Magnetic Properties of Non-Metallic Inorganic Compounds Based on Transition Elements

Transcription

1 Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group III: Condensed Matter Volume 27 Magnetic Properties of Non-Metallic Inorganic Compounds Based on Transition Elements Subvolume I 1 Orthosilicates Editor: H.P.J. Wijn Author: E. Burzo

2 ISSN (Condensed matter) ISBN X Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Vol. III/27I 1: Editor: H.P.J. Wijn At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: : Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Tables chiefly in English. Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950 under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik. Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag Includes bibliographies. 1. Physics--Tables. 2. Chemistry--Tables. 3. Engineering--Tables. I. Börnstein, R. (Richard), II. Landolt, H. (Hans), III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. QC ' This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of Springer Science+Business Media Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from the original literature. Furthermore, they have been checked for correctness by authors and the editorial staff before printing. Nevertheless, the publisher can give no guarantee for the correctness of the data and information provided. In any individual case of application, the respective user must check the correctness by consulting other relevant sources of information. Cover layout: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Authors and Redaktion Landolt-Börnstein, Darmstadt Printing and binding:: WB-Druck, Rieden/Allgäu SPIN: / Printed on acid-free paper

3 Editor H.P.J. Wijn, Institut für Werkstoffkunde der Elektrotechnik der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Templergraben, Aachen, FRG Author E. Burzo, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Landolt-Börnstein Editorial office Gagernstr.8, D Darmstadt, Germany fax: +49 (6151) Helpdesk Internet

4 Preface The Landolt-Börnstein Volume 27 deals with the magnetic properties of non-metallic inorganic compounds based on transition elements, such as there are pnictides, chalcogenides, oxides, halides, borates, and finally phosphates and silicates, the latter presented in this subvolume I. A preliminary survey of the contents of all subvolumes that have already appeared or have been planned to appear is printed on the inside of the front cover. The silicates are very complex systems, intensively studied in literature. These cover large classes of minerals as well as synthetic samples. In analyzing their magnetic and magnetically related properties we followed the classification given by the Mineral Reference Manual (E.H. Nickel, N.C. Nickols, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991). Individual chapters are dedicated to orthosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicate, phyllosilicates and tectosilicates. Due to the huge amount of data these chapters had to be spread over several subvolumes I1, I2, etc.. - In each chapter the different groups of minerals and synthetic silicates were distinctly analyzed in various sections. For each group, additional silicate minerals, more recently reported, as well as synthetic samples having related compositions and/or crystal structures were also considered. The silicates included in each section were firstly tabulated, mentioning their compositions. The solid solutions between the end member compounds were also described. The space groups and lattice parameters for most silicates were tabulated. Crystal structures of representative silicates were discussed in more detail and the atomic positions were given. In addition to magnetic properties, the results of neutron diffraction studies, nuclear gamma resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, transport properties, dielectric and optical data were reviewed. Short comments of the properties given by various authors were made, when the data reported by various authors were different. Then, representative results were given in tables and figures. For many systems, only crystal structures are known. Thus, further opportunities appear for analyses of their physical properties. Many thanks are due to the authors for the agreeable cooperation, the Landolt-Börnstein editorial office in Darmstadt, especially Dr. W. Polzin and Ms. R. Brangs, for the great help with the editorial work, and to Springer Verlag for their thoughtful help in the final preparation of this volume. Aachen, November 2003 The Editor

5 Table of contents Magnetic properties of non-metallic inorganic compounds based on transition elements Subvolume I 1: Orthosilicates List of frequently used symbols and abbreviations xi Symbols XI Abbreviations XIV 8 Magnetic and related properties of silicates and phosphates Silicates Orthosilicates (E. BURZO) M 2 SiO 4 (M 2 = Be 2, Zn 2, LiAl, Li 2 Be, Li 4 ) orthosilicates and related compounds Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Electrical conductivity Heat capacity Dielectric properties X-ray emission spectra Optical properties Tables and figures References for Chiavennite, esperite, larsenite and related silicates Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Magnetic properties Optical properties Tables and figures References for Olivines, their polymorphs and related silicates Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Neutron diffraction data Magnetizations, magnetic susceptibilities, magnetic ordering temperatures Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data Thermal properties Electrical resistivity Dielectric properties

6 VIII Table of contents Optical properties Tables and figures References for Calcium and europium containing olivines and related silicates Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Neutron diffraction data Magnetic susceptibility Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Ferroelastic properties Optical properties Tables and figures References for Silicate garnets Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Magnetic properties Neutron diffraction data Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and EPR data Heat capacity Electrical resistivity Raman and infrared data Optical data. Faraday rotation Tables and figures References for ASiO 4 (A = Zr, Hf, U, Th) and related compounds Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Magnetic properties Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data Optical properties Tables and figures References for Afwillite, vyuntspakhite, kinoite, euclase and related silicates Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Heat capacity Optical properties Tables and figures References for Al 2 SiO 5 and related structures Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Magnetic data Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Electron spin resonance (ESR) data Thermal properties X-ray absorption spectroscopy Optical properties

7 Table of contents IX Dielectric properties Tables and figures References for Sapphirine and related silicates Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Optical properties Tables and figures References for Humite and leucophoenicite groups Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Optical properties Tables and figures References for Welinite, katoptrite, tritomite and related silicates Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Optical properties Tables and figures References for CaTiSiO 5, CaSnSiO 5 and related silicates Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data Heat capacity Dielectric properties EXAFS and XANES data Optical properties Tables and figures References for Cerites and chloritoids Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Heat capacity Optical properties Tables and figures References for Borosilicates and related compounds Crystal structures. Lattice parameters Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Optical properties XAFS spectroscopy Tables and figures References for

8 X Table of contents Uranyl silicates Crystal structure. Lattice parameters Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data Optical properties Tables and figures References for Thörnebohmites, britholites and related silicates Crystal structures. Lattice parameters Magnetic properties Nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) data Thermal properties Optical properties Tables and figures References for Contents of further subvolumes of III/ List of editor and authors of III/

9 List of symbols and abbreviations XI List of frequently used symbols and abbreviations Symbols Symbol Unit Property a, b, c Å lattice parameters a*, b*, c* Å 1 lattice parameters in reciprocal space a activity A cm 1 hyperfine constant, exchange parameter A % relative area of NGR spectrum B T magnetic induction B hf hyperfine magnetic field B, B eq, B iso Å 2 isotropic temperature parameter B cm 1 Racah parameter B m n cm 1, G crystal field parameters c ij Pa elastic stiffnesses C M emu K mol 1 = Curie constant per mole cm 3 K mol 1 C J mol 1 K 1 heat capacity C p heat capacity at constant pressure C υ heat capacity at constant volume d Å distance D Hz, cm 1 Hamiltonian parameter Dq cm 1 crystal field splitting parameter DH T, mm s 1 linewidth of NGR line e C electron charge e 2 qq mm s 1 nuclear quadrupole coupling constant E V cm 1 electric field strength E Hz, cm 1 Hamiltonian parameter E ev, J mol 1 energy E a activation energy (for conductivity,...) E 0 incident (neutron) energy f Hz frequency f O2 atm oxygen fugacity g spectroscopic splitting factor G Pa torsional (shear) modulus (G': pressure derivative of G) G d,β cm 1 spin-phonon coupling constant h Planck constant H Hamiltonian H Oe, A m 1 magnetic field (strength), sometimes given as µ 0 H in tesla (T)) H j critical field H ~ alternating magnetic field H s stabilization field I nuclear spin quantum number I various units intensity I rel relative intensity J ev exchange interaction energy (J/k B in K) J ', J 1,2 exchange interaction energies (for special meaning see corresponding text, tables or figures) Landolt-Börnstein New Series III/27I 1

10 XII List of symbols and abbreviations Symbol Unit Property k Å 1 wavevector k orbital reduction parameter k B J K 1 Boltzmann constant K, K T Pa bulk modulus (K', K'': first and second pressure derivative of bulk modulus) K 1,2 erg cm 3 anisotropy constants K n-n' Hz rate constant for exchange L orbital angular momentum quantum number L Pa longitudinal modulus (L': pressure derivative of L) M G magnetization n refractive index (δ) n (excess) birefringence N number of linkages N el number of electrons p cm 3 hole concentration p Pa, bar hydrostatic pressure p µ B magnetic moment (sometimes also M is used) p eff effective (paramagnetic) moment p FU magnetic moment per formula unit p M magnetic moment per ion M p s spontaneous magnetic moment P Q Hz quadrupole product q Å 1 wavevector Q J mol 1 activation energy Q mm s 1 quadrupole splitting Q (long range) order parameter r Å radius, distance r M1,M2 radius of ions on M1, M2 sites R reflectivity R Å distance R J K 1 mol 1 gas constant S spin quantum number S J K 1 mol 1 entropy S magn magnetic part of entropy t s, min, h time, duration t a annealing time t d lifetime of bottleneck t Å thickness t atomic ordering parameter T K, C temperature T C Curie temperature T c, T cr critical temperature T f freezing temperature T N Néel temperature T V Verwey transition temperature T p dielectric transition temperature T ij K 1 thermoelastic constant T 1 s spin lattice relaxation time T 2 s spin spin relaxation time u oxygen positional parameter Landolt-Börnstein New Series III/27I 1

11 List of symbols and abbreviations XIII Symbol Unit Property U eq Å 2 temperature parameter υ mm s 1, m s 1 velocity (mostly of absorber in Mössbauer effect) V, v Å 3 (unit cell) volume V m molar volume V 0 deg angle between optical axes V zz V cm 2 main component of the electric field gradient tensor W s 1 spin lattice relaxation rate W V cm 3 mol 1 excess volume of mixing x, y, z fractional coordinates of atoms in the unit cell x c critical concentration X, Y, Z principal directions Z atomic number α cm 1 absorption (extinction) coefficient α K 1 linear thermal expansion coefficient α v volume thermal expansion coefficient α Å 3 electrical polarizability α, β, γ deg (unit cell) angles (α, β, γ) polarization directions β bar 1, Pa 1 linear compressibility β critical exponent for order parameter β ij anisotropic temperature parameter Γ cm 1 linewidth, 0 cm 1 crystal field splitting energy δ ppm, mm s 1 chemical shift, isomer shift tan δ dissipation factor ε = ε 1 i ε 2 dielectric constant ε 1, ε 2 real, imaginary part of dielectric constant ε I spontaneous strain η asymmetry parameter η M-M ppm pairwise additivity constant θ deg (Faraday rotation) angle Θ K paramagnetic Curie temperature Θ D K Debye temperature κ W cm 1 K 1 thermal conductivity λ nm, µm, Å wavelength µ permeability µ d, µ i "dark"permeability, permeability during illumination µ B J T 1 Bohr magneton ν Hz frequency ν L Hz Larmor frequency ν, ~ ν cm 1 wavenumber ν cm 1 Raman shift ρ Ω m resistivity σ Ω 1 m 1, Ω 1 cm 1 electrical conductivity σ emu g 1 = G cm 3 g 1, magnetic moment per unit mass = specific A m 2 kg 1 magnetization ξ cm 1 spin orbit coupling constant τ s relaxation time, delay time Landolt-Börnstein New Series III/27I 1

12 XIV List of symbols and abbreviations Symbol Unit Property χ (i) (initial) magnetic susceptibility χ g emu g 1 = cm 3 g 1, magnetic susceptibility per gram m 3 kg 1 χ m emu mol 1 = cm 3 mol 1, magnetic susceptibility per mole m 3 mol 1 χ, χ real, imaginary part of ac magnetic susceptibility ω s 1 angular frequency Abbreviations ac alternating current apfu atom per formula unit Al almandine An andradite AFMR antiferromagnetic resonance ANNI axial next nearest neighbor Ising (model) bcc body centered cubic br bridging c, cr mostly as subscript: critical calc calculated ccp cubic closest packed CFSE (ex) (excess) crystal field stabilization energy CN coordination number CPMAS cross polarization magic angle spinning CT charge transfer dc direct current 1D, 2D, 3D one-, two-, three-dimensional DAS dynamical angle spinning DHMS dense hydrous magnesium silicate DOR double rotation DOS density of states DTA differential thermal analysis eff mostly as subscript: effective emu electromagnetic unit epfu electrons per formula unit exp experimental EDR effective distribution radius EELS electron energy loss spectrum EFG electric field gradient ELNES energy loss near edge structure En enstatite EN electronegativity EPR electron paramagnetic resonance EXAFS extended X-ray absorption fine structure fcc face centered cubic FIR far infrared FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FU, f.u. formula unit Gr grossular Landolt-Börnstein New Series III/27I 1

13 List of symbols and abbreviations XV hcp hexagonal close packed HCR harmonic cross-relaxation HP high pressure HT high temperature T >300 K ICF interconfiguration INS inelastic neutron scattering IR infrared IR irreducible representation IR ionic radius IVCT intervalence charge transfer Ln lanthanide LO longitudinal optical LT low temperature magn mostly as subscript: magnetic max mostly as subscript: maximum meas measured min mostly as subscript: minimum M metal M magnetic (order) MAS magic angle spinning MFTIR microscope FTIR Mj majorite MQMAS multiple quantum magic angle spinning nbr non bridging n.d. not detected NGR nuclear gamma resonance (Mössbauer effect) NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NN nearest neighbor NNN next nearest neighbor Py pyrope Q n silicon atom in a Si(OSi) n (OM) 4 n group R rare earth element RT room temperature Sk skiagite Sp spessartine tot total T transition element TA transverse acoustic TO transverse optical Uv uvarovite UV ultraviolet V vacancy XAFS X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy XANES X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XRD X-ray diffraction ZF zero field ZFC zero field cooled, perpendicular, parallel to a crystallographic axis vacancy Landolt-Börnstein New Series III/27I 1

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