E. Mnnepols MN Phone: 1 Fx: 1 0 Eml: henrylu@umn.edu Tol words: + gures + 1 ble = Submed o he 0 Trnsporon Reserch Bord Annul Meeng For boh Publcon nd Presenon November h 01 1 TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

2 An Inegred Conrol Model or Mngng Nework Congeson Heng Hu nd Henry X. Lu Deprmen o Cvl Engneerng Unversy o Mnneso 1 Absrc An negred conrol model s proposed n hs pper o mnge rc congeson long reewy nd prllel sgnlzed rerl. Ths model ocuses on dverson conrol whch seeks o ulze vlble cpcy long prllel roues. I specclly consders he poenl mpc o dverng rc o he perormnce o dverng roue. For sgnlzed rerl he cused congeson cn be reduced or elmned by mxmum low bsed sgnl conrol model. The negred conrol model does no need he me-dependen rc demnd normon s mos o prevous pproches do nd s suble or onlne pplcons becuse o s exremely low compuon burden. The model s esed usng mcroscopc rc smulon n he I- nd TH corrdor n Mnnepols MN. The resuls ndce he model cn eecvely nd ecenly reduce nework congeson nd mprove sysem perormnce. 1 Key words: Inegred Corrdor Mngemen Dverson Conrol Nework Congeson Inroducon Becuse o he ncresng rc demnd nd lmed cly resources rc congeson hs become more nd more severe problem or meropoln res no only n he Uned Ses bu lso round he world. How o ecenly nd eecvely mnge rc durng pek hours or non-recurren congeson perod ppers o be chllengng sk or reserchers nd prconers. The Inegred Corrdor Mngemen (ICM) pproch hs drwn more nd more enon n recen yers becuse s beleved o be promsng ool o mnge urbn rc congeson. Accordng o FHWA he ICM progrm seeks o opmze he use o exsng nrsrucure sses nd leverge unused cpcy long urbn corrdors o help mnge congeson. In c reserchers hve devoed her eor o he ICM domn or decdes. In 1 Vn Aerde nd Ygr (1 nd 1b) rs clerly sed he mpornce o negred conrol nd dscussed he requred chrcerscs o opere n negred conrol sysem. Followng h reserchers hve esblshed vrous negred rc conrol sreges. The rs cegory o sreges ocuses on he provson o roue gudnce he burcon pon hrough cern med such s Vrble Messge Sgn (VMS). I ws rs suded by Ppgeorgou () who emped o concepully negre rmp meerng rel me normon roue gudnce nd TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

3 sgnl conrol or reewy corrdor mngemen. Ths pproch ws exensvely suded nd exended by Hws & Mhmssn (1) Messmer & Ppgeorgou (1) Ben-Akv e. l (1) Pvls & Ppgeorgou (1) Mncrd (001) Wng & Ppgeorgou (00) nd ec. The decson vrbles o hese models re splng res ech burcon node. However snce s very dcul o esme drvers complnce res nd hey vry wh me nd locon even he splng res cn be opmlly clculed he cul perormnce would be undermned. Furher mos o hese models requre pre-known me-dependen rc demnd s npus whch lrgely lms he prccl pplcon o hs ype o models. Anoher lrge cegory o negred rc conrol sreges ocuses on he nercons beween deren modes e.g. reewy nd sgnlzed rerl. In 1 Ppgeorgou (1) rs sysemclly developed n negred conrol pproch or rc corrdors ncludng boh reewys nd sgnlzed rerls bsed on he sore-nd-orwrd modelng phlosophy. Ler Wu nd Chng (1) proposed conrol model whch negres rmp meerng nersecon sgnl mng nd o-rmp dverson under non-recurren congeson. Lu e l. (0) nroduced mul-objecve opmzon model o mxmze he ulzon o he vlble corrdor cpcy. However hese models re very complced nd dcul o solve nd even hey cn be successully solved he bly o hese models o del wh rerl rc congeson sll ppers lmed. In prcce he pplcon o he ICM concep s sll he very erly sge. Alhough he U.S. Deprmen o Trnsporon s (USDOT) Inellgen Trnsporon Sysems (ITS) progrm lunched he ICM Sysems nve n 00 nd egh ces were seleced o be he poneer ses mos o he work remns he polcy reserch level such s cos-bene nlyss ncenve nlyss nd greemen nlyss. In s wo eld mplemenon projecs sponsored by FHWA were conduced o evlue he eecveness o negred operonl sreges or surce sree nd reewy sysems. The rs projec ws loced n he Twn Ces Mnneso (Sussmn 000) nd he second ws conduced n he Cy o Irvne Clorn (McCrley e l. 00). The eecveness o he ICM sreges hs been shown n hese eld esng projecs. In hs pper new dverson conrol model s developed o reduce nework congeson by ulzng vlble cpcy o prllel roues. Comprng wh prevous conrol models he proposed model hs he ollowng mers: (1) The mpc o he dverson rc o dverng roue s specclly consdered especlly or sgnlzed rerl so he poenl congeson cused by dverson rc s reduced or elmned by proper djusmen o sgnl mngs. () The proposed model does no hve he requremen on me-dependen rc demnd normon s model npu. I s redy o be mplemened ypcl prllel rc corrdors where he sndrd deecon sysem s vlble. () The proposed model hs very low compuon burden nd s suble or on-lne pplcons. In he ollowng Secon denes he problem whch wll be solved n he pper ollowed by he deled ormulon o he proposed model n Secon. The cse sudy se nd smulon resuls re presened n Secon nd nlly he conclusons nd remrks o hs pper re gven n Secon. TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

4 1. Problem semen Ths pper ms o solve he dverson conrol problem beween wo lernve roues n order o ke dvnge o ll vlble cpces. A more ypcl nd chllengng suon s h he wo roues belongs o deren conrol ypes e.g. one roue s reewy nd he oher s sgnlzed rerl (see Fgure 1). The wo orgns O 1 nd O mgh be he sme or deren nd so do he wo desnons D 1 nd D. In prcce mos dly commuers would choose one o he roues bsed on her drvng experence nd preerence wh lle vron. However he perormnce on one o he roues s sgncnly worse hn he oher whch mgh be cused by eher recurren (e.g. dly congeson durng pek hours) or non-recurren (e.g. cr crsh) even dverng poron o rvelers o he lernve roue wh beer perormnce would cernly bene he whole sysem. Consderng he dverson conrol beween reewy nd sgnlzed rerl here re cully wo embeddng sub-problems. One s he conrol sregy o dver he reewy rc o he rerl sysem when reewy hs worse perormnce nd he oher s he oppose. How o norm rvelers wh rel-me rc normon nd how o predc he poenl mpcs o dverng rc o he dverng roue re he wo mos mporn quesons whch need o be nswered n hs pper. Sgnlzed rerl O 1 D 1 Freewy O D Model ormulon Fgure 1 Problem semen.1 Perormnce esmon In order o mke correc conrol decsons he perormnce o boh roues needs o be monored n rel-me. A he end o ech conrol perod conrol decsons or he nex conrol perod +1 wll be mde bsed on he rc condons n he mmede ps conrol perod. The conrol nervl usully ncludes ~ sgnl cycles. In hs sub-secon he perormnce esmon mehod or boh reewy nd sgnlzed rerl wll be nroduced..1.1 Freewy perormnce esmon TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

5 1 Densy nd rvel me re he wo mos mporn mesures o relec reewy perormnce. To esme he rel-me densy nd rvel me on reewy cern deecon sysem (e.g. loop deecors cmers blue ooh echnology nd ec) s ssumed o be vlble. Loop deecor s one o he mos commonly used echnques n he curren rc nrsrucure. Deecor sons re usully plced every 0. o 1 mle long reewys. The loop deecor d such s volume densy nd speed s rnserred bck o he conrol cener n ggreged levels (e.g. every 0 seconds or 1 mnue). In he proposed conrol model reewy corrdor s dvded no segmens such h ech segmen conns les one deecor son. The perormnce o ech segmen s esmed bsed on he colleced d rom correspondng deecor son. Assume he reewy s dvded no M segmens 1... M. The densy o ech segmen s denoed by k () (Vehcles/Mle) nd he verge speed o ech segmen s v () (Mles/Hour) conrol perod. Thus he rvel m me long he reewy corrdor denoed by T () cn be clculed by (1) where lm s he m lengh or segmen m. Bsed on hsorcl rc d s no dcul o nd ou he crcl densy vlue c k m (.e. he densy when low reches mxmum) or ech segmen. A he conrol perod s desred h he densy o ech reewy segmen wll lwys sy below he correspondng crcl vlue c k m oherwse severe congeson mgh be nroduced o he reewy sysem. Freewy resdul cpcy () s dened s (). I ( ) 0 exr rc demnd cn be hndled by he reewy corrdor; I ( ) 0 he reewy corrdor s sured or over-sured. m1... M T ( ) l / v ( ) (1) m m c ( ) mn km km( ) m1... M () Arerl perormnce esmon In order o esme he rerl perormnce n rel-me he rerl rc d collecon sysem s lso expeced o be vlble or nsnce he SMART-SIGNAL sysem (Lu e l. 00) whch uomclly rchves he even-bsed hgh-resoluon rc d (.e. sgnl chnges nd vehcle cuons). Bsed on he colleced d se rel-me queue lengh cn be esmed rom cycle o cycle wh very hgh ccurcy (Lu e l. 00). Furher he rerl rvel me T () conrol perod cn be esmed by he vrul probe pproch proposed n Lu nd M (00). The lgorhm mmcs he behvors (e.g. cceleron deceleron no speed chnge nd ec.) o vrul vehcle rvelng rom orgn o desnon bsed on rel-me rc normon (.e. sgnl nd queue) nd he ccurcy hs been vered n severl eld projecs. TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

6 Beore mkng ny djusmen he resdul cpcy o ech nersecon needs o be clculed. Assume h here re N nersecons long he sgnlzed rerl he resdul cpcy o nersecon n (denoed by () ) or he phse o dverng rc drecon (.e. phse ) n durng he conrol perod cn be clculed by (). g () s he green me or phse o nersecon n durng conrol perod sn s he correspondng suron low re z number o lnes nd () s he verge cycle dschrgng volume or phse o nersecon n n durng conrol perod. The resdul cpcy mesures how much more rc cn be dschrged durng one cycle specc nersecon bsed on he curren rc condon. n n n n n ( ) g ( ) s z ( ) n 1... N () The resdul cpcy long he sgnlzed rerl s he mnmum resdul cpcy mong ll nersecons ( ) mn ( ) n n 1... N When rc long sgnlzed rerl becomes congesed oversured rc condons my hppen whch wll cuse dermenl eecs o sgnl operon. An Oversuron Severy Index (OSI) ws proposed by Wu e l. (0) o quny he severy level o oversuron by mesurng s dermenl eecs. Dermenl eec s chrcerzed by eher resdul queue he end o cycle or spllover rom downsrem rc boh o whch cree unusble green me. In he cse o resdul queue he unusble green me s he equvlen green me o dschrge he resdul queue n he ollowng cycle bu or spllover he unusble green me s he me perod durng whch n downsrem lnk s blocked hereore he dschrge re s zero. OSI s urher derened no TOSI (Temporl Oversuron Severy Index cused by he resdul queue h crees he dermenl eec n emporl dmenson) nd SOSI (Spl Oversuron Severy Index cused by he spllover h crees he dermenl eec n spl dmenson). In he ollowng we use S () o represen he unusble green me cused by n spllover nersecon n phse durng me perod o nd use T () o represen he unusble green me cused by resdul queue.. Dverson Conrol Dverson conrol decsons re mde bsed on he rel-me esmed perormnce on boh roues. n () n n s TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

7 1..1 From rerl o reewy When he perormnce on sgnlzed rerl s worse hn h on reewy cern conrol perod we my wn o dver some rc rom rerl o reewy o rech beer sysem perormnce. To be more specc he rvel me on he rerl ( T () ) s longer hn he rvel me on he reewy ( T () ) plus he dverson cos (e.g. T () rvel me on dverng lnks) see () he dverson conrol rom rerl o reewy s preerred. T ( ) T ( ) T ( ) () To wrrn he dverson we need o urher check he reewy resdul cpcy (). I ( ) 0 he dverson conrol rom rerl o reewy s wrrned; oherwse he dverson conrol s declned. I he dverson conrol s wrrned vrble messge sgn (VMS) cn be shown on he rerl sde beore he dverng pon dvsng drvers o use he reewy sysem see Fgure. Durng he whole conrol perod he densy o ech segmen on reewy should lwys be kep lower hn he crcl densy k c m oherwse severe congeson mgh be nroduced o he reewy sysem. To mke sure hs he dverng rc volume rom rerl o reewy n he nex conrol perod +1 denoed by ( 1) should be smller hn he llowble rc volume ncrese on reewy s presened n () where v s he ree low speed on reewy nd s he conrol nervl. The resrcon on ( 1) cn be cheved by he sgnl conrol he dverng nersecon. ( 1) ( ) v () VMS Sgnlzed rerl O 1 D 1 Freewy O D :Generl rc :Dverng rc Fgure Dverson conrol rom rerl o reewy TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

8 .. From reewy o rerl On he oher hnd when he perormnce on reewy s worse hn h on rerl cern conrol perod we my wn o dver some rc rom reewy o rerl see Fgure. Ths condon cn be expressed by () where T () s he dverson cos rom reewy o rerl e. rvel me on dverng lnks. In hs cse vrble messge sgn (VMS) cn be shown on he reewy sde beore he dverng pon ndcng he rvel mes on boh roues. T ( ) T ( ) T ( ) () In hs cse snce here s usully no sgnl conrol on he reewy mnlne he exc number o dverng rc s dcul o conrol lhough he VMS cn gve drvers dvce. To overcome hs problem Log decson model s used o predc he dverson re ( 1) he nex conrol perod +1.e. he percenge o vehcles h wll be dvered rom reewy o rerl becuse o he provson o rc normon on VMS. In he model he dverson re ( 1) s clculed bsed on rvel me derence beween rerl nd reewy s shown n () where u s he rvel me derence n mnues s he coecen h vlues rvel me wh respec o rvel uly nd s he prmeer h represens every oher cor no reled o me such s drvers ner o mnd (.e. unwllngness o dver). Boh nd cn be esmed bsed on hsorcl d nd experence. 1 ( 1)= 1 u () e u( ) T ( ) T ( ) T ( ) The dvered rc volume rom reewy o rerl n he nex conrol perod +1 denoed by ( 1) cn be predced by () bsed on he ssumpon h he ncomng rc durng conrol perod 1 he reewy s he sme s h durng conrol perod denoed by q (). Becuse o he dverson rc no he rerl sysem he sgnl mngs long rerl need o be djused ccordngly. ( 1) q ( ) ( 1) () () 0 TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

9 Sgnlzed rerl O 1 D 1 VMS Freewy O D 1 1 :Generl rc :Dverng rc Fgure Dverson conrol rom reewy o rerl I c ( 1) / ( ) he dverng rc cn be hndled by he curren sgnl mngs long he rerl; however c ( 1) / ( ) he dverng rc wll cuse resdul queue some nersecon(s). The resdul queue ( 1) ech nersecon durng he nex conrol perod +1 cn be predced by () where ( 1) n s he predced ncrese o rrvl rc nersecon n durng conrol perod 1 n. The nl condon s 1 ( 1) c ( 1) /. The rs equon bsclly sys he ncrese o rrvl low specc nersecon durng conrol perod 1 (.e. ( 1) n ) s lrger hn he correspondng resdul cpcy (.e. n () ) here wll be resdul queue n ( 1) n ( ) ; oherwse here wll be no resdul queue nersecon n. The second equon updes he ncrese o rrvl low o he downsrem nersecon (.e. ( 1) 1 ) whch s equl o he n mnmum o he resdul cpcy (.e. () ) nd he ncrese o rrvl low (.e. ( 1) n ) he curren nersecon. n n ( 1) mx 0 n ( 1) n ( ) n 1... N n 1 ( 1) mn n ( ) n ( 1) () When resdul queue hppens sgnlzed nersecons mens he curren dschrgng cpcy cnno ccommode he ncrese o rc. I he sgnl mngs re no properly djused more severe oversured condons such s spllovers wll pper. Thereore sysemc pproch s needed o mge or elmne oversured rc condons beween nersecons nd wll TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

10 be nroduced n he nex secon.. A mxmum low bsed sgnl conrol model Bsed on he predced poenl mpc o he rerl (.e. ( 1) ) nd he rel-me esmed rerl oversuron level (.e. S () n nd T () n ) mxmum low bsed sgnl conrol model s developed n hs secon...1 Conrol Vrbles Along he rc drecon wo conrol vrbles r () nd g () nmely red me chnges nd green me chnges or phse o nersecon n re nroduced or ech sgnlzed nersecon. Wheher o chnge red or green s deermned by he cuses o he oversuron. Chngng red mes (.e. r n ) ms o elmne spllover; nd chngng green mes (.e. g n ) ms o cler resdul queues. A posve red me chnge (red exenson) mens h exr red me s dded. Snce he cycle lengh s kep unchnged he green sr would be posponed wh he red exenson (see Fgure ) nd he ol green me s reduced. A negve red me chnge (red reducon) mens poron o red me s cu rom he end o red hereore green sr wll be dvnced (see Fgure b) nd he ol green me s ncresed. Smlrly posve green me chnge (green exenson) ndces h ddonl green me s dded o he orgnl end o he green me (see Fgure c) nd negve green me chnge (green reducon) represens h some green me s cu rom he end o green (see Fgure d). Dependng on he ose reerence pon used or he nersecon (sr o yellow sr o green brrer crossng ec.) ech cse o djusng green or red my requre correspondng chnge o he ose nd green spl vlues. n n n () (b) g () n g () n 1 1 r ( 1) 0 n r ( 1) 0 n (c) (d) g () n g () n 1 1 g ( 1) 0 n g ( 1) 0 n g ( 1) 0 n g ( 1) 0 n Fgure Red Tme Chnges & Green Tme Chnges.. Consrn Anlyss (1) Spllover Elmnon The proposed conrol model ms o elmne spllover beween nersecons. In order o TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

11 elmne he spllover nersecon n one cn eher exend he red me he curren nersecon n (.e. pply gng he upsrem nersecon) or reduce he red me he downsrem nersecon n+1 (.e. dschrge he downsrem queue erler) or combnon o he wo sreges. As descrbed n Fgure exendng he red nersecon n by r ( 1) ( r ( 1) 0 ) wll mke he unusble green me cused by spllover shorer by r ( 1) ; n On he oher hnd reducng he red nersecon n+1 by r 1 ( 1) ( r ( 1) 0 1 ) wll mke he unusble green cused by spllover nersecon n shorer by r 1 ( 1). Thereore n order o elmne spllover nersecon n he derence o red me chnges beween nersecon n nd nersecon n 1 should be equl o he unusble green me cused by spllover nersecon n.e. S () n see Eq. (). n n n n n Dsnce v Vehcle Trjecory Shockwve Trjecory Dsnce v Vehcle Trjecory Shockwve Trjecory #n S () n r ( 1) n 1 #n+1 Tme gn 1 r ( 1) n1 ) Spllover nersecon n b) Aer Red Exenson &Downsrem Red Reducon Fgure An exmple o pplyng sreges & o elmne spllover Tme r ( 1) r ( 1) S ( ) n {1... N 1} () n n1 n () Resdul Queue Elmnon I Eq.() s ssed he spllovers re supposed o be elmned durng conrol perod +1. Then he green me chnge g ( 1) or ech nersecon s used o elmne resdul queue. I he n red me nd green me chnges nersecon n re r ( 1) nd g ( 1) respecvely he ol green me nersecon n or conrol perod 1 would be [ r ( 1) g ( 1) g ( )]. I Inersecon n 1 hs resdul queue n conrol n n n perod nd he correspondng unusble green me s T 1 () n order o elmne resdul queue o Inersecon n 1 conrol perod 1 he derence o ol green me beween Inersecon n+1 nd s upsrem nersecon n should be equl o T 1 (). However becuse n n n n TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

12 o he dverson conrol exr resdul queue ( 1) 1 wll be nroduced nersecon n n 1 he nex conrol perod 1 consderng h Eq. (1) should hold. g ( 1) r ( 1) g ( ) g ( 1) r ( 1) g ( ) n1 n1 n1 n n n n1 n1 n1 n1 T ( ) ( 1) / z s n{1... N 1} Subsue () no (1) g ( 1) g ( 1) n1 n Tn 1 ( ) n1 ( 1) / zn 1 sn1 Sn ( ) gn1 ( ) gn ( ) n{1... N 1} () Avlble Green Consrns (1) () 1 For ech nersecon long he oversured roue he green me ncrese conrol perod 1.e. gn ( 1) rn ( 1) s consrned by he vlble green me gn ( 1) or nersecon n nd phse see (). g ( 1) r ( 1) g ( 1) n {1... N} () n n n I Zn s he se o conlcng phses o phse nersecon n he vlble green me gn ( 1) cn be compued by consderng he mxmum queue sze or ech o hese conlcng phses n he mmede ps conrol nervl see Eq.(). Here c n s he cycle lengh or nersecon n mx qnp () s he mxmum queue sze per lne or phse p nersecon n conrol nervl nd snp s he suron low re per lne or phse p o nersecon n. 1 q ( ) / s clcules how much green me s needed o dschrge he queue o mx n p n p mx qnp (). s 0 1 weghng erm whch represens users perspecve on he mpornce o queues on conlcng phses when clculng he vlble green or oversured phse. When he mxmum queue lengh or phse p.e. mx qnp () h (where h s he jmmed spce hedwy) s shorer hn he correspondng lnk lengh L n p we would lke o only ccoun or poron ( b b (01) ) o hese queues becuse we wn o mxmze he dschrgng cpcy or he oversured roue o reduce congeson; however he mxmum queue lengh or phse p s lredy longer hn he lnk lengh ll he queues need o be consdered ( 1) oherwse hese queues wll block urher upsrem nersecons. One should noe h he smller heb s he more expeced exr cpcy wll be ssgned o he oversured roue he ser he queues on conlcng phses 1 TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

13 wll grow nd he more dely wll be nroduced o conlcng phses. A recommended vlue or b would be round 0.. g ( 1) c q ( ) / s g ( ) () mx n n n p n p n pzn 1 mx b qn p ( ) h L Where mx 1 qn p ( ) h L n p n p.. Sgnl conrol model The objecve o he conrol model s o mxmze he dschrgng cpcy long he oversured roue. A ech conrol perod s equvlen o mxmzng he ol green me he rs nersecon o he roue.e.g ( 1) r ( 1) g ( ). Snce g 1 () s he green me durng conrol perod he sr o conrol perod +1 mxmzng g1 ( 1) r1 ( 1) g1 ( ) s equvlen o mxmzng g1 ( 1) r1 ( 1). Thereore he complee conrol model cn be expressed n (). The rs nd second consrns ensure he elmnon o spllover nd resdul queues beween nersecons nd he hrd consrn consders he vlble green me. All he consrns nd objecve uncon o he model re lner so cn be solved wh very lle compuon burden whch mkes suble or onlne pplcons. mx g ( 1) r ( 1) s r ( 1) r ( 1) S ( ) n {1... N 1} n n1 n g ( 1) g ( 1) n1 n T ( ) ( 1) / z s S n1 n1 n1 n1 n n1 n n n n ( ) g ( ) g ( ) n{1... N 1} g ( 1) r ( 1) g ( 1) n {1... N} g ( 1) c q ( ) / s g ( ) n{1... N} mx n n n p n p n pzn (). Cse sudy nd smulon In order o es he proposed pproch cse sudy se ws seleced n Mnnepols MN. As shown n Fgure here re wo mjor roues.e. Trunk Hghwy ( coordned hgh speed sgnlzed rerl) nd Inerse reewy connecng he wes suburbn lvng res nd he downown Mnnepols. The ol lengh o he corrdor s bou. mles nd boh roues (.e. I- nd TH ) hve speed lm o MPH. The coordnon o he TH vors he esbound rc durng he AM pek hours becuse o he lrge rc rom home o work nd TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

14 Flow (Veh/h) Flow (Veh/h) Flow (Veh/h) 1 vors he wesbound durng he PM pek hours becuse o he reurnng rc. Bsed on he deecor son locons n he eld he I- reewy s dvded no segmens (see Fgure ) such h ech segmen conns one deecor son. Fgure shows he low-densy dgrm rom he hree deecors (one or ech lne) segmen bsed on he eld colleced d beween //00 nd /1/00. One cn esly nd ou h he crcl densy or segmen s bou 0 Vehcles/Mle/Lne. To Suburbn Lvng Ares To Downown Mnnepols 1 Fgure Cse sudy se: he TH /I- corrdor Mnnepols MN Densy (Vehs/Mle/Lne) Densy (Vehs/Mle/Lne) Densy (Vehs/Mle/Lne) Fgure Flow-densy dgrm rom hree deecors segmen A VISSIM model s hen bul nd clbred usng he eld d colleced durng he mornng pek hours (:00 AM :00 AM) beween //00 nd /1/00 see Fgure. Becuse o he spce lm only he dverson conrol rom reewy o rerl s esed n hs pper. The dverng roue s shown n Fgure by he green doed lne whch goes hrough TH norhbound TH esbound nd hen TH 0 souhbound. The smulon conrol progrm ws wren n C# nd conrols he smulon n rel-me hrough he COM nerce o VISSIM. A ech conrol perod he rvel me on reewy (.e. T () ) s esmed bsed on he segmen speed; he rvel me on he rerl (.e. T () ) s esmed hrough he vrul probe pproch; he dverng cos T () s he summon o rvel mes on TH norhbound nd TH 0 souhbound whch cn lso be esmed hrough he sme pproch s reewy. TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

15 :0 : : :0 : :0 : :0 : :0 : :00 :0 : : :0 : :0 : :0 : :0 : :00 Volume (Vehcles/Hour) 1 1 Fgure VISSIM nework o he TH /I- corrdor The smulon lss or wo hours (:00 AM :00 AM) nd Fgure shows he demnd proles o he mjor drecons (.e. I- EB I- WB TH EB nd TH WB) or he whole smulon perod. The cycle lengh o he sgnlzed rerl s 0 seconds nd he conrol nervl s 0 seconds. To smule some unexpeced ncden (.e. cr crsh) hppenng on reewy reduced speed re ( MPH) wh lengh o 00 s creed on he esbound o I- rom :0 AM o :0 AM (see Fgure ). Vehcles pssng h re durng h me wndow hve o reduce her speed nd s resul severe congeson wll hppen on he esbound o I-. In he ollowng wo scenros wll be esed: one s he bse scenro wh orgnl conrol sregy (.e. ndependen conrol) nd he oher s he scenro wh he proposed negred conrol sregy. Ech scenro s run or mes usng deren rndom seeds nd he verge resuls re lsed below I- EB I- WB TH EB TH WB Tme 1 Fgure Demnd proles or he smulon perod Tble 1 summrzes he nework perormnce durng he whole smulon perod. Wh orgnl TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

16 conrol sregy he verge dely s. Seconds/Veh whle wh he proposed negred conrol sregy he verge dely s reduced o 1. Seconds/Veh whch s.% reducon. For verge number o sops o he whole nework he proposed conrol model reduces rom.1 o 1..% reducon. The verge speed s ncresed rom.1 MPH o. MPH. Tble 1. Nework perormnce comprson Bse Scenro Wh dverson Chnge Averge Dely (Seconds per veh.) % Averge # o sops (per veh.) % Averge Speed (MPH).1. +.% In order o es he perormnce o he proposed conrol sregy o hndle deren demnd levels we ncrese nd decrese he mnlne demnd (.e. he demnd shown n Fgure ) by % nd hen run he smulon gn. Tble presens he nework perormnce under demnd vrons. When he mnlne demnd s ncresed by % he whole nework becomes more congesed whch cn be releced by he ncrese o verge dely nd verge number o sops nd he decrese o verge speed. However wh he proposed dverson conrol sregy verge dely nd verge number o sops cn be reduced by.1% nd.% respecvely nd verge speed cn be ncresed by %. On he oher hnd when he mnlne demnd s decresed by % he proposed dverson conrol sregy cn sll sgncnly mprove he nework perormnce.e. reduce verge dely by.% reduce verge number o sops by.% nd ncrese verge speed by.%. Bsed on he resuls dscussed bove one cn see h he proposed negred conrol model cn eecvely reduce nework congeson nd smooh rc movemen by ulzng he vlble cpcy long prllel roue. Tble. Nework perormnce comprson wh demnd vrons Increse demnd by % Decrese demnd by % Bse Scenro Wh dverson Chnge Bse Scenro Wh dverson Chnge Averge Dely (Seconds per veh.) Averge # o sops (per veh.) Averge Speed (MPH).. -.1% %.. -.0% % %.. +.%. Concluson TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

17 In hs pper we propose n negred conrol model o mnge nework congeson. Through dverson conrol he model res o ully ulze he vlble cpcy long prllel roue. The mpc o he dverson rc s specclly consdered especlly or sgnlzed rerl so cused congeson cn be reduced or elmned by proper djusmen o sgnl mngs. Ths model does no rely on me-dependen rc demnd s model npus. I s redy o be mplemened ypcl prllel rc corrdors where he sndrd deecon sysem s vlble. Wh he exremely low compuon burden nd he model s very suble or on-lne pplcons. We hve esed he perormnce o he proposed model usng mcroscopc rc smulon n he I- nd TH corrdor n Mnnepols MN. The resuls ndce h he proposed model sgncnly reduces he nework congeson nd mkes rc much smooher whch cn be releced by he huge mprovemen on nework perormnce mesures such s verge dely per vehcle verge number o sops per vehcle nd verge speed. For uure reserch he reewy rmp meerng conrol should be ncluded n he model ormulon. More scenros should be esed no only n he smulon bu hopeully n rel eld. Reerences: Ben-kv M. Berlre M. Boom J. Kousopoulos H. nd Mshln R. (1) Developmen o Roue Gudnce Generon Sysem or Rel-Tme Applcon. h IFAC Symposum on Trnsporon Sysems Chn Cre Greece Federl Hghwy Admnsron (01). Mngng Congeson wh Inegred Corrdor Mngemen. hp:// ccessed on July 0 01 Hws Y. nd Mhmssn H.S. (1) A Decenrlzed Scheme or Rel-me Roue Gudnce n Vehculr Trc Neworks. Inellgen Trnspor Sysems World Congress : Yokohm Jpn Lu H. Wu X. M W. nd Hu H. (00) Rel-Tme Queue Lengh Esmon or Congesed Sgnlzed Inersecon. Trnsporon Reserch Pr C () 1-. Lu H. nd M W. (00) A Vrul Vehcle Probe model or Tme-dependen rvel me Esmon on Sgnlzed Arerls. Trnsporon Reserch Pr C (1) -. Lu Y. nd Chng G. nd Yu J. (0) An Inegred Conrol Model or Freewy Corrdor Under Nonrecurren Congeson. IEEE Trnscons on Vehculr Technology 0() 0-. McCrley C.A. S.P.Mngly M.G.McNlly D.Mezger nd J.E.Moore II (00) Feld Operonl Tes o Inegred Freewy Rmp Meerng/Arerl Adpve Sgnl Conrol: Lessons Lerned n Irvne Clorn Trnsporon Reserch Record () - Messmer A. nd Ppgeorgou M. (1) Roue Dverson Conrol n Moorwy Neworks v Nonlner Opmzon. IEEE Trnscons on Conrol Sysems Technology Vol. No. 1 - TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.

18 Mncrd R. (001) A Decenrlzed Opml Conrol Scheme or Roue Gudnce n Urbn Rod Neworks. IEEE Inellgen Trnsporon Sysems Conerence Proceedngs Oklnd CA Ppgeorgou M. (). Dynmc modelng ssgnmen nd roue gudnce n rc neworks. Trnsporon Reserch Pr B 1-. Ppgeorgou M. (1). An negred conrol pproch or rc corrdors. Trnsporon Reserch Pr C(1)1-0. Pvls Y. nd Ppgeorgou M. (1) Smple Decenrlzed Feedbck Sreges or Roue Gudnce n Trc Neworks. Trnsporon Scence. Vol. No. Sussmn Joseph e l. (000) Wh Hve We Lerned Abou ITS? Repor No. FHWA-OP Federl Hghwy Admnsron U.S. Deprmen o Trnsporon. Wshngon DC. Vn Aerde M. nd Ygr S. (1). Dynmc negred reewy/rc sgnl neworks: Problems nd proposed soluons. Trnsporon Reserch Pr A (). Vn Aerde M. nd Ygr S. (1b). Dynmc negred reewy/rc sgnl neworks: A roung-bsed modellng pproch. Trnsporon Reserch Pr A (). Wng Y. nd Ppgeorgou M. (00) A Predcve Feedbck Roung Conrol Sregy or Freewy Nework Trc. Proceedngs o he Amercn Conrol Conerence Anchorge AK Wu J. nd Chng G.L. (1) An negred opml conrol nd lgorhm or commung corrdors. Inernonl Trnscons n Operonl Reserch (1) -. Wu X. Lu H. nd Gemn D. (0). Idencon o oversured nersecons usng hgh-resoluon rc sgnl d. Trnsporon Reserch Pr C () -. TRB 0 Annul Meeng Pper revsed rom orgnl subml.