Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures and Solutions

Transcription

1 Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group IV: Physical Chemistry Volume 13 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures and Solutions Subvolume A1 Binary Liquid Systems of Nonelectrolytes. Part 1 I. Wichterle, J. Linek, Z. Wagner, J.-C. Fontaine K. Sosnkowska-Kehiaian, H. V. Kehiaian Edited by H.V. Kehiaian

2 ISSN (Physical Chemistry) ISBN Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Vol. IV/13A1: Editor: H.V. Kehiaian At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Tables chiefly in English. Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950 under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik. Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag Includes bibliographies. 1. Physics--Tables. 2. Chemistry--Tables. 3. Engineering--Tables. I. Börnstein, R. (Richard), II. Landolt, H. (Hans), III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. QC ' This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from the original literature. Furthermore, they have been checked for correctness by authors and the editorial staff before printing. Nevertheless, the publisher can give no guarantee for the correctness of the data and information provided. In any individual case of application, the respective user must check the correctness by consulting other relevant sources of information. Cover layout: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Authors and Redaktion Landolt-Börnstein, Darmstadt Printing and Binding: AZ Druck, Kempten SPIN: / Printed on acid-free paper

3 Editor H.V. Kehiaian University of Paris VII, France Contributors I. Wichterle Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic J. Linek Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Z. Wagner Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic J.-C. Fontaine CNRS, Paris, France K. Sosnkowska-Kehiaian University of Paris VII, France H. V. Kehiaian University of Paris VII, France Landolt-Börnstein Editorial Office Gagernstr. 8, D Darmstadt, Germany fax: +49 (6151) Internet

4 Dedication to Eduard Hala This work is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Eduard Hala ( ) for his outstanding contributions to the theory, experimental technique, and data treatment of vapor-liquid equilibria Preface Vapor-liquid equilibrium data form the basic information for chemical engineering calculations, in particular the design and operation of distillation plants in the chemical, pharmaceutical, polymer, petrochemical and related industries. The data are also important for understanding molecular interactions and developing theories of pure liquids and liquid mixtures because they are related to the structure and the energy of interaction of the molecules. The volumes in this series are compilations of vapor-liquid equilibrium data on subcritical binary homogeneous (single-phase) or heterogeneous (two-phase) liquid-liquid systems. All the components are well-defined pure substances which are organic or inorganic nonelectrolytes, including low-melting ionic liquids and water. Only data obtained by direct experimental measurements are considered. The starting point of the present database was a bibliographic compilation first published in 1955 (55HAL1), which was extended and supplemented in 1967 to cover 2656 references. Later on, the database was published in 1973 (73WIC1) with 4863 references. Triannual supplements were published till 1985, concluding with over 8000 references. Then, along with the appearance of personal computers, a floppy diskette accompanied a new hardcopy edition (93WIC1) with four subsequent supplements which were finally converted into a user friendly software on CD ROM in The CD ROMs have been updated biannually till now (04WIC1) The ELBT Program on the CD-ROM accompanying the present volume includes the 10th edition of this bibliographical database, EVLM 2006, giving references to experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium in mixtures and solution measurements for two- to nine-component systems. These components are organic or inorganic electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, ionic liquids, alloys, fused salts, polymers and other materials. Papers reporting high-pressure near-critical or supercritical equilibrium data or just azeotropic data, gas-liquid critical lines, solubilities of gases in liquids, vapor pressure data on liquid solutions of solids, including substances of biochemical interest and electrolytes, obtained, e.g., from low- or high-temperature isopiestic studies, are referenced. The bibliographical database contains all the references published in the period from 1888 through mid The present database contains numerical data for 3316 systems. It would be impossible to cover in a printed volume all the isotherms, isobars, and isopleths of these systems. The book reproduces in tables and graphs the numerical values for only 802 binary mixtures, chosen to be representative of all the compound classes and property types. When the number of data points for a given system reported in the original source is very large, only a part of the data appears in the printed tables, but the full set is given on the CD-ROM accompanying the book. Most data files contain unsmoothed experimental data compiled from the original literature published from 1929 to The ELBT.EXE program on the CD-ROM allows the fast search of data according to property type, chemical system (substances, mixtures, and solutions), and reference (authors, original source of data, and year of publication). The program displays the data tables for all the 3316 systems as PDF files, in the same format as in the book. The totality of numerical data points is also displayed by the program in two computer readable standard ASCII file formats, SELF and ELDATA. Estimated uncertainties are

5 Preface VII reported in these files for each measured physical quantity. Similar formats have been used in our database on heats of mixing of binary systems of nonelectrolytes (04GRO1). The Program permits in some cases the correlation of the experimental data and the calculation of derived data and save the results of the calculations in separate files. The concept of the SELF (Standard ELectronic File) format was developed in by the Task Group on Standard Physico-Chemical Data Formats (IUCOSPED) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) in cooperation with the International Council of Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI). A data portal, called DataExplorer (Fachinformationszentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany), implemented SELFs for a variety of physico-chemical properties. The structure of the SELFs in this volume follows the general format of IUCOSPED SELFs. Each SELF file is characterized by three Digital Object Identifiers (DOI), the objects being the property type, the chemical system (mixture components), and the full reference to the original source of data. The descriptors of the DOIs are listed in three files on the CD-ROM. The purpose of SELFs and of the associated descriptor files is to allow the exporting of data files to data banks and application programs and the exchange of data between data centers. The SELFs can be easily reformatted into other formats, and the DOIs translated into other languages (nomenclature, etc.), which may be more suitable for various specific applications or professional communities. The ELDATA format is an electronic file, similar to, but more explicit than SELF, incorporating the DOI descriptors of the printed volume. In order to facilitate the storage, exchange and use of the data, the ELBT.EXE program of this volume allows importation of the information of SELF and ELDATA files, as well as of the files containing the results of correlations into Spreadsheet ML documents. Six indexes are included in the book: Formula Index of Substances with main names and relative molar masses Name Index of Substances with Chemical Abstract Service Registry Numbers, synonyms, and acronyms Class Indexes of Organic Substances, Organic Systems, and Aqueous-Organic Systems Index of Systems Containing Inorganic Substances. The Formula Index of Mixtures is available on the CD-ROM. The full-text electronic version of the book is also available on the CD-ROM with hypertext links to all the data files in PDF format. In a compilation of this scope it is impossible to avoid errors in reproducing correctly the data from the original literature, and assigning the uncertainties, even after careful checking. The authors will be grateful to users who call our attention to mistakes and make suggestions for improvements. My sincere thanks go to the authors, Dr. I. Wichterle, Dr. J. Linek, and Dr. Z. Wagner, for writing the Introduction of this volume and for their advice in the selection and presentation of the data, to Dr. K. Sosnkowska-Kehiaian for the entry and correlation of the data, and to Eng. J.-C. Fontaine for the development of the database management system, computational programs and layout of the printed version. I am deeply grateful to Prof. Ion Batiu (University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania), Dr. C. Chamorro and Prof. M. A. Villamanan (University of Valladolid, Spain), Prof. J. Gmehling and Dr. J. Krafczyk (University of Oldenburg, Germany), Dr. V. S. Iorish (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation), Prof. R. Lichtenthaler (University of Heidelberg, Germany), Prof. Dominique Richon (Ecole des Mines, France), Prof. J. Wisniak (Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel), and Prof. Zumin Qiu (Nanchuang University, China), who kindly provided reprints containing important experimental data. Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to the editorial office in Darmstadt, Germany, with special thanks to Dr. Wolfgang Finger, for their excellent work in preparing the volumes for the publisher. Paris, October 2006 The Editor

6 Contents 1 Introduction General thermodynamic relations Fugacity and fugacity coefficient Activity and activity coefficient Excess Gibbs energy Concentration dependence of activity coefficients in binary systems Correction for real behavior of vapor phase Vapor-liquid equilibrium phase diagrams Principles and methods of measurement Static methods Dynamic (circulation) methods Flow methods Dew and bubble point methods Saturation (transpiration) methods Other methods Sources of errors Consistency tests Correlation of experimental data Test mixtures Tables on vapor-liquid equilibria Introduction Property types Organic systems Aqueous-organic systems Systems containing inorganic substances Instructions on using the computer program ELBT Introduction System requirements Installing the program To start Visualization of numerical data PDF display SELF (Standard Electronic File) display SELF structure Identifiers Physical quantities and physico-chemical properties Independent variables and dependent variables Parameters

7 Contents IX Symbols, units and scales of physical quantities Numerical data and estimated uncertainties Two-phase liquid-liquid systems Linked data files ELDATA display Selection of units Graphical display Correlating experimental data Output of correlated experimental data Creating SpreadsheetML documents Indexes Formula index of substances Name index of substances Class index of organic substances Class index of organic systems Class index of aqueous-organic systems Index of systems containing inorganic substances General References