Math Real Analysis The Henstock-Kurzweil Integral
|
|
- Jared McDaniel
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Math Real Analysis The Henstock-Kurzweil Integral Steven Kao & Jocelyn Gonzales April 28, Introduction to the Henstock-Kurzweil Integral Although the Rieann integral is the priary integration technique taught to undergraduates, there are several drawbacks to the Rieann integral. I. A lot of functions are not Rieann integrable. Recall that a bounded function is only Rieann integrable if its set of discontinuities has easure zero. For exaple Dirichlet s function: { 1 x Q g(x) = 0 x R\Q is not Rieann integrable since U(f, P) = 1 and L(f, P) = 0. Thus, U(f, P) L(f, P). II. Every derivative is not Rieann integrable. We have seen in class that the function ( ) 1 x 2 sin f(x) = x 2 x 0 0 x = 0 on [ 1, 1] has the derivative f 2 ( ) ( ( )) 1 1 (x) = x cos x 2 + 2x sin x 2 x 0 0 x = 0 (1) (2) however f (x) is unbounded on [ 1, 1], thus it is not Rieann integrable. Using the Rieann integral, the Fundaental Theore of Calculus states if f : [a, b] R is Rieann integrable and F : [a, b] R with F (x) = f(x), x [a, b], then b a f = F (b) F (a). Thus, the Fundaental Theore of Calculus requires that f be Rieann integrable. Since not every derivative is Rieann integrable, the Rieann integral places a constraint on the Fundaental Theore of Calculus. For exaple, f ight have an antiderivative F, but this does not iply that f is Rieann integrable. Thus, the forula fro the Fundaental Theore of Calculus can not be applied. 1
2 The Lebesgue integral was introduced in 1902 by Henry Lebesgue. This integral centers around using the range instead of the doain to integrate functions. Although the Lebesgue integral can integrate a larger class of functions then the Rieann integral, it still has liitations. First, there are still a large nuber of functions which can not be integrated using the Lebesgue integral. Also, the Lebesgue integral does not guarantee that every derivative is integrable. For exaple, equation (1) is not Lebesgue integral. Thus, it also adds additional constraints on the Fundaental Theore of Calculus. The desire to develop an integral that could integrate ore functions and generalize the Fundaental Theore of Calculus otivated atheaticians Ralph Henstock and Jaroslav Kurzweil. In the 1960 s, both Henstock and Kurzweil independently developed the Henstock-Kurzweil (HK) integral. The HK integral can integrate a uch larger class of functions than the Rieann integral and the Lebesgue integral. We will see later that the HK integral can integrate the Dirichlet function. Also, using the HK integral, every derivative is integrable. We will also see that using the generalized Rieann integral. the Fundaental Theore of Calculus can be ade ore general since we can eliinate the assuption that f is Rieann integrable. Figure 1: Classification of Integrable Functions Figure 2: Henstock and Kurzweil 2
3 2 Gauges and δ-fine Partitions We will begin with a few definitions. Tagged Partition: Let P be a partition of the interval [a, b] with P = a = x o < x 1 < x 2 <... < x n = b. A tagged partittion (P, (c k ) n ) is a partition which has selected points c k in each subinterval [x k 1, x k ]. The Rieann su using the tagged partition can be written R(f, P) = f(c k )[x k, x k 1 ]. δ-fine: Let δ > 0. A partition P is δ-fine if every subinterval [x k 1, x k ] satisfies x k x k 1 < δ. The definition for Rieann integrability can be restated as the following: A bounded function f : [a, b] R is Rieann integrable with b f = A if and only if for every ɛ > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such a that, for any tagged partition (P, (c k )) that is δ-fine, it follows that R(f, P) A < ɛ. Gauge: A function δ : [a, b] R is called a gauge on [a, b] if δ(x) > 0 for all x [a, b]. The ajor difference between the HK integral and the Rieann integral is allowing δ to be a function of x rather than a constant. δ(x)-fine: Given a particular gauge δ(x), a tagged partition (P, (c k ) n ) is δ(x)-fine if every subinterval [x k 1, x k ] satisfies x k x k 1 < δ(c k ). If δ(x) is a constant function, then the definition of a δ(x)-fine partition is equivalent to the definition of a δ-fine partition. 3 Exaples of δ(x)-fine tagged partitions Exaple 1 Consider the inverval [0, 1]. Let δ 1 (x) = 1/9. We will find a δ 1 (x)-fine tagged partition on [0, 1]. Since the gauge δ 1 (x) is a constant function. Regardless of the choice of tag, δ 1 (c k ) = 1/9. Thus, any tagged partition (P, (c k ) n ) in which x k x k 1 < 1/9 is a δ 1 (x)-fine tagged partition. Consider the following partition, choosing each tag fro every interval to be any nuber in that inverval: ([ 0, 1 ]) < 1 ([ ([ 1 10, 2 ]) < 1 10, 5 ]) < 1 ([ , 8 ]) < ([ ([ 2 10, 3 ]) < 1 10, 6 ]) < 1 ([ , 9 ]) < ([ ([ 3 10, 4 ]) < 1 10, 7 ]) < 1 ([ ]) , 1 < This is an exaple of a δ 1 (x)-fine tagged partition. 3
4 Exaple 2 Again considering the interval [0, 1], let δ 2 (x) = { 1/4 x = 0 x/3 0 < x 1. Consider the following partition, choosing the first tag fro the first interval to be 0 and each tag fro every other interval to be the right hand end-point of that interval: ([ 0, 1 ]) = 1 ( ) 5 5 < δ 2 0 = 1 ([ 2 4 5, 1 ]) = 1 ( ) < δ 2 = ([ 1 5, 1 ]) = 1 ( ) < δ 2 = 1 ([ , 3 ]) = 1 ( ) < δ 2 = ([ 1 4, 1 ]) = 1 ( ) < δ 2 = 1 ([ , 3 ]) = 3 ( ) < δ 2 = ([ 1 3, 2 ]) = 1 ( ) < δ 2 = 2 ([ ]) , 1 = 1 ( ) 4 < δ 2 1 = 1 3 This is an exaple of a δ 2 (x)-fine tagged partition. 4 Theore 1 Before we state and prove Theore 1, we will first prove the Nested Interval Property, which will be used in the proof of Theore 1. Nested Interval Property For each n N, assue we are given a closed interval I n = [a n, b n ] = {x R : a n x b n }. Assue also that each I n contains I n+1. Then, the resulting nested sequence of closed intervals I 1 I 2 I 3... has a nonepty intersection; that is, n=1 I n. Proof. Let Let A = {a n : n N} be the left-hand endpoints of each interval. Since every interval is contained inside of the previous interval, the b n ters are upper bounds for A. By the existence of a least upper bound, since A has an upper bound, it ust have a least upper bound. Let x = sup A. Because x is an upper bound for A, then a n x, n. Also, since x is a least upper bound of A, x b n, n. Then we have a n x b n, n. Thus x I n for every choice of n N. Thus x n=1 I n and the intersection is not epty. Theore 1: Given a gauge δ(x) on an interval [a, b], there exists a tagged partition (P, (c k ) n ) that is δ(x)-fine. Proof. Let δ(x) be a gauge on [a, b]. An algorith to find a δ(x)-fine tagged partition is as follows. First consider the trivial partition P o = {a = x o < x 1 = b}. Then check to see if c o [a, b] \ I such that b a < δ(c o ). If such c o exists, then choose (P o, (c o )). Thus there exists a tagged partition which is δ(x)- fine. If no c o exists such that b a < δ(c o ), then bisect the interval into two equal halves. Consider the partition P 1 = {a = x o < x 1 < x 2 = b}. Then apply the algorith to each new half. 4
5 We will now prove the algorith ust terinate in a finite nuber of steps. Assue that the algorith does not terinate in a finite nuber of steps. Then we have infinite nested intervals (I n ) where (I n ) 0. Since the algorith has not terinated, this iplies that δ(x) (I n ), x I n. By the Nested Interval Property, we know x o n=1 I n. Then δ(x o ) (I n ), n N. But since (I n ) 0, this iplies that δ(x o ) = 0. We draw a contradiction since by definition δ(x) > 0. Thus this algorith ust terinate after a finite nuber of steps. Thus we can always create a tagged partition of [a, b] that is δ(x)-fine for a given gauge. 5 Introducing the Henstock-Kurzweil (HK) integral We now have the achinery to define the Henstock-Kurzweil integral: Definition: A function f : [a, b] R is Henstock-Kurzweil (HK) integrable if A R st. ε > 0, a gauge δ : [a, b] R st. for each tagged partition (P, (c k ) n ) that is δ(x)-fine, R(f, P) A < ε In this case, we write b a f = A, or HK b f = A (if we need to distinguish between different versions of a integrals) and say that f has an HK integral value of A. Our first order of business is to ake sure that if a function has an HK integral value, it can have only one such value: Theore 2: If a function is HK integrable, its value is unique. Proof. Suppose f : [a, b] R is HK integrable and has values A 1 and A 2. Let ε > 0 ε/2 > 0. By definition of HK integrable, a gauge δ 1 : [a, b] R st. tagged partitions (P 1, (a k ) n1 ) which are δ 1 (x)-fine, R(f, P 1 ) A 1 < ε/2 (3) Siilarly, a gauge δ 2 : [a, b] R st. tagged partitions (P 2, (b k ) n2 ) which are δ 2(x)-fine, R(f, P 2 ) A 2 < ε/2 (4) Define δ : [a, b] R to be δ(x) := in(δ 1 (x), δ 2 (x)). Clearly δ is a gauge since δ(x) = δ 1 (x) or = δ 2 (x), both of which > 0, x [a, b]. Now let (P, (c k ) n ) be an arbitrary tagged partition which is δ(x)-fine. Notice, (P, (c k) n ) is necessarily δ 1 (x)-fine and δ 2 (x)-fine. This is because for any subinterval [x k 1, x k ] with endpoints taken fro P, we have x k x k 1 < δ(c k ) δ 1 (c k ) x k x k 1 < δ(c k ) δ 2 (c k ) and Therefore, 0 A 1 A 2 = ( A 1 R(f, P) ) + ( ) R(f, P) A 2 iddle-an trick A 1 R(f, P) + R(f, P) A 2 triangle ineq. < ε/2 + ε/2 fro (3), (4) since R(f, P) is δ 1 (x) and δ 2 (x)-fine = ε And since since ε is arbitrary A 1 A 2 = 0 A 1 = A 2. 5
6 6 Dirichlet s function, revisited Now that we ve shown the value of an HK integral for an HK integrable function is well-defined, we are ready to calculate HK 1 g, where g : [0, 1] R is the Dirichlet function: 0 { 1, if x Q g(x) := 0, if x R \ Q Clai: HK 1 0 g = 0. Proof. Let ε > 0. In order to prove the clai, we ust construct a gauge δ : [0, 1] R st. given an arbitrary tagged partition (P, (c k ) n ) which is δ(x)-fine, R(f, P) 0 = g(c k )(x k x k 1 ) < ε. (5) Since the rationals are countable, we can list the as {r 1, r 2, r 3,... }. Now define, { ε/2 i+1, if x = r i Q δ(x) := 1, if x R \ Q. Notice the following three observations: (i) The function δ is a gauge because δ(x) > 0, x [0, 1] since ε, 2, and 1 are all positive. (ii) Because g(c k ) = 0 when c k is irrational, we can ignore these irrational tags and pass to the subsequence (c kj ) j=1 consisting of all the rational eleents of (c k) n when evaluating the finite su in (5). (iii) Because a tag can be an endpoint of a subinterval, it s possible for two different tags to have the sae value, corresponding to the right endpoint of one subinterval and the left endpoint of the successive subinterval. It is not possible to have equal tags fro non-successive subintervals, nor is it possible to have three or ore tags with the sae value. This is true for both the original sequence of tags (c k ) n and for the rational subsequence of tags (c kj ) j=1. For exaple, suppose we have the sequence (c 1, c 2,..., c 10 ). Then it s possible for c 3 = c 4, but not for c 3 = c 5 nor c 3 = c 4 = c 5. Siilarly, if we have the subsequence (c k1, c k2,..., c k6 ), it s possible for c k3 = c k4 but not for c k3 = c k5 nor c k3 = c k4 = c k5. By observation (ii), we can rewrite the lefthand side of inequality (5) as: R(f, P) 0 = g(c kj )(x kj x kj 1) = < = j=1 (x kj x kj 1) g(c kj ) = 1 since c kj is rational j=1 δ(c kj ) j=1 j=1 < 2 = 2ε since (P, (c k ) n ) is δ(x)-fine ε 2 ij+1 def. of δ(x) where the i j s are finite subseq. of N + i=1 ε 2 i+1 by observation (iii) 1/4 = ε geoetric series, 1 1/2 6
7 which is what we needed to show. Reark: Having a gauge allows us to control the length of each subinterval, enabling us to encapsulate sets of easure zero. So essentially, the characteristics of the Lebesgue integral is built into the HK integral. Also notice, if ε < 1, it is not possible to for a tagged partition which is δ(x)-fine and which consists only of rational tags, because when you add up the lengths of the subintervals in such a partition, the su will be less than 1. 7 The Fundaental Theore of Calculus Now we coe to the ain feature of the Henstock-Kurzweil integral, that which sets it apart fro both the Rieann and Lebesgue integrals and allows for a larger class of functions to be integrable. Theore 3: (The Fundaental Theore of Calculus). Let F : [a, b] R and f : [a, b] R be functions. Suppose F is differentiable on [a, b] st. F (x) = f(x), x [a, b]. Then, HK b a f = F (b) F (a). Reark: Notice that the Fundaental Theore of Calculus for HK integrals does NOT require any additional assuptions on f, unlike the Rieann integral version which requires f to be Rieann integrable and even the Lebesgue version, which requires f to be absolutely continuous. ε 2(b a) Proof. Assue conditions and let ε > 0 > 0 since > 0. As before, we ust construct a gauge δ : [0, 1] R st. given an arbitrary tagged partition (P, (c k ) n ) which is δ(c)-fine, (F (b) F (a)) R(f, P) < ε (6) (The reason why we switched to using c as our variable instead of x will soon be clear.) There are three key observations. First, since F (c) is differentiable c [a, b] with derivative equal to f(c), by Newton s approxiation: δ(c) > 0 st. x c δ(c), F (x) F (c) f(c)(x c) ε x c. (7) In other words, the value of δ depends on the choice of c, since we only have regular continuity in our assuption, not unifor continuity. Since δ(c) > 0 c [a, b], it is exactly this δ(c) that will be our gauge! Second, for an arbitrary subinterval [x k 1, x k ] and its tag c k [x k 1, x k ], we have the following: Fro (7) and (8) we get: x k x k 1 = x k x k 1 since x k > x k 1 = (x k c k ) + (c k x k 1 ) adding 0 and associativity = x k c k + c k x k 1 since x k c k and c k x k 1 x k c k x k x k 1 < δ(c k ), by transitivity and because (8) c k x k 1 x k x k 1 < δ(c k ) (P, (c k ) n ) is δ(c)-fine (9) F (x k ) F (c k ) f(c k )(x k c k ) ε x k c k = ε(x k c k ), (10) 7
8 since x k > c k. And fro (7) and (9) we get: F (x k 1 ) F (c k ) f(c k )(x k 1 c k ) ε x k 1 c k = ε(c k x k 1 ) 1 F (x k 1 ) F (c k ) f(c k )(x k 1 c k ) ε(c k x k 1 ) F (x k 1 ) + F (c k ) f(c k )( x k 1 + c k ) ε(c k x k 1 ) (11) Putting all this together, F (x k ) F (x k 1 ) f(c k )(x k x k 1 ) = F (x k ) + ( F (c k ) + F (c k )) F (x k 1 ) f(c k )(x k + ( c k + c k ) x k 1 ), by the iddle-an trick. F (x k ) F (c k ) f(c k )(x k c k ) + F (x k 1 ) + F (c k ) f(c k )( x k 1 + c k ), by triangle inequality. So, F (x k ) F (x k 1 ) f(c k )(x k x k 1 ) ε(x k c k ) = ε(x k x k 1 ) + ε(c k x k 1 ) (12) by (10) and (11). Suing (12) over the tagged partition (P, (c k ) n ): F (x k ) F (x k 1 ) f(c k )(x k x k 1 ) ε(x k x k 1 ) = ε(x n x 0 ) ε(b a) = = ε 2 (13) because the su is telescoping and x n = b and x 0 = a by construction of our partition P. Third, notice that: (F (x k ) F (x k 1 )) = (F (x 1 ) F (x 0 )) + (F (x 2 ) F (x 1 )) + + (F (x n ) F (x n 1 )) = F (x n ) F (x 0 ) telescoping finite su = F (b) F (a) by construction of our partition P (14) 8
9 Finally, we are ready to show (6) holds: (F (b) F (a)) R(f, P) = (F (x k ) F (x k 1 )) f(c k )(x k x k 1 ) = F (x k ) F (x k 1 ) f(c k )(x k x k 1 ) F (x k ) F (x k 1 ) f(c k )(x k x k 1 ) which is what we needed to show. 8 Closing Thoughts ε < ε by (13), 2 by (14) & def. of Rie. su by finite triangle inequality Obviously, we have just barely scratched the surface of the power of the Henstock-Kurzweil integral. But just to give a glipse of its versatility, we leave the reader with two facts (which we will not prove) of the HK integral: (i) The HK integral integrates: (a) all functions which have anti-derivatives (b) all Rieann integrable functions (c) all Lebesgue integrable functions (d) all functions that can be obtained as iproper integrals (ii) The HK integral has theores which generalize (a) the Monotone Convergence Theore (b) the Doinated Convergence Theores of easure theory 9
10 9 References Abbott, Stephen. Understanding Analysis. New York: Springer, Print. Bartle, Robert Gardner. A Modern Theory of Integration. Providence, RI: Aerican Matheatical Society, Print. Herschlag, Greg. A Brief Introduction to Gauge Integration. ay/vigre/vigre2006/papers/herschlag.pdf.[23 Apr Web.] McKinnis, Erik O. Gauge Integration. (2002): Web. Oberwolfach Photo Collection. Details: Ralph Henstock, Jaroslav Kurzweil. Web. 28 Apr Prove the Derivative Is Not Lebesgue Integrable. Math Stack Exchange. Web. 28 Apr Tao, Terence. Analysis I. New Delhi: Hindustan, Print. 10
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.436J/15.085J Fall 2008 Lecture 11 10/15/2008 ABSTRACT INTEGRATION I
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.436J/15.085J Fall 2008 Lecture 11 10/15/2008 ABSTRACT INTEGRATION I Contents 1. Preliinaries 2. The ain result 3. The Rieann integral 4. The integral of a nonnegative
More informationThe Euler-Maclaurin Formula and Sums of Powers
DRAFT VOL 79, NO 1, FEBRUARY 26 1 The Euler-Maclaurin Forula and Sus of Powers Michael Z Spivey University of Puget Sound Tacoa, WA 98416 spivey@upsedu Matheaticians have long been intrigued by the su
More informationMATH 409 Advanced Calculus I Lecture 10: Continuity. Properties of continuous functions.
MATH 409 Advanced Calculus I Lecture 10: Continuity. Properties of continuous functions. Continuity Definition. Given a set E R, a function f : E R, and a point c E, the function f is continuous at c if
More information3.8 Three Types of Convergence
3.8 Three Types of Convergence 3.8 Three Types of Convergence 93 Suppose that we are given a sequence functions {f k } k N on a set X and another function f on X. What does it ean for f k to converge to
More informationThe Weierstrass Approximation Theorem
36 The Weierstrass Approxiation Theore Recall that the fundaental idea underlying the construction of the real nubers is approxiation by the sipler rational nubers. Firstly, nubers are often deterined
More informationA := A i : {A i } S. is an algebra. The same object is obtained when the union in required to be disjoint.
59 6. ABSTRACT MEASURE THEORY Having developed the Lebesgue integral with respect to the general easures, we now have a general concept with few specific exaples to actually test it on. Indeed, so far
More informationLemma 15.1 (Sign preservation Lemma). Suppose that f : E R is continuous at some a R.
15. Intermediate Value Theorem and Classification of discontinuities 15.1. Intermediate Value Theorem. Let us begin by recalling the definition of a function continuous at a point of its domain. Definition.
More informationThe Generalised Riemann Integral
Bachelorproject Mathemetics: The Generalised Riemann ntegral Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Author: Menno Kos Supervisor: Prof. dr. R.C.A.M. Vandervorst August 11th, 2009 Contents 1 ntroduction 1 2 Basic
More informationA1. Find all ordered pairs (a, b) of positive integers for which 1 a + 1 b = 3
A. Find all ordered pairs a, b) of positive integers for which a + b = 3 08. Answer. The six ordered pairs are 009, 08), 08, 009), 009 337, 674) = 35043, 674), 009 346, 673) = 3584, 673), 674, 009 337)
More informationCharacterization of the Line Complexity of Cellular Automata Generated by Polynomial Transition Rules. Bertrand Stone
Characterization of the Line Coplexity of Cellular Autoata Generated by Polynoial Transition Rules Bertrand Stone Abstract Cellular autoata are discrete dynaical systes which consist of changing patterns
More informationQuestion 1. Question 3. Question 4. Graduate Analysis I Exercise 4
Graduate Analysis I Exercise 4 Question 1 If f is easurable and λ is any real nuber, f + λ and λf are easurable. Proof. Since {f > a λ} is easurable, {f + λ > a} = {f > a λ} is easurable, then f + λ is
More informationPrerequisites. We recall: Theorem 2 A subset of a countably innite set is countable.
Prerequisites 1 Set Theory We recall the basic facts about countable and uncountable sets, union and intersection of sets and iages and preiages of functions. 1.1 Countable and uncountable sets We can
More informationLecture 21. Interior Point Methods Setup and Algorithm
Lecture 21 Interior Point Methods In 1984, Kararkar introduced a new weakly polynoial tie algorith for solving LPs [Kar84a], [Kar84b]. His algorith was theoretically faster than the ellipsoid ethod and
More information4 = (0.02) 3 13, = 0.25 because = 25. Simi-
Theore. Let b and be integers greater than. If = (. a a 2 a i ) b,then for any t N, in base (b + t), the fraction has the digital representation = (. a a 2 a i ) b+t, where a i = a i + tk i with k i =
More informationFINAL REVIEW FOR MATH The limit. a n. This definition is useful is when evaluating the limits; for instance, to show
FINAL REVIEW FOR MATH 500 SHUANGLIN SHAO. The it Define a n = A: For any ε > 0, there exists N N such that for any n N, a n A < ε. This definition is useful is when evaluating the its; for instance, to
More informationVC Dimension and Sauer s Lemma
CMSC 35900 (Spring 2008) Learning Theory Lecture: VC Diension and Sauer s Lea Instructors: Sha Kakade and Abuj Tewari Radeacher Averages and Growth Function Theore Let F be a class of ±-valued functions
More informationModel Fitting. CURM Background Material, Fall 2014 Dr. Doreen De Leon
Model Fitting CURM Background Material, Fall 014 Dr. Doreen De Leon 1 Introduction Given a set of data points, we often want to fit a selected odel or type to the data (e.g., we suspect an exponential
More informationHermite s Rule Surpasses Simpson s: in Mathematics Curricula Simpson s Rule. Should be Replaced by Hermite s
International Matheatical Foru, 4, 9, no. 34, 663-686 Herite s Rule Surpasses Sipson s: in Matheatics Curricula Sipson s Rule Should be Replaced by Herite s Vito Lapret University of Lublana Faculty of
More informationA Simple Regression Problem
A Siple Regression Proble R. M. Castro March 23, 2 In this brief note a siple regression proble will be introduced, illustrating clearly the bias-variance tradeoff. Let Y i f(x i ) + W i, i,..., n, where
More informationP (t) = P (t = 0) + F t Conclusion: If we wait long enough, the velocity of an electron will diverge, which is obviously impossible and wrong.
4 Phys520.nb 2 Drude theory ~ Chapter in textbook 2.. The relaxation tie approxiation Here we treat electrons as a free ideal gas (classical) 2... Totally ignore interactions/scatterings Under a static
More informationFAST DYNAMO ON THE REAL LINE
FAST DYAMO O THE REAL LIE O. KOZLOVSKI & P. VYTOVA Abstract. In this paper we show that a piecewise expanding ap on the interval, extended to the real line by a non-expanding ap satisfying soe ild hypthesis
More informationAlgebraic Montgomery-Yang problem: the log del Pezzo surface case
c 2014 The Matheatical Society of Japan J. Math. Soc. Japan Vol. 66, No. 4 (2014) pp. 1073 1089 doi: 10.2969/jsj/06641073 Algebraic Montgoery-Yang proble: the log del Pezzo surface case By DongSeon Hwang
More informationE0 370 Statistical Learning Theory Lecture 5 (Aug 25, 2011)
E0 370 Statistical Learning Theory Lecture 5 Aug 5, 0 Covering Nubers, Pseudo-Diension, and Fat-Shattering Diension Lecturer: Shivani Agarwal Scribe: Shivani Agarwal Introduction So far we have seen how
More informationThe Methods of Solution for Constrained Nonlinear Programming
Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science Vol.4, Issue 3(March 2014), PP 01-06 Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.co The Methods of Solution for Constrained
More informationMath Reviews classifications (2000): Primary 54F05; Secondary 54D20, 54D65
The Monotone Lindelöf Property and Separability in Ordered Spaces by H. Bennett, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 D. Lutzer, College of Willia and Mary, Williasburg, VA 23187-8795 M. Matveev, Irvine,
More informationOn the Dirichlet Convolution of Completely Additive Functions
1 3 47 6 3 11 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 17 014, Article 14.8.7 On the Dirichlet Convolution of Copletely Additive Functions Isao Kiuchi and Makoto Minaide Departent of Matheatical Sciences Yaaguchi
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.co] 19 Apr 2017
PROOF OF CHAPOTON S CONJECTURE ON NEWTON POLYTOPES OF q-ehrhart POLYNOMIALS arxiv:1704.0561v1 [ath.co] 19 Apr 017 JANG SOO KIM AND U-KEUN SONG Abstract. Recently, Chapoton found a q-analog of Ehrhart polynoials,
More informationBounded Derivatives Which Are Not Riemann Integrable. Elliot M. Granath. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
Bounded Derivatives Which Are Not Riemann Integrable by Elliot M. Granath A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with Honors in Mathematics. Whitman College 2017 Certificate
More informationSolutions 1. Introduction to Coding Theory - Spring 2010 Solutions 1. Exercise 1.1. See Examples 1.2 and 1.11 in the course notes.
Solutions 1 Exercise 1.1. See Exaples 1.2 and 1.11 in the course notes. Exercise 1.2. Observe that the Haing distance of two vectors is the iniu nuber of bit flips required to transfor one into the other.
More informationMATH5011 Real Analysis I. Exercise 1 Suggested Solution
MATH5011 Real Analysis I Exercise 1 Suggested Solution Notations in the notes are used. (1) Show that every open set in R can be written as a countable union of mutually disjoint open intervals. Hint:
More informationLORENTZ SPACES AND REAL INTERPOLATION THE KEEL-TAO APPROACH
LORENTZ SPACES AND REAL INTERPOLATION THE KEEL-TAO APPROACH GUILLERMO REY. Introduction If an operator T is bounded on two Lebesgue spaces, the theory of coplex interpolation allows us to deduce the boundedness
More informationUniform Approximation and Bernstein Polynomials with Coefficients in the Unit Interval
Unifor Approxiation and Bernstein Polynoials with Coefficients in the Unit Interval Weiang Qian and Marc D. Riedel Electrical and Coputer Engineering, University of Minnesota 200 Union St. S.E. Minneapolis,
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.nt] 14 Sep 2014
ROTATION REMAINDERS P. JAMESON GRABER, WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY 08 arxiv:1409.411v1 [ath.nt] 14 Sep 014 Abstract. We study properties of an array of nubers, called the triangle, in which each row
More informationarxiv: v2 [math.ca] 4 Jun 2017
EXCURSIONS ON CANTOR-LIKE SETS ROBERT DIMARTINO AND WILFREDO O. URBINA arxiv:4.70v [math.ca] 4 Jun 07 ABSTRACT. The ternary Cantor set C, constructed by George Cantor in 883, is probably the best known
More informationList Scheduling and LPT Oliver Braun (09/05/2017)
List Scheduling and LPT Oliver Braun (09/05/207) We investigate the classical scheduling proble P ax where a set of n independent jobs has to be processed on 2 parallel and identical processors (achines)
More informationarxiv:math/ v1 [math.nt] 6 Apr 2005
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE PSEUDO-SMARANDACHE FUNCTION arxiv:ath/05048v [ath.nt] 6 Apr 005 RICHARD PINCH Abstract. Charles Ashbacher [] has posed a nuber of questions relating to the pseudo-sarandache function
More informationMATH 131A: REAL ANALYSIS (BIG IDEAS)
MATH 131A: REAL ANALYSIS (BIG IDEAS) Theorem 1 (The Triangle Inequality). For all x, y R we have x + y x + y. Proposition 2 (The Archimedean property). For each x R there exists an n N such that n > x.
More informationFeature Extraction Techniques
Feature Extraction Techniques Unsupervised Learning II Feature Extraction Unsupervised ethods can also be used to find features which can be useful for categorization. There are unsupervised ethods that
More informationAsymptotics of weighted random sums
Asyptotics of weighted rando sus José Manuel Corcuera, David Nualart, Mark Podolskij arxiv:402.44v [ath.pr] 6 Feb 204 February 7, 204 Abstract In this paper we study the asyptotic behaviour of weighted
More information1 Definition of the Riemann integral
MAT337H1, Introduction to Real Analysis: notes on Riemann integration 1 Definition of the Riemann integral Definition 1.1. Let [a, b] R be a closed interval. A partition P of [a, b] is a finite set of
More informationFinal. due May 8, 2012
Final due May 8, 2012 Write your solutions clearly in complete sentences. All notation used must be properly introduced. Your arguments besides being correct should be also complete. Pay close attention
More informationCSE525: Randomized Algorithms and Probabilistic Analysis May 16, Lecture 13
CSE55: Randoied Algoriths and obabilistic Analysis May 6, Lecture Lecturer: Anna Karlin Scribe: Noah Siegel, Jonathan Shi Rando walks and Markov chains This lecture discusses Markov chains, which capture
More informationElementary Analysis Math 140D Fall 2007
Elementary Analysis Math 140D Fall 2007 Bernard Russo Contents 1 Friday September 28, 2007 1 1.1 Course information............................ 1 1.2 Outline of the course........................... 1
More informationCourse Notes for EE227C (Spring 2018): Convex Optimization and Approximation
Course Notes for EE227C (Spring 2018): Convex Optiization and Approxiation Instructor: Moritz Hardt Eail: hardt+ee227c@berkeley.edu Graduate Instructor: Max Sichowitz Eail: sichow+ee227c@berkeley.edu October
More informationNew upper bound for the B-spline basis condition number II. K. Scherer. Institut fur Angewandte Mathematik, Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
New upper bound for the B-spline basis condition nuber II. A proof of de Boor's 2 -conjecture K. Scherer Institut fur Angewandte Matheati, Universitat Bonn, 535 Bonn, Gerany and A. Yu. Shadrin Coputing
More informationInner Variation and the SLi-Functions
International Journal of Mathematical Analysis Vol. 9, 2015, no. 3, 141-150 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ijma.2015.411343 Inner Variation and the SLi-Functions Julius V. Benitez
More information1 Proof of learning bounds
COS 511: Theoretical Machine Learning Lecturer: Rob Schapire Lecture #4 Scribe: Akshay Mittal February 13, 2013 1 Proof of learning bounds For intuition of the following theore, suppose there exists a
More informationORIGAMI CONSTRUCTIONS OF RINGS OF INTEGERS OF IMAGINARY QUADRATIC FIELDS
#A34 INTEGERS 17 (017) ORIGAMI CONSTRUCTIONS OF RINGS OF INTEGERS OF IMAGINARY QUADRATIC FIELDS Jürgen Kritschgau Departent of Matheatics, Iowa State University, Aes, Iowa jkritsch@iastateedu Adriana Salerno
More informationA Short Journey Through the Riemann Integral
A Short Journey Through the Riemann Integral Jesse Keyton April 23, 2014 Abstract An introductory-level theory of integration was studied, focusing primarily on the well-known Riemann integral and ending
More informationUPPER AND LOWER HENSTOCK INTEGRALS
RESEARCH Real Analysis Exchange Vol. 22(2), 1996-97, pp. 734 739 Lee Peng Yee and Zhao ongsheng, ivision of Mathematics, School of Science, National Institute of Education, Singapore 259756 e-mail: zhaod@am.nie.ac.sg
More informationPoly-Bernoulli Numbers and Eulerian Numbers
1 2 3 47 6 23 11 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 21 (2018, Article 18.6.1 Poly-Bernoulli Nubers and Eulerian Nubers Beáta Bényi Faculty of Water Sciences National University of Public Service H-1441
More informationconvergence theorem in abstract set up. Our proof produces a positive integrable function required unlike other known
https://sites.google.com/site/anilpedgaonkar/ profanilp@gmail.com 218 Chapter 5 Convergence and Integration In this chapter we obtain convergence theorems. Convergence theorems will apply to various types
More informationEXISTENCE OF ASYMPTOTICALLY PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF SCALAR VOLTERRA DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS. 1. Introduction
Tatra Mt. Math. Publ. 43 2009, 5 6 DOI: 0.2478/v027-009-0024-7 t Matheatical Publications EXISTENCE OF ASYMPTOTICALLY PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF SCALAR VOLTERRA DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS Josef Diblík Miroslava Růžičková
More informationAlireza Kamel Mirmostafaee
Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 47 (2010), No. 4, pp. 777 785 DOI 10.4134/BKMS.2010.47.4.777 STABILITY OF THE MONOMIAL FUNCTIONAL EQUATION IN QUASI NORMED SPACES Alireza Kael Mirostafaee Abstract. Let X be a linear
More informationON SEQUENCES OF NUMBERS IN GENERALIZED ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
Palestine Journal of Matheatics Vol 4) 05), 70 76 Palestine Polytechnic University-PPU 05 ON SEQUENCES OF NUMBERS IN GENERALIZED ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS Julius Fergy T Rabago Counicated by
More informationComputational and Statistical Learning Theory
Coputational and Statistical Learning Theory Proble sets 5 and 6 Due: Noveber th Please send your solutions to learning-subissions@ttic.edu Notations/Definitions Recall the definition of saple based Radeacher
More informationClosed-form evaluations of Fibonacci Lucas reciprocal sums with three factors
Notes on Nuber Theory Discrete Matheatics Print ISSN 30-32 Online ISSN 2367-827 Vol. 23 207 No. 2 04 6 Closed-for evaluations of Fibonacci Lucas reciprocal sus with three factors Robert Frontczak Lesbank
More informationMathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering
Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineering Lecture notes for PDEs Sergei V. Shabanov Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA CHAPTER 1 The integration theory
More informationADVANCES ON THE BESSIS- MOUSSA-VILLANI TRACE CONJECTURE
ADVANCES ON THE BESSIS- MOUSSA-VILLANI TRACE CONJECTURE CHRISTOPHER J. HILLAR Abstract. A long-standing conjecture asserts that the polynoial p(t = Tr(A + tb ] has nonnegative coefficients whenever is
More informationarxiv: v2 [math.nt] 5 Sep 2012
ON STRONGER CONJECTURES THAT IMPLY THE ERDŐS-MOSER CONJECTURE BERND C. KELLNER arxiv:1003.1646v2 [ath.nt] 5 Sep 2012 Abstract. The Erdős-Moser conjecture states that the Diophantine equation S k () = k,
More informationGeneralized eigenfunctions and a Borel Theorem on the Sierpinski Gasket.
Generalized eigenfunctions and a Borel Theore on the Sierpinski Gasket. Kasso A. Okoudjou, Luke G. Rogers, and Robert S. Strichartz May 26, 2006 1 Introduction There is a well developed theory (see [5,
More informationOn the Existence of Pure Nash Equilibria in Weighted Congestion Games
MATHEMATICS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH Vol. 37, No. 3, August 2012, pp. 419 436 ISSN 0364-765X (print) ISSN 1526-5471 (online) http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/oor.1120.0543 2012 INFORMS On the Existence of Pure
More informationSingularities of divisors on abelian varieties
Singularities of divisors on abelian varieties Olivier Debarre March 20, 2006 This is joint work with Christopher Hacon. We work over the coplex nubers. Let D be an effective divisor on an abelian variety
More informationDedicated to Prof. Jaroslav Kurzweil on the occasion of his 80th birthday
131 (2006) MATHEMATICA BOHEMICA No. 4, 365 378 ON MCSHANE-TYPE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO SOME DERIVATION BASES Valentin A. Skvortsov, Piotr Sworowski, Bydgoszcz (Received November 11, 2005) Dedicated to
More informationQuantum algorithms (CO 781, Winter 2008) Prof. Andrew Childs, University of Waterloo LECTURE 15: Unstructured search and spatial search
Quantu algoriths (CO 781, Winter 2008) Prof Andrew Childs, University of Waterloo LECTURE 15: Unstructured search and spatial search ow we begin to discuss applications of quantu walks to search algoriths
More informationInternational Mathematical Olympiad. Preliminary Selection Contest 2009 Hong Kong. Outline of Solutions
International Matheatical Olypiad Preliinary Selection ontest 009 Hong Kong Outline of Solutions nswers:. 03809. 0 3. 0. 333. 00099 00. 37 7. 3 8. 3 9. 3 0. 8 3. 009 00. 3 3. 3. 89. 8077. 000 7. 30 8.
More informationProblem List MATH 5143 Fall, 2013
Problem List MATH 5143 Fall, 2013 On any problem you may use the result of any previous problem (even if you were not able to do it) and any information given in class up to the moment the problem was
More informationSolutions of some selected problems of Homework 4
Solutions of soe selected probles of Hoework 4 Sangchul Lee May 7, 2018 Proble 1 Let there be light A professor has two light bulbs in his garage. When both are burned out, they are replaced, and the next
More informationProbability and Stochastic Processes: A Friendly Introduction for Electrical and Computer Engineers Roy D. Yates and David J.
Probability and Stochastic Processes: A Friendly Introduction for Electrical and oputer Engineers Roy D. Yates and David J. Goodan Proble Solutions : Yates and Goodan,1..3 1.3.1 1.4.6 1.4.7 1.4.8 1..6
More informationIntroduction to Optimization Techniques. Nonlinear Programming
Introduction to Optiization echniques Nonlinear Prograing Optial Solutions Consider the optiization proble in f ( x) where F R n xf Definition : x F is optial (global iniu) for this proble, if f( x ) f(
More informationLearnability and Stability in the General Learning Setting
Learnability and Stability in the General Learning Setting Shai Shalev-Shwartz TTI-Chicago shai@tti-c.org Ohad Shair The Hebrew University ohadsh@cs.huji.ac.il Nathan Srebro TTI-Chicago nati@uchicago.edu
More informationMeasure Theory and Lebesgue Integration. Joshua H. Lifton
Measure Theory and Lebesgue Integration Joshua H. Lifton Originally published 31 March 1999 Revised 5 September 2004 bstract This paper originally came out of my 1999 Swarthmore College Mathematics Senior
More informationSome Perspective. Forces and Newton s Laws
Soe Perspective The language of Kineatics provides us with an efficient ethod for describing the otion of aterial objects, and we ll continue to ake refineents to it as we introduce additional types of
More information13.2 Fully Polynomial Randomized Approximation Scheme for Permanent of Random 0-1 Matrices
CS71 Randoness & Coputation Spring 018 Instructor: Alistair Sinclair Lecture 13: February 7 Disclaier: These notes have not been subjected to the usual scrutiny accorded to foral publications. They ay
More informationA NEW ELECTROSTATIC FIELD GEOMETRY. Jerry E. Bayles
INTRODUCTION A NEW ELECTROSTATIC FIELD GEOMETRY by Jerry E Bayles The purpose of this paper is to present the electrostatic field in geoetrical ters siilar to that of the electrogravitational equation
More informationLecture October 23. Scribes: Ruixin Qiang and Alana Shine
CSCI699: Topics in Learning and Gae Theory Lecture October 23 Lecturer: Ilias Scribes: Ruixin Qiang and Alana Shine Today s topic is auction with saples. 1 Introduction to auctions Definition 1. In a single
More informationThe degree of a typical vertex in generalized random intersection graph models
Discrete Matheatics 306 006 15 165 www.elsevier.co/locate/disc The degree of a typical vertex in generalized rando intersection graph odels Jerzy Jaworski a, Michał Karoński a, Dudley Stark b a Departent
More informationMATH 54 - TOPOLOGY SUMMER 2015 FINAL EXAMINATION. Problem 1
MATH 54 - TOPOLOGY SUMMER 2015 FINAL EXAMINATION ELEMENTS OF SOLUTION Problem 1 1. Let X be a Hausdorff space and K 1, K 2 disjoint compact subsets of X. Prove that there exist disjoint open sets U 1 and
More informationThe Hilbert Schmidt version of the commutator theorem for zero trace matrices
The Hilbert Schidt version of the coutator theore for zero trace atrices Oer Angel Gideon Schechtan March 205 Abstract Let A be a coplex atrix with zero trace. Then there are atrices B and C such that
More information1 Generalization bounds based on Rademacher complexity
COS 5: Theoretical Machine Learning Lecturer: Rob Schapire Lecture #0 Scribe: Suqi Liu March 07, 08 Last tie we started proving this very general result about how quickly the epirical average converges
More informationOn Process Complexity
On Process Coplexity Ada R. Day School of Matheatics, Statistics and Coputer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand, Eail: ada.day@cs.vuw.ac.nz Abstract Process
More informationarxiv:math/ v1 [math.nt] 15 Jul 2003
arxiv:ath/0307203v [ath.nt] 5 Jul 2003 A quantitative version of the Roth-Ridout theore Toohiro Yaada, 606-8502, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto-City, Kyoto,
More informationPerturbation on Polynomials
Perturbation on Polynoials Isaila Diouf 1, Babacar Diakhaté 1 & Abdoul O Watt 2 1 Départeent Maths-Infos, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal Journal of Matheatics Research; Vol 5, No 3; 2013 ISSN
More informationarxiv: v1 [cs.ds] 3 Feb 2014
arxiv:40.043v [cs.ds] 3 Feb 04 A Bound on the Expected Optiality of Rando Feasible Solutions to Cobinatorial Optiization Probles Evan A. Sultani The Johns Hopins University APL evan@sultani.co http://www.sultani.co/
More informationMATH 409 Advanced Calculus I Lecture 9: Limit supremum and infimum. Limits of functions.
MATH 409 Advanced Calculus I Lecture 9: Limit supremum and infimum. Limits of functions. Limit points Definition. A limit point of a sequence {x n } is the limit of any convergent subsequence of {x n }.
More informationA Measure and Integral over Unbounded Sets
A Measure and Integral over Unbounded Sets As presented in Chaps. 2 and 3, Lebesgue s theory of measure and integral is limited to functions defined over bounded sets. There are several ways of introducing
More informationAn Extension to the Tactical Planning Model for a Job Shop: Continuous-Time Control
An Extension to the Tactical Planning Model for a Job Shop: Continuous-Tie Control Chee Chong. Teo, Rohit Bhatnagar, and Stephen C. Graves Singapore-MIT Alliance, Nanyang Technological Univ., and Massachusetts
More informationRiemann Integrable Functions
Riemann Integrable Functions MATH 464/506, Real Analysis J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Summer 2007 Cauchy Criterion Theorem (Cauchy Criterion) A function f : [a, b] R belongs to R[a, b]
More informationHomework 3 Solutions CSE 101 Summer 2017
Hoework 3 Solutions CSE 0 Suer 207. Scheduling algoriths The following n = 2 jobs with given processing ties have to be scheduled on = 3 parallel and identical processors with the objective of iniizing
More informationM17 MAT25-21 HOMEWORK 6
M17 MAT25-21 HOMEWORK 6 DUE 10:00AM WEDNESDAY SEPTEMBER 13TH 1. To Hand In Double Series. The exercises in this section will guide you to complete the proof of the following theorem: Theorem 1: Absolute
More informationMonochromatic images
CHAPTER 8 Monochroatic iages 1 The Central Sets Theore Lea 11 Let S,+) be a seigroup, e be an idepotent of βs and A e There is a set B A in e such that, for each v B, there is a set C A in e with v+c A
More informationPolytopes and arrangements: Diameter and curvature
Operations Research Letters 36 2008 2 222 Operations Research Letters wwwelsevierco/locate/orl Polytopes and arrangeents: Diaeter and curvature Antoine Deza, Taás Terlaky, Yuriy Zinchenko McMaster University,
More informationMATH 409 Advanced Calculus I Lecture 7: Monotone sequences. The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem.
MATH 409 Advanced Calculus I Lecture 7: Monotone sequences. The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. Limit of a sequence Definition. Sequence {x n } of real numbers is said to converge to a real number a if for
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.pr] 17 May 2009
A strong law of large nubers for artingale arrays Yves F. Atchadé arxiv:0905.2761v1 [ath.pr] 17 May 2009 March 2009 Abstract: We prove a artingale triangular array generalization of the Chow-Birnbau- Marshall
More informationMODULAR HYPERBOLAS AND THE CONGRUENCE ax 1 x 2 x k + bx k+1 x k+2 x 2k c (mod m)
#A37 INTEGERS 8 (208) MODULAR HYPERBOLAS AND THE CONGRUENCE ax x 2 x k + bx k+ x k+2 x 2k c (od ) Anwar Ayyad Departent of Matheatics, Al Azhar University, Gaza Strip, Palestine anwarayyad@yahoo.co Todd
More informationE0 370 Statistical Learning Theory Lecture 6 (Aug 30, 2011) Margin Analysis
E0 370 tatistical Learning Theory Lecture 6 (Aug 30, 20) Margin Analysis Lecturer: hivani Agarwal cribe: Narasihan R Introduction In the last few lectures we have seen how to obtain high confidence bounds
More informationMany-to-Many Matching Problem with Quotas
Many-to-Many Matching Proble with Quotas Mikhail Freer and Mariia Titova February 2015 Discussion Paper Interdisciplinary Center for Econoic Science 4400 University Drive, MSN 1B2, Fairfax, VA 22030 Tel:
More informationlecture 36: Linear Multistep Mehods: Zero Stability
95 lecture 36: Linear Multistep Mehods: Zero Stability 5.6 Linear ultistep ethods: zero stability Does consistency iply convergence for linear ultistep ethods? This is always the case for one-step ethods,
More informationM ath. Res. Lett. 15 (2008), no. 2, c International Press 2008 SUM-PRODUCT ESTIMATES VIA DIRECTED EXPANDERS. Van H. Vu. 1.
M ath. Res. Lett. 15 (2008), no. 2, 375 388 c International Press 2008 SUM-PRODUCT ESTIMATES VIA DIRECTED EXPANDERS Van H. Vu Abstract. Let F q be a finite field of order q and P be a polynoial in F q[x
More informationA Brief Introduction to the Theory of Lebesgue Integration
A Brief Introduction to the Theory of Lebesgue Integration Kevin Sigler June 8, 25 Introduction Gonzalez-Velasco s paper The Lebesgue Integral as a Riemann Integral provides a non-standard, direct construction
More information