The Physics of Semiconductor Microcavities

Transcription

1 The Physics of Semiconductor Microcavities From Fundamentais to Nanoscale Devices Edited by Benoit Deveaud BICENTENNIAU B ICENTENNIAU WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

2 Contents Preface XI List of Contributors XVII 1 Fifteen Yearsof Microcavity Polaritons 1 Vincenzo Savona Introduction The Past The Beginning of the Microcavity Polariton Era Energy Relaxation and Polariton Photoluminescence The Problem of the Polariton Spectral Linewidth Influence of Structural Disorder The Present Parametric Amplification and Photoluminescence Quantum Correlation and Non-Classical Properties The Future Polariton Quantum Collective Phenomena Engineering Quantum Confined Polariton Nanodevices Conclusions 21 References 21 2 MBECrowth of High Finesse Microcavities 31 Ursula Oesterle, Ross P. Stanley, and Romuald Houdrä Introduction Principles of MBE Growth Growth of Al^Ga^As/AlAs DBRs Growth of (In,Ga)As Quantum Wells Growth of Vertical Cavity Structures Characterization and Properties of Vertical Cavity Structures Error Tolerance Structural Properties Optical Measurementsof High Finesse Microcavity Structures Conclusion 42 References 43 Physics of Semiconductor Microcavities: From Fundammtals to Nanoscale Devices Edited by Benoit Deveaud Copyright 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:

3 VI Contents 3 Early Stages of Continuous Wave Experiments on Cavity-Polaritons 45 Romuald Houdri Introduction (1992) First Liquid Nitrogen and Room Temperature Observation (1993) Cavity-Polariton Dispersion Curve (1994) Bleaching of the Oscillator Strength (1995) Continuous Wave Photoluminescence Experiments ( ) Nonresonant Excitation Resonant Excitation Linewidth, Disorder Effects and Linear Dispersion Modelling ( ) More on Linear Dispersion Modelling Disorder Effects and Inhomogeneous Broadening (1995) The Second Generation of Samples (1996) Inhibition of Acoustic Phonon Broadening (1996) Testof Linear Dispersion Theory (1997) Rayleigh Scartering (2000) Nonlinear Continuous Wave Effects ( ) Conclusion 82 References 83 4 Exciton-Polaritons and Nanoscale Cavities in Photonic Crystal Slabs 87 Lucio Claudio Andreani, Dario Cerace, and Mario Agio Introduction Mode Dispersion and Linewidths in Photonic Crystal Slabs Exciton-Polaritons in Photonic Crystal Slabs Nanoscale Cavities in Photonic Crystal Slabs Strong Exciton-Light Coupling in Nanocavities Conclusions 101 References Parametric Amplification and Polariton Liquids in Semiconductor Microcavities 105 JeremyJ. Baumberg and Pavlos C. Lagoudakis Introduction Parametric Scartering at the Magic Angle Ultrafast Experiments on Semiconductor Microcavities Simple Pair Scartering Quasimode Theory of Parametric Amplification Multiple Scartering at the Magic Angle Double Resonant On-Branch Multiple Scartering 112

4 5.3 Local Deformations of the Dispersion: Beyond Pair Scattering Polariton Liquids at the Bottom of the Polariton Trap Local Oscillator Strength Model Direct Time-Resolved Emission During Parametric Amplification Historical Perspective (JTB) 118 References 121 Contents VII 6 Quantum Fluid Effects and Parametric Instabilities in Microcavities 123 Cristiano Ciuti and lacopo Carusotto Preface Introduction Hamiltonian and Polariton Mean-Field Equations Stationary Solutions in the Homogeneous Case Linearized Bogoliubov-Like Theory Stability of the Stationary Solutions Complex Energy of the Collective Excitations Excitation Near the Inflection Point of the LP Dispersion Excitation Near the Bottom of the LP Dispersion Simplified Analytical Model for Excitation Close to the Bottom of the LP Dispersion Response to a Static Potential: Resonant Rayleigh Scattering Weak Excitation Regime and Elastic RRS Ring Superfluid Regime Precursors of Parametric Instabilities and Branch Sticking Cherenkov Regime Conclusions 149 References Non-Linear Dynamical Effects in Semiconductor Microcavities 151 Jean-Louis Staehli, Stefan Kundermann, Michele Saba, Christiano Ciuti, Augustin Baas, Thierry Cuillet, and Benoit Deveaud Introduction Experimental The Microcavity Pump-Probe Experiments and Parametric Amplification A Simple Theoretical Model Coherent Control Measurements Resolved in Real Time Conclusions 168 References 168

5 Contents 8 Polariton Correlation in Microcavities Produced by Parametric Scattering 171 Wolfgang Langbein Introduction Investigated Sample and Experimental Details Parametric Scattering for a Single Pump Direction Parametric Scattering for Two Pump Directions Polariton Quantum Complementarity by Parametric Scattering 8.6 Conclusions 184 References Spin Dynamics of Exciton Polaritons in Microcavities 187 Ivan A. Shelykh, Alexei V. Kavokin, and Cuillaume Malpuech Introduction Experimental Results Pseudospin Formalism and Pseudospin Rotation Interplay Between Spin and Energy Relaxation Spin-Dynamics of Polariton -Polariton Scattering Perspective: Toward "Spin-Optronic" Devices 209 References Böse-Einstein Condensation of Microcavity Polaritons 211 Vincenzo Savona and Davide Sarchi Introduction Bose-Einstein Condensation: Basic Facts Review of Exciton and Polariton BEC Some Considerations on Microcavity Polariton BEC Afterword 224 References Polariton Squeezing in Microcavities 227 Antonio Quattropani and Paolo Schwendimann Introduction Squeezed States Intrinsic Squeezingof Polaritons Intrinsic Squeezingof Bulk Polaritons Intrinsic Squeezingof Polaritons in Confined Systems Squeezing for Interacting Microcavity Polaritons 236 References 242

6 Contents IX 12 High Efficiency Planar MCLEDs 245 Retojoray, Ross P. Stanley, and Marc llegems Introduction Microcavities Fundamentals State of the Art Planar Semiconductor MCLEDs Novel Concepts Phase-Shift Cavity Oxide DBR Conclusions 256 References Progresses in HI-Nitride Distributed Bragg Reflectors and Microcavities Using AlInN/CaN Materials 261 Jean-Frangois Carlin, CristofZellweger, Julien Dorsaz, Sylvain Nicolay, Gabriel Christmann, Eric Feltin, Raphael Butte", and Nicolas Grandjean Introduction AlInN Alloy: Growth and Characterization AlInN: Motivation and Difficulty Growth of AlInN and AlInN/GaN DBRs Structural Characteristics: X-ray Evaluations and TEM Images Optical Index Contrast to GaN Bandgap and Dispersion ofrefractive Index Photoluminescence and Stokes Shirt Microcavity Light Emitting Diode High Reflectivity DBR and Residual Absorption Epitaxial Microcavities Conclusion 284 References Microcavities in Ecole Polytechnique F6de>ale de Lausanne, Ecole Polytechnique (France) and Elsewhere: Past, Present and Future 287 Claude Weisbuch and Henri Benisty Introduction The Light-matter Interaction in Semiconductors The Impactof Electronic Motion Quantization The Impact of Photon Mode Quantization The Interplayof Photon and Electron Dimensionalities Looking Backwards: a Short History of Microcavities in Solids The Birthof the Microcavity Effort in Lausanne Why We Like Microcavities! The Future: What Are We Looking For? 300 References 301 Subject Index 303