Optimization of Pollution Emission in Power Dispatch including Renewable Energy and Energy Storage

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1 eserch Journl of Appled cences, Engneerng nd Technology (3): , I: -767 Mxwell cenfc Orgnzon, ubmed: Aprl, Acceped: My, Publshed: ecember, Opmzon of Polluon Emsson n Power spch ncludng enewble Energy nd Energy orge, F.. Pzher, 3 M.F. Ohmn,.H. Mlk nd A.A. Al-Arny Fculy of Elecrcl Engneerng, Unvers Teknolog Mlys, kud, 83 Johor, Mlys ud Armco hr n Elecrcl Power, EE eprmen, ollege of Engneerng, Kng ud Unversy, P.O. Box 8, ydh, ud Arb 3 enre for Arfcl Inellgence nd obocs, Fculy of Elecrcl Engneerng, Unversy Teknolog Mlys, Jln emrk 5, Kul Lumpur, Mlys Absrc: Elecrc power dspch wh mnml polluns emsson s mjor chllenge for power sysem operors. One of he mn objecves of Economc/Envronmenl spch (EE) nd Envronmenl Frendly spch (EF) s o opmze he moun of polluns emed from he hybrd power plns. The opmzon problems deermne he moun of opmum generon o be lloced o ech generng un ncludng renewble sources whou volng sysem consrns whle mnmzng he polluns. EE s n mporn mul objecve problem whch mnmzes boh he fuel cos of generon nd he moun of polluns emsson whle EF hs he sngle objecve of opmzng he moun of polluns emsson only. EE nd EF re especlly more useful ools n res h hve hgh poenl of renewble energy. Opmum EE nd EF cn be obned by exrcng mxmum renewble energy durng her vlbly perods nd hen usng hs renewble energy for boh vlble nd unvlble perods wh he d of energy sorge. Ths sudy llusres he opmzon of EE nd EF wh renewble energy nd energy sorge. MATLAB smulons re performed usng IEEE-3 es bus d wh 6 generors o llusre he benefs of renewble energy nd energy sorge n reducng he unwned polluns emsson. Keywords: Economc/envronmenl dspch, energy sorge, envronmenl frendly dspch, renewble energy ITOUTIO Elecrcl power generon s one of he mjor sources of pollun emssons. Burnng of ol, nurl gs nd col power plns produces polluns such s nrogen oxde, sulfur doxde nd crbon doxde, ec. The emsson of such gses cn led o smog, hze nd cd rn. In ddon, such emssons ncrese he rsk of clme chnge. Polluon conrol devces on fossl fuel bsed plns nd use of vlble renewble energy resources cn help o reduce he moun of unwned emssons. In such suons, he operng polcy for such hybrd plns o mnmze he moun of emssons s very mporn. The power dspch problem emps o fnd he opmum operng polcy for he commed uns n order o mee he lod demnd whle ssfyng ll un nd sysem consrns. Mnmzng he fuel cos s he objecve of rdonl Economc spch (E) problem. A presen bou 63% of world elecrcy s genered by burnng fossl fuels; % of whch s from col-fred power plns. Mos of he col-fred power plns were bul wo decdes go nd ccoun for 8-85% of O x emed by elecrc ules. ome older power plns opere wh polluon res of 7 o hgher hn he newer plns (hmn nd sro, 995; Plnchmy nd Bbu, ). ue o he ncresed publc wreness regrdng he envronmenl ssues, he ules re beng forced o use hybrd power sysems ncludng renewble sources nd o modfy her operon sreges n order o reduce he polluns emsson o he mosphere. Mehods for reducng polluns emsson by he power plns wh or whou he use of renewble sources hve been dscussed n vrous lerures. Gen nd Lmon (97), Kumrppn nd Mohn (3) nd Xn nd Xu () dscussed mehods o mnmze emsson only whle Zhv nd Esenberg (977) nd Al-Awm e l. (9) oulned mehods for reducng boh fuel cos nd polluns emssons. omprve nlyss of mehods for reducng boh fuel cos nd polluns were orrespondng Auhor: F.. Pzher, Fculy of Elecrcl Engneerng, Unvers Teknolog Mlys, kud, 83 Johor, Mlys 59

2 es. J. Appl. c. Eng. Technol., (3): , repored by Brn e l., 9; Le nd Ilc, 9; hen nd Wng,. Economc/Envronmenl spch (EE) s one of he bes mehods for opmzng boh fuel cos nd ol moun of emssons. EE dsrbues convenonl nd renewble power producon mong he vlble power plns o mnmze boh fuel cos nd pollun emssons smulneously (Brn e l., 9; Le nd Ilc, 9; Pzher e l., ). In EE, he moun of renewble power o be dspched s clculed bsed on he d vlble wh he Envronmenl Informon ysems nd Lod spch eners, by usng ny commerclly vlble sofwre pckge (hmn nd sro, 995). I s beer o re EE s mul objecve opmzon problem nsed of reng s sngle objecve problem (Abdo, 3). ome repors hve descrbed EE s mul objecve problem wh boh solr nd wnd sources of renewble power (Al-Awm e l., 9; Brn e l., 9). The pplcbly of EE becomes more effecve n he res h hve hgh vlbly of renewble sources. Fuel cos for convenonl producon s no bg ssue n counres lke ud Arb snce hese counres re blessed wh bundn ol nd nurl gs resources. Hence he reducon of pollun emsson should be he mn objecve of power dspch problems n such counres nd EF offers suble pproch. The mn objecve of EF s o mnmze he emssons s lloces he convenonl nd renewble power producon mong dfferen generng sons o mee hs objecve whou dsurbng he consrns. The poenl of renewble energy depends on he d such s he wnd speed, solr rdon level nd emperure. The uncerny nd vron of he renewble resources cree ssues n EE nd EF problems. fferen mehodologes were llusred n severl sudes o overcome hese ssues. One of he mehods s o re renewble power s negve lod nd formule he demnd equon on hs bss (Anderson nd Lech, ; Brn e l., 9; Le nd Ilc, 9). The uncerny n he vlbly of solr rrdon s less n hgh poenl solr res. The Kngdom of ud Arb s one of he exmples of such res. The counry s pr of vs, rnless regon h receves bou 6-7 kwh/m /dy (Pzher e l., ). The globl solr rdon n he Kngdom vres beween mnmum of 93 W/m /dy o mxmum of 7 W/m /dy wh he mnmum nd mxmum duron of sunshne vryng beween 7. nd 9. h. Oher Mddle Esern counres, some pr of Ind, Ausrl, ec re lso exmples of hgh poenl solr res. In mny counres, here s consderble cloud cvy whch crees some uncerny bou vlble solr power oupu. However n he Kngdom here s less uncerny due o cloud formon. Anoher renewble source.e. wnd lso hs uncerny due o he vlbly of he requred wnd speed. Wnd does no blow wh sedy speed or n fxed drecon. Insllng number of ner conneced wnd urbnes n he pssge of wnd wll ensure he vlbly of wnd power o some exen. Even hough nsllng off shore wnd urbnes s lle b complced, provdes more effcen nd sedy wnd speed hn from on shore nsllons. The renewble power generon echnologes nd energy sorge sysems re beng developed nd wdely used for economc nd envronmenl frendly power dspch. In such pplcons, he renewble power generors nd energy sorge sysems re effecvely nerconneced wh he exsng power plns. ome of he energy sorge sysems re descrbed by Kyung-Hee e l. (996), choenung nd Burns (996) u nd hor (996) Fek (997). Producon nd sorge of renewble energy off-pek mes or mes when here would be surplus of s vlbly nd reuse of such sored energy durng he unvlble perods of renewble power wll mke he EE nd EF opmzon more effecve. For herml generng uns he fuel cos ncreses wh he ncrese of he oupus of he commed uns. Moreover, he moun of emsson s usully hgh for boh lower nd hgher vlues of he power oupu (Kockr e l., 9). Thus, dsrbung he opml vlues of renewble energes hroughou he operng perods nsed of usng hem only durng her respecve vlble perod cn help o reduce boh he fuel cos nd he polluon emssons o some exen. However, such n pproch wll requre usng suble energy sorge devces. The sorge cn lso help o overcome he dyngh weher bsed pproch for economc dspch. The objecve of hs sudy s o presen mhemcl formulons of EE nd EF problems usng hybrd power sysems employng col/ol/gs fred herml plns nd solr/wnd bsed renewble plns, n ddon o energy sorge devces. The purpose of energy sorge s o sore pr of he renewble power genered durng s vlble perod nd use durng s unvlble perod. Ths sregy cn help n reducng he overll fuel cos s well s polluon emsson. Thus, he sudy presens EE s mul objecve problem nd EF formulon s sngle objecve problem. The sudy presens he problem formulon, soluon echnques nd dscussons on he resuls nd fndngs of he sudy. EEWABLE EEGY In hs sudy only solr nd wnd power re consdered for renewble sources. Wnd power s hrvesed by wnd urbne nd solr power cn be produced eher by solr pnels or by solr herml plns or by boh. The mxmum solr power P s (W) provded by solr pnel s proporonl o solr rrdon (W/m ) nd s gven s: 55

3 es. J. Appl. c. Eng. Technol., (3): , Tble : Wnd power vron wh wnd speed Wnd speed V w (m/s) Wnd power P w (W) V w #V mn V mn V w V n useful power V #V w V P w V #V w V 3 P w V 3 #V w V n P w3 V n #V w #V mx P n V w $V mx [ τ( T 5) ] Ps = Pm W cell m () where, P m s he pnel power rng nd J s he drf n pnel oupu due o emperure per º The pproxme solr power developed by solr herml pln s lso proporonl o nd s gven s: P s = A c () where, s he collecor effcency nd A c s he collecor re n m. The mechncl power produced by wnd urbne P w (W) cn be wren s: 3 w c s w P = ρa V (3) where, c s he erodynmc coeffcen of he wnd urbne whch depends on he urbne nd he wnd speeds, s he r densy, A s s he surfce swep n m nd V w s he wnd speed n m/s. In order o lm he vrnce n he useful power produced under vryng wnd speed, he sysem s desgned n such wy h he oupu power s consn for cern rnge of wnd speeds. Also, wnd urbnes re desgned o develop nomnl power P n wh nomnl wnd speed V n. Wnd speeds hgher hn V n cuse mechncl overlodng of he urbne. To vod such overlodng nd o lm he vrnce n he power oupu, he oupu power versus wnd speed chrcersc s summrzed n Tble. Here V, V nd V 3 (V mn <V <V <V 3 <V n <V mx ), re dfferen wnd speed levels vlble per dy nd P w, P w nd P w3 re he correspondng power oupus. POBLEM FOMULATIO EE formulon: The objecves of EE re o mnmze boh fuel cos nd he emsson of pollun gses whle exrcng mxmum power from he renewble sources. Thus, he objecve funcons should nclude fuel cos nd he emsson funcons. The fuel cos funcon F f (P g ) n $/h s represened by qudrc equon of he ype: g ( ) = ( + + ) F P bp c P f g g g = () In Eq. (),, b nd c re he ppropre cos coeffcens for ndvdul generng uns, P g s he rel power oupu of he h generor nd g s he number of generors. The mn emssons n herml power plns re O nd O x. The emsson of O depends on fuel consumpon nd cn be represened by funcon h hs he sme form s he fuel cos funcon. Mny fcors such s he emperure of he boler nd r conen deermne he emsson levels of O x. In generl, he emsson F e (P g ) n on/h of O nd O x polluns s funcon of generor oupu power nd cn be expressed s: g Pg ( ) = ( α + β + γ + λ δ ) F P P P e e g g g = where, ", $, (, 8 nd * re emsson coeffcens of he h generng un. Wheres wnd s vlble hroughou he dy dfferen locons wh vryng speed, he sun lgh s vlble only for prculr duron of he dy. Our m s o exrc mxmum moun of power from solr generor durng he vlble perod (T ). ome pr of renewble power genered durng he vlble perod s sored usng suble sorge devces. Ths sored energy s used durng he unvlble perod (T u ) of he sun lgh. The power exrced from he renewble source vres nd cn be consdered s vrble lod. Assumng P s nd P w re powers produced by sunlgh nd wnd, he power (P s +P w ) s deduced from he ol demnd ( P ). Also he sored power (P s ) s dded o durng perod T (5) or subrced from durng perod T u n order o obn he cul ne demnd on he convenonl herml ( P ) generors. Ths demnd s hen dsrbued mong he vlble herml generng uns for dspch purposes. Ths ne cul demnd s expressed s: ( ) P = P P + P ± P s w g s (6) In hs equon, he posve sgn s pplcble durng he energy sorge perod wheres he negve sgn s used durng he sored energy delvery perod. The pplcble consrns re formuled s follows: The ol power generon, renewble power nd sored power mus cover he cul demnd nd he rnsmsson lnes power loss (P L ) o ensure power blnce. Thus: g P + PL Pg = = (7) The oupu power of he h generng un s mn resrced by he lower lm P g nd he upper lm mx P g : 55

4 es. J. Appl. c. Eng. Technol., (3): , mn mx g g g P / P P, =,,.., g (8) Acve power loss of he rnsmsson sysem s posve,.e., P L > (9) The moun of renewble power o be dspched s lmed o x mes he cul demnd: ( ) s w d P + P xp Here, s ssumed h x#.3 pu. () The sored power s he dfference beween he ol power exrced from renewble sources nd he dspched moun of renewble power durng he perod T. However, durng he perod T u, mus no exceed y mes he ol sored renewble power of perod T. Moreover, he sum of ol energy delvered from he sorge devces durng T u mus no exceed he ol energy sored durng T. Thus: P s ( T + ) ( + ) d P P P P s w g s w d d =,,..., n T nd, Ps y ( T + ) ( + ) d Ps Pw g Ps Pw d d where, y s proporonl o h: Tu P s T P s durng T () durng T u () T T P u nd s seleced so (3) Thus, he opmzon problem for EE cn be summrzed s follows: Mnmze (F f (P g ), F e (P g )) ubjeced o he followng consrns: g P + PL Pg = = mn mx Pg Pg Pg P > L ( Ps + Pw) d xp ( s + w) g ( s + ) w d T d Ps ( s + w) g ( s + w) d T y d P P P P d ; durngt P P P P d ; durng Tu P s T u T Ps EF formulon: The chrcerscs of he herml plns re normlly such h he ol moun of emsson s hgh lower nd hgher vlues of power oupu. Thus, s no dvsble o use renewble power for low power demnd perods snce he ddon of renewble power durng such mes wll furher lower he ne demnd on he herml uns nd hence wll resul n n ncrese n he emssons. Thus, durng lower demnd perods my be helpful o sore ll of he produced renewble energy. In EF, he fuel cos s ssumed o be very smll nd s no consdered nd hus, he mn objecve s o mnmze he emsson levels of pollung gses by exrcng he mxmum power from he renewble sources n order o mee he cul ne demnd whou volng he pplcble consrns. Therefore, he objecve funcon s he emsson of convenonl generors gven n (5) nd he consrns re he sme s gven n (7) o (3). Here, he EF problem cn be summrzed s: Mnmze lf e (P g )m ubjeced o he consrns gven n (7)-(3) The smulons of boh EE nd EF problems wh he specfed consrns re performed usng equenl Qudrc Progrmmng (QP) lgorhm n MATLAB nd he resuls re dscussed nex. EULT A IUIO The MATLAB smulons were crred ou for boh EE nd EF formulons usng he d of he 3 bus IEEE sndrd es sysem (Abdo, 3; Brn e l., 9). Here, wo cse sudes re dscussed: se A, durng perod T nd se B, durng perod T u. urng T perod, hgh nensy of solr rdon provdes P s nd vrble wnd power P w s vlble lso. One mus exrc he mxmum renewble power from hese wo sources durng hs perod. Abou 3% of he ol demnd s dspched usng hs exrced renewble power nd he remnng pr of renewble power s sored. urng perod T u, boh wnd power nd renewble sored power re vlble. ue o he uncerny of he wnd speed, he dspch moun of renewble power s less (e.g., bou % of he ol demnd) when compred o cse A. Tble : Generor cos nd emsson coeffcens (Abdo, 3) os Emsson b c " $ ( 8 * P g x-.857 P g x P g x-6 8. P g x-3. P g x-6 8. P g x

5 es. J. Appl. c. Eng. Technol., (3): , Tble 3: Amoun of dspched power nd emsson of ech generor uns whou he use of renewble sources P (pu) Emsson (on/h) P g (pu) P g (pu) P g3 (pu) P g (pu) P g5 (pu) P g6 (pu) EE EF Three sub cses consdered were: Whou renewble nd sorge Wh renewble only bu whou sorge Wh boh renewble nd sorge k k k Le E, E nd E & be he vlues of emsson per k k k hour nd, nd & he fuel cos per hour correspondng o hese hree sub cses, where k = nd pply o EE nd EF problems, respecvely. The vlues of he fuel nd emsson coeffcens used for smulons re gven n Tble. The lower nd upper lms of oupu powers of generor re ssumed s:.5 pu#p g #.5 pu ; =,,.., 6 () The opmum moun of power dspch nd emsson of ech generng uns whou usng renewble sources for EE nd EF cses re gven n Tble 3. Alhough he gven lods re he sme n boh EE nd EF, he oupus of herml uns n hese cses re dfferen. Ths s due o he fc h he generon n EE s bsed on opmum vlues of boh cos nd emsson whle n EF, s bsed on he opmum moun of emssons only. These resuls furher show h, he moun of emsson s lwys hgher n he cse of EE hn n he cse of EF. EE resuls: The resuls of EE durng T re summrzed n Fgs. nd. Fgure shows h, E decreses wh he ncrese n demnd whle E decreses up o cern level of he ol demnd nd hen ncreses rpdly wh furher ncrese n he demnd. Also for gven demnd s lwys less hn. The vron of emsson wh respec o cos s shown n os ($/h) E (on/h) Power demnd (pu) Fg. : Vron of emsson & cos wh power demnd n EE durng T, : ; : ; 3: E ; : E P vres from.5 pu o 3.5 pu E.. E os ($/h) Fg. : Vron of emsson wh cos n EE durng T Fg.. omprng Fgs. nd, s cler h 3 pu demnd cn be me wh cos of 5 $/h wh renewble sources whle only pu cn mee whou he use of renewble sources when he moun of emsson s bou. on/h n boh cses. Assumng h pu of sored power s vlble hroughou T u perod, hen he moun of sored dspched power s reled o he demnd nd he T u duron. The resuls re summrzed n Fgs. 3 nd. I E (on/h) Emsson (on/h) 553

6 es. J. Appl. c. Eng. Technol., (3): , os ($/h) Power demnd (pu) Fg. 3: Vrons of emsson & cos wh power demnd durng Tu, : ; : E ; 3: E ; : ; 5: ; 6: E (on/h) Emsson (on/h) P vres from.5 pu o 3.5 pu E E & os ($/h) E & P vres from.5 pu o 3.5 pu & Fg. : Vron of emsson wh cos durng T u E E E Power demnd (pu) Emsson (on/h) E & E & (on/h) Fg. 5: Vron of emsson wh power demnd durng T s seen h, he fuel cos per hour s such h & < < for gven moun of demnd. Moreover, he emsson per hour s E & < E < E for hgher vlues of demnd. From Fg. 3 nd 5, he demnds whch cn be me wh cos of bou 5 $/h n he cse of non renewbles, wh renewble only nd wh boh renewble nd sorge re, 3 nd 3.5 pu, respecvely whle he moun of emsson/hour n hese cses remn he sme nd s equl o. on/h. EF resuls: The vron of emssons/hour wh demnd durng perod T s shown n Fg. 5 nd durng perod T u s shown n Fg. 6. From Fg. 5, he vlue of E durng T s lmos equl o E for low demnd..5 Emsson (on/h) P vres from.5 pu o 3.5 pu. E. E E & Power demnd (pu) Fg. 6: Vron of emsson wh power demnd durng T u However, for hgher demnd, E s less hn E. Also, he vlue of E, E & nd E s lmos he sme low levels of demnd durng perod T u bu for hgher demnds E & < E < E s s shown n Fg. 6. The opmum vlues of emsson/hour for low demnds re obned whou he use of renewble sources nd her sorge, whle for hgher demnds s obned by usng renewble sources. In oher words, ddng renewble power for low demnd perods ncreses he ne emsson whle ncresed use of renewble power durng he hgher demnd perods decreses he ne emsson. Therefore, s dvsble o sore mxmum renewble power durng low demnd perods nd use hs sored energy durng pek lod perods. EE or EF: ue o he crbon fooprn, hgh cos nd dwndlng supples of fuel, mos of he counres hve he objecve of reducng boh fuel cos nd moun of emsson whle meeng he power needs. EE s he bes ool for such dspch. For counres whch re blessed wh renewble nd non-renewble energy sources nd hve he mn objecve of reducng he moun of polluon emssons only, EF s he bes opon. Fgure 7 shows he vron of %)E wh me for meeng specfed lod demnd. % )E nd % )E & re defned s: % E E = E nd & E =. % & E E Abou 5% of emsson cn be reduced whle supplyng demnd of pu durng he Tu perod f EE s doped wh he ddon of renewble sources whle hs moun s bou % when boh renewble nd sorge re used. mlrly, he vron of %) wh me for specfed lod demnd s shown n Fg. 8, where, % ) nd % ) & re: & nd.., respecvely 55

7 es. J. Appl. c. Eng. Technol., (3): , 5 3. % E 3 Tu T Tu Tme (h) Fg. 7: Percenge chnge n emsson nd E wh lod curve (n EE) : Lod (pu); : % )E ; 3: % )E & ; : E % F T u T T u Lod curve Tme (h) Fg. 8: Percenge chnge n cos nd wh lod curve (n EE),: Lod (pu); : % ) ; 3: % ) & ; : E (on/h) (on/h) % F Lod curve Tme (h) Fg. 9: Percenge chnge n emsson nd E wh lod curve (n EF) : Lod (pu); : %)E! ; 3: %)E! & ; : E E (on/h) The percenge svng of cos wh renewble sources demnd of 3.5 pu durng T s bou 3% nd s bou % durng T u bu he percenge svng s pproxmely 5% wh he use of boh renewble sources nd he sorge. The vron of percenge reducon of emsson n he EF formulon wh specfed lod curve whle comprng wh E E % Ε =. E, for renewble only: nd for boh renewble nd sorge: 555

8 es. J. Appl. c. Eng. Technol., (3): , E & % Ε & =. E s shown n Fg. 9 nd hese vlues correspondng o pu power demnd durng T u re bou 3% nd 8%, respecvely. omprng Fg. 7 nd 9, s cler h he reducon n he moun of emsson n he cse of EF s lwys hgher hn h of he moun n he cse of EE for ll he consdered operng sreges. OLUIO EE nd EF problems re formuled for hybrd sysem whch ncludes herml generng uns, solr nd wnd renewble nd energy sorge. Anlyss s crred ou usng MATLAB smulons for vrous operng sreges. esuls show h he renewble sorge helps o ke dvnge of clen energy sources durng unvlble solr rdon perods. The opmzed resuls re compred for boh vlble nd unvlble perods of sun lgh. From he nlyss, s concluded h f EE s doped, consumes less moun of exrced renewble power whle for EF formulon renewble power for opml dspch s no used low vlues of power demnds nd hus lrge vlues of energy cn be sored low demnd durng he solr power vlble perods. Also he moun of emsson s lwys less n he EF formulon hn n he EE formulon. A sregy bsed on sorge nd reuse of renewble power cn help n opmzng boh he cos nd polluns emsson. Thus, power ules should exmne he sorge opon serously. EFEEE Abdo, M.A., 3. A novel mulobjecve evoluonry lgorhm for envronmenl/economc power dspch. Elecr. Pow. ys. es., 65(): 7-8. Al-Awm, A.T., E. oromme nd M.A. El-hrkw, 9. Opmzng economc/envronmenl dspch wh wnd nd herml uns. Proceedngs of he IEEE PE 9 Power nd Energy ocey Generl Meeng, July 6-3: -6. Anderson,. nd M. Lech,. Hrvesng nd redsrbung renewble energy: On he role of gs nd elecrcy grds o overcome nermency hrough he generon nd sorge of hydrogen. Energy Polcy, 3 (): Brn,., H.H. Abdllh nd A. Oul, 9. Economc dspch for power sysem nclude wnd nd solr herml energy. Leonrdo J. c., (): -. hen, Y.M. nd W.. Wng,. A prcle swrm pproch o solve envronmenl/economc dspch problem. In. J. Ind. Eng. omp., (): Fek,.., 997. uperconducng mgnec energy sorge (ME) uly pplcon sudes. IEEE T. Power ys., (3): 9-. Gen, M.. nd J.W. Lmon, 97. Mnmum-emsson dspch. IEEE T. Pow. App. ys., PA-9(6): Kyung-Hee, J., K. Hoyong nd. eseok, 996. eermnon of he nsllon se nd opml cpcy of he bery energy sorge sysem for lod levelng. IEEE T. Energ. onv., (): Kockr, I., A.J. onejo nd J.. Mconld,, 9. Influence of emssons rdng scheme on mrke clerng nd prces. Proceedngs of he IEEE PE '9 Power nd Energy ocey Generl Meeng, July 6-3, pp: -5. Kumrppn,. nd M.. Mohn, 3. Lmbd bsed mnmum emsson dspch usng hybrd genec lgorhm for uly sysem. Proceedngs of he IEEE PE Trns. srb. onference nd Exposon, ep. 7-, pp: Le, X. nd M.. Ilc, 9. Model predcve economc/envronmenl dspch of power sysems wh nermen resources. Proceedngs of he IEEE PE '9 Power & Energy ocey Generl Meeng, July 6-3, pp: -6. Plnchmy,. nd.. Bbu,. y-ngh weher-bsed economc power dspch. IEEE T. Power ys., 7(): Pzher, F..,.H. Mlk, A.A. Al-Arny, E.A. Al- Ammr, A. Imhs nd O.K. foor,. mr grd cn mke sud rb megw exporer. Proceedngs of he As-Pcfc Power nd Energy Engneerng onference, Mrch 5-8, pp: -. Pzher, F..,.H. Mlk nd O.K. foor,. Economc nd envronmenl dspch hgh poenl solr re wh renewble sorge. Proceedngs of he Inernonl onference on len nd Green Energy, Hong Kong, Jnury 5-7, pp: hmn,. nd A.. sro, 995. Envronmenl mpcs of elecrcy generon: globl perspecve. IEEE T. Energ. onv., (): u,.. nd W.. hor, 996. Opporunes for he negron of nermen renewble resources no neworks usng exsng sorge. IEEE T. Energ. onv., (): choenung,.m. nd. Burns, 996. Uly energy sorge pplcons sudes. IEEE T. Energ. onv., (3): Xn, L. nd W. Xu,. Mnmum emsson dspch consrned by sochsc wnd power vlbly nd cos. IEEE T. Pow. ys., 5(3): Zhv, J. nd L. Esenberg, 977. An pplcon of he economc-envronmenl power dspch. IEEE T. ys. Mn yb., 7(7):

Economic and Environmental Dispatch at Highly Potential Renewable Area with Renewable Storage

Economic and Environmental Dispatch at Highly Potential Renewable Area with Renewable Storage Inernonl Journl of Envronmenl Scence nd evelopmen, Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 202 Economc nd Envronmenl spch Hghly oenl Reneble Are h Reneble Sorge F. R. zher, M. F. Ohmn, N. H. Mlk, nd Sfoor O. K. Absrc Economc/Envronmenl