Astronomy and Astrophysics Extension and Supplement to Volume 2

Transcription

1 Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group VI: Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume Astronomy and Astrophysics Extension and Supplement to Volume Subvolume B Stars and Star Clusters Editor: H.H. Voigt Contributors: L.H. Aller, I. Appenzeller, B. Baschek, K. Butler, C. de Loore, H.W. Duerbeck, M.F. El Eid, H.H. Fink, T. Herczeg, T. Richtler, H. Schneider, M. Scholz, W. Seggewiss, W.C. Seitter, J. Trümper, P. Ulmschneider, R. Wehrse, V. Weidemann 1

2 ISSN ogz-011 (Astronomy and Astrophysics) ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Vol. VICB: Editor: H.H.Voigt At head of title: Landolt-Biirnstein. Added tp.: : Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Tables chiefly in English. Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Biirnstein of which the th ed. began publication in 0 under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie,Astronomie, Geophysik und Tech& Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag Includes bibliographies. 1. Physics--Tables. z.. Chemistry--Tables.. Engineering--Tables. I. Barnstein, R. (Richard), z-lg1. II. Landolt, H. (Hans), 11-lglo. III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. QC1. 0~x -1 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part oftbe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfdm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of thegermancopyrightlawofseptemberg,1g,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbe obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. 0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg1 Printed in The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. product Liability: The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from the original literature. Furthermore, they have been checked for correctness by authors and the editorial staff before printing. Nevertheless, the publisher can give no guarantee for the correctness of the data and information provided. In any individual case of application, the respective user must check the correctness by consulting other relevant sources of information. Production: PRODUSERV Springer Produktions-Gesellschaft Cover layout: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Thomson Press India Ltd.; Camera ready copy from Redaktion Landolt-BBmstein, Darmstadt Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin Binding: Liideritz & Bauer, Berlin SPIN: 00 /0 - a 1 o - Printed of acid-free paper

3 Editor H. H. Voigt Universitätssternwarte, Geismarlandstraße 11, D-0 Göttingen, Contributors to subvolume VI/ b L.H. Aller Department of Astronomy, University of California, 0 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 00-, USA Planetary nebulae I. Appenzeller Landessternwarte, Königstuhl, D-11 Heidelberg, Protostars, pre-main sequence objects B. Baschek K. Butler Universitäts-Sternwarte, Scheinerstraße 1, D-1 München, C. de Loore Astrophysical Institute, Pleinlaan, B-0 Brussels, Belgium Stellar structure and evolution H.W. Duerbeck Astronomisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm- Straße, D-1 Münster, Variable stars M.F. El Eid Universitätssternwarte, Geismarlandstraße 11, D-0 Göttingen, Stellar structure and evolution H.H. Fink Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, D- Garching, Compact objects, X-ray and γ-ray sources T. Herczeg Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 0 West Brooks, Norman, OK 01-0, USA Double stars T. Richtler Universitätssternwarte, Auf dem Hügel 1, D-11 Bonn, Star clusters and associations H. Schneider Universitätssternwarte, Geismarlandstraße 11, D-0 Göttingen, Magnitudes and colors M. Scholz

4 VI Contributors W. Seggewiss Observatorium Hoher List der Universitätssternwarte Bonn, D-0 Daun Star clusters and associations W.C. Seitter Astronomisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm- Straße, D-1 Münster, Variable stars J. Trümper Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, D- Garching, Compact objects, X-ray and g-ray sources P. Ulmschneider R. Wehrse V. Weidemann V.W. Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universtät Kiel, D-11 Kiel, White dwarfs

5 Preface This subvolume is the second part, b, of volume VI/ "Astronomy and Astrophysics", the first part of which, a, has been published two years ago in 1. Concerning the general concept I therefore refer to the preface of subvolume a. The following pages give again a synoptic list of contents for subvolumes VI/b and VI/b. Unfortunately some chapters belonging to the present subvolume b had to be postponed to the forthcoming subvolume c, as it already happened in subvolume b. The manuscripts of these chapters did not reach the editor in time. It was impossible to decelerate the publication, even more since the manuscripts of those authors who submitted their contributions in time arrived already three years ago and we could not let them wait even longer. My thank first of all is due to the authors of the various sections. They have had to do the scientific work proper in collecting the data and bear the final responsibilty. They followed the suggestions of editor and publisher without grambling. I also want to thank the editorial staff of Landolt-Börnstein, especially Frau G. Burfeindt and Dr. W. Finger who are responsible for the present LB volumes on astronomy and astrophysics. Thanks are also due to Springer, always being willing to follow our wishes as far as possible. Göttingen, September The Editor

6 Logarithmic scales Scale Interval Correspondence*) interval ratio exp exponential interval n exp e n dex interval in powers of n dex n db decibel: interval in 0.1 powers of n db 0.1n mag interval of magnitudes n mag 0.n *) Correspondence of logarithmic interval and ratio of intensity variable dex =.000 db =.0 exp =. mag

7 Conversion of distance scales 0 1 n n +n 0 1 +n +n 0 1+n 1+n 1+n 0 cm. inch [ in ] p ["] parsec [ pc ] m M AU light year. foot [ ft ] statute mile km n +n +n +n +n 1 1+n 1+n 1+n Nomogram Conversion of distance scales With this nomogram, distance data given in different units can be converted into each other. For this purpose we make use of the index line which is always put into horizontal position. Horizontal position is easily realized with the help of the outer scales at left (cm) and at right (km): since the two scales are identical (there is only a difference in the powers of associated with them), the index line is in horizontal position if it crosses these two scales at points which do exactly correspond to each other. When using the nomogram, always a suitable value positive or negative integer is to be taken for the number n which appears at top and at bottom of the scales. Example: given the distance 0 pc. The numerical values for "parsecs" are on the right-hand side of the second (from left) double scale. We write 0 =.0 ; the value n =, therefore, is to be used in all scales. We put the index line through the point.0 of the parsec-scale; with the help of the outermost scales (cm and km) it is made horizontal. Then we can read off:.0 pc = 1.1 cm =. 1 in =. AU = 1.10 light years =. ft =. 1 statute miles = km. Moreover, we find the parallax π =." and the distance modulus (m M) = Nomogram and text are taken from LB, NS Vol. VI/1 (H. Strassl)