Classical and High Temperature Superconductors: Practical Applications and Perspectives at CERN!! Amalia Ballarino, CERN
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1 Classical and High Temperature Superconductors: Practical Applications and Perspectives at CERN!! Amalia Ballarino, CERN Transporting Tens of Gigawatts of Green Power to the Market Brainstorming Workshop Potsdam May 2011
2 Outline! Superconductivity for particle accelerators! Superconductivity at CERN " From the start to the LHC era " Nb-Ti: development toward requirements of applications " State-of-the-art Nb-Ti superconductor for the LHC machine " HTS in the LHC machine! Superconductivity at CERN for future LHC machine upgrades " Nb-Ti vs Nb 3 Sn " HTS! Conclusions!! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 2!
3 Preamble CERN exists to provide facilities for experimental high energy physics The use of Superconductivity is important in the quest for higher energy Spectrometer magnets provide magnetic field to determine the momentum of charged particles. Higher energies imply larger volumes and higher fields Accelerator magnets provide magnetic field for bending and focusing particle beams. Higher energies imply higher fields for a given machine diameter RF cavities provide the electric field required to accelerate the beams of charged particles. Higher energies imply greater fields for a given length SC magnets and cavities are developed to satisfy these requirements (With regard to SC magnets, specific equipment is required for their powering; efficiency dictates the use of superconductors in busbars and current leads) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 3!
4 Superconductivity and Particle Accelerators Cryogenics is complicated and expensive, so what is the interest of superconductivity? High current density compact windings high magnetic fields and gradients Larger ampere-turns in a small volume no need for iron (but iron is still useful for shielding) Reduced power consumption lower power bills (when cost of refrigeration power is offset) ( Superconductivity opens up new technical possibilities Higher magnetic fields increased bending power greater energy for a given radius Higher electric fields higher accelerating gradients greater increase of energy per unit length Higher quadrupole gradients more focusing power higher luminosity 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 4!
![29979 B[T] R[m] High energy High field magnets](/docs-images/84/89513713/images/5-1.jpg "Energy (TeV) 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 0.11(T( 3.")
5 Accelerator(Energy(and(Magne?c(Field( Synchrotron: E[GeV]= B[T] R[m] High energy High field magnets Energy (TeV) (T( 3.45(T( 4(T( 5.2(T( Tevatron SSC UNK LHC 8.3(T( ρ=10 km HERA RHIC LEP ρ=3 km ρ=1 km ρ=0.3 km Dipole field (T) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 5!
6 Current Density vs Magnetic Field 10 4 Critical current density ( A/mm 2 ) (4.5 K) (4.5 K) 10 Magnetic field (T) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 6!
7 Technical Conductors! Long unit lengths! Uniform characteristics (Ic,Jc)! Good mechanical properties for cabling and for magnet winding! Stabilizing matrix material! Flexible design (diameter, filament size and number, RRR )! Competitive cost. Nb-Ti for accelerator technology 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 7!
8 How did it evolve?! Early 1960s Experiments with newly discovered type II SC material! Mid 1960s Recognition of application for experimental particle physics led to intense activity to understand and develop useful conductors for winding magnet coils Importance of filaments, stabilizers, twisting and transposition Defining moment: Brookhaven Summer Study (1968)! Late 1960s First SC magnets for experiments and beam lines Studies for a large SC accelerator GESSS !!!Group!for!European!Superconduc/ng!Synchrotron!Studies!!!!(IEKP!Karlsruhe5D,!RHEL!Chilton5UK,!CEN!Saclay5F)!! Early 1970s First SC spectrometer magnets (at CERN BEBC, Omega)! Late 1970s First SC accelerator magnet sub-system (ISR low-β insertion at CERN)! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 8!
9 BEBC magnet: K, 5700 A Stored energy: 800 MJ Φext ~ 6.5 m Nb-Ti (45 km), J 10 A/mm 2 Flat composite strip: 61 3 mm SC untwisted filaments 3.5 % Nb-Ti in copper matrix Eddy currents during ramp Omega magnet: K, 5000 A Stored energy: 50 MJ Φint 3 m Hollow conductor cooled by forced flow supercritical helium Nb-Ti (18 18 mm 2 ), J~14 A/mm 2 Historical milestone in the development of forced flow conductor 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 9!
10 ISR (Intersecting Storage Ring) Eight superconducting quadrupoles for the high-luminosity insertion installed in work on design started in 1973 Gradient : 43 T/m Inner diam. of coils: 232 mm Operating current : T and 4.5 K Conductor : rectangular wire mm 2 (± 0.01 mm) Nb-Ti with copper stabilizer 1250 filaments (50 µm) Twist pitch: 50 mm This has been the first application of superconductivity in a working accelerator 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 10!
11 How did it evolve?! Mid 1980s Fermilab Tevatron Ø 2 km SC magnet system + CDF +D0! 1980s, 90s CERN LEP Ø 8.5 km SC RF system + ALEPH + DELPHI! Early 1990s DESY HERA Ø 2 km SC magnet system + ZEUS! Mid 1990s Jlab CEBAF SC RF system (+ spectrometers)! Early 2000s BNL RHIC Ø 1.2 km SC magnet system!! Late 2000s CERN LHC Ø 8.5 km SC magnet system + ATLAS + CMS 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 11!
12 LEP Low-β Insertions Quadrupoles for the low-β LEP1 insertions (~1985) Gradient : 36 T/m Operating current : T and 4.5 K Conductor : rectangular wire, mm 2, 2230 filaments (37 µm) Quadrupoles for the low-β LEP2 insertions (~1990) Gradient : 60 T/m Operating current : T and 4.5 K Conductor : rectangular wire, 1.5x2.95 mm 2, 2000 filaments (37 µm) Goal: double luminosity with respect to conventional resistive insertions (Magnets iron-free and slim to go into the end of the detector magnet) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 12!
13 Conductor Requirements - Wires What does a conductor for accelerator magnets need to provide? WIRE! High and uniform current density to produce a large field over a small transverse aperture;! Small filaments size to a) reduce magnetization and assure uniform field - mainly at injection, b) avoid flux jump;! Filaments twist to minimize coupling effects during ramping (eddy currents);! Appropriate (Cu/non Cu) ratio - minimum amount of copper needed for stability and protection, controlled within a strict tolerance (typically ± 0.05 for accelerator magnets)!!!! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 13!
14 Conductor Requirements - Cables What does a conductor for accelerator magnets need to provide? CABLES! High-current cables (10-20 ka range)! Minimum Jc degradation with respect to virgin strands;! Uniform current density;! High filling factor;! High aspect ratio;! Precise dimensions;! Twisted wires to minimize coupling effect during ramping;! Controlled inter-strand resistance between crossing strands in the cable 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 14!
15 Superconducting Cable Types CIC Rutherford Accelerator magnets Tevatron, HERA RHIC and LHC Indirectly cooled ITER magnets Rutherford Nuclotron Type (b) Pulsed SIS 100 magnets Detector magnets Rope, Braid and Rutherford cables 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 15!
16 Superconductor for the LHC Magnets! R&D Program started in 1988! Contracts for the LHC cables were signed at the end of 1998 (six firms). Specification aiming at guaranteeing: High Technical Requirements; Homogeneity of the production; On-time cable delivery 10 years 1988!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1998! Production of cables including spare- ended in spring years /05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 16!
17 Superconductor for the LHC Dipole Magnets B mm! Field Computation for Accelerator magnets S. Russenschuck! B = 8.3 T T = 1.9 K 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 17!
18 Superconductor for the LHC Magnets! About 1265 tons or 7350 km of superconducting cables! More than km of superconducting strands! About 5300 Nb-Ti/Cu composite billets! A total of 490 tons of Nb-Ti (47.0±1.0% weight Ti)! Unit Lengths of cables Nb-Ti Billets (Φ = 30 cm) Strand (Φ = 1 mm) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 18!
19 J(A/mm 2 )!LHC Strands T=1.9(K( T=4.2!K( B=9(T( Jc(4.2 K, 6 T) 2300 A/mm 2 Jc(1.9 K, 9 T) 2300 A/mm 2 B(T) T(K) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 19!
20 Strands and Cables for LHC Dipole Magnets Performance specification Cable compaction ~ 91 % 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 20!
21 Cabling Machine 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 21!
22 LHC Strands Measured Current Density Average strands critical current density (1.9 K) Ic01(1.9!K,!10!T)!=!513!A! Ic02!(1.9!K,!9!T)!!=!!!380!A! About 5500 strands (Ic virgin and de-cables, RRR, Magnetization) and 2600 cables (Ic) were measured at cold 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 22!
23 LHC Cables Measured Current Density Average cables critical current density (4.2 K) About 8 % higher than specified values About 2600 cables (Ic) were measured at cold Cabling!Ic!degradaRon!!3!%! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 23!
24 LHC Superconducting Bus-Bar About 174 km of bus-bar produced with cable Type th!september!2008! Defective interconnect burnt in the FReSCa CERN test station (9 ka) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 24!
25 Cable Delivery 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 25!
26 Cables for LHC Magnets Superconducting magnet types! Units! #! Coil bore [mm ]! Length [m]! Field [T]! Current [A]! Bores #! Cable type! Main dipole! 1232! 56! 15! 8.33! 11850! 2! 1, 2! 2! Main quadrupole! 376! 56! 3.1! 223/m! 11870! 2! 2! 2! Matching quad.1! ! 56! 2.4/3.4/4.8! 200/160/m! 5390/4310! 2! 3! 2! Matching quad. 2! 24! 70! 3.4! 160/m! 3610! 2! 4, 5! 4! Insertion quad. 1! 16! 70! 6.37! 215/m! 7149! 1! 6, 7! 4! Insertion quad.2! 16! 70! 5.5! 215/m! 11950! 1! 8, 9! 2! Separation dipole 1! 4! 80! 9.45! 3.8! 5750! 1! 10! 1! Separation dipole 2! 8+4+4! 80! 9.45! 3.8! 5750/6050! 2! 10! 1! Coil layers! Various correctors! 5800! 56! 0.15 to 1.2 3, 110/m ! 1! wire! multiple 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 26!
27 Superconducting Cables for Detector Magnets 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 27!
28 Superconductor for the LHC Magnets! About 1265 tons or 7350 km of superconducting cables! More than km of superconducting strands! About 5300 Nb-Ti/Cu composite billets! A total of 490 tons of Nb-Ti (47.0±1.0% weight Ti)! Unit Lengths of cables Nb-Ti Billets (Φ = 30 cm) Strand (Φ = 1 mm) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 28!
29 ! It is interesting to note that the present commercial superconducting industry for MRI magnets is a direct spin-off of the intensive R&D work that was accomplished in the 1960s, on rendering the conductors suitable for winding coils for accelerator magnets! In exchange, the accelerator community has benefited from this success via the low price of material due to volume production (more than 50 % of LTS market) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 29!
30 About!25!000!MRI!systems!with!SC!solenoids!in!the!world! About!25!km!of!wire!for!a!1.5!T!magnet,!and!up!to!170!km!for!a!4!T!magnet! Conectus: CONsortium of European Companies (determined) To Use Superconductivity 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 30!
31 Conectus: CONsortium of European Companies (determined) To Use Superconductivity 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 31!
32 Powering of the LHC Magnets 3300 Current Leads 1800 Electrical Circuits Itot 3 MA 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 32!
33 A B C Room temperature HTS LHe temperature QA = 47 W/kA QB = 1.04 W/kA QC ~ 0.1 W/kA 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 33!
34 LHC Current Leads Current in the LHC magnets is transferred via HTS Current Leads 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 34!
35 LHC Powering Layout DC Power feed LHC 3 DC Power 27 km Circumference 2 8 Sector 1 7 # To limit the stored energy within one electrical circuit, the LHC is powered by sectors # The main dipole circuits are split into 8 sectors to bring down the stored energy to ~1 GJ/sector # Each sector (~2.9 km) includes 154 dipole magnets (powered in series) and ~50 quadrupoles Powering Sector 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 35!
36 Bi-2223 in the LHC current leads Bi-2223 tape: 31 km in total AgAu5 (wt%) ULs= m ASC Spools EAS Spools Ic_average (A) Ic_average (A) Spool number Spool number Ic_min (A) Ic_av (A) Ic_max (A) σ (A) Ic_min (A) Ic_av (A) Ic_max (A) σ (A) /05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 36!
37 Bi-2223 Tape Delivery 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 37!
38 Stacks of Bi-2223 tapes About vacuum soldered stacks of tapes T=77 K 500 Ic (A) B (mt) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 38!
39 HTS A Current Lead RT( 50(K( 0.5 m 1.4 m 4.2(K( 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 39!
40 LHC HTS Current Leads Work on HTS current leads started at CERN in the early 1990s, a few years after the discovery of High Temperature Superconductivity, and intense R&D program has led to their application to the LHC machine This has been the first large scale commercial application of HTS Following this development, the fusion community has also adopted the LHC HTS lead design (ITER, up to 68 ka, W7-X and JT-60) HTS Current Leads: a successful example of a replacement technology 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 40!
41 Existing Superconducting Links at the LHC Five!superconducRng!links! (P1,!P3!and!P5)!! L=!70!m!and!500!m! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 41!
42 What about the future? In two years time: Consolidation: Interconnections! Splice consolidation The LHC is limited today to 3.5 TeV to avoid un-protected thermal runaway in defective splices; 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 42!
43 As from now (until 2020) : Upgrade: HTS DC Links! Development of km long DC HTS superconducting links Removal of the converters from the cavern to the surface (P1 and P5) or to remote underground areas (P7) 100!m! Current(Leads(and( Power(Converters( ~ 250 m 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 43!
44 Superconductors for Application to LHC Links 120! Cri?cal(Temperature( 100! 80! 60! 40! 20! 0! Nb5Ti! Nb3Sn! MgB2! Y5123! Bi52223! Conductor( Higher Tc Temperature margin 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 44!
45 HTS Superconducting Link - Transfer of high currents (up to about 14 ka) in superconducting cables - Multi-cable system containing up to about 60 electrically insulated cables transferring in all a maximum current of about 180 ka; - Compact transfer of about 180 ka over long horizontal and vertical lengths. Optimization of differential thermal contractions and of cable supporting structure in particular for the vertical option; - Optimization of a new cold powering system with respect to cryogenic, electrical and mechanical requirements The project will enable to continue to accumulate expertise with HTS conductors - of interest for future application to magnet technology!! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 45!
46 Development of Novel Cable Assemblies Φ = 6 mm K 12!wires! Cable(structure(using( wires( (MgB 2 )( Cable(structure(using( tapes( (YBCO(or(BiU2223)( Φ(=(62(mm Itot= K Φ(=(75(mm ="75" 27! 6000 A 48! cables 600 A Itot = 190 ka! Φ(=(70(mm A A Itot = 169 ka 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 46!
47 Development of Novel Cable Assemblies Twisted!pair!600!A!cable! A A Φ =!27!mm! 50!YBCO!cables!600!A!@!70!K!! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 47!
48 HTS Link Project TimeLine Test of prototype link (horizontal) Test of prototype link (vertical) Availability of Cold Powering Systems (vertical links) for installation in 2016 Availability of Cold Powering Systems (horizontal links) Start-up of production of HL-LHC Cold Powering Systems for installation in 2019 June 2010 Dec 2013 Dec 2015 Dec 2017 Horizontal link at P7 (600 A circuits) Vertical link at P1 and P5 (7000 A and 600 A circuits) Vertical link at P1 and P5 for IR-Upgrade (with circuits) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 48!
49 Conductor(s) for Future Magnets 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 49!
50 Upgrade: Nb 3 Sn magnets Collimators in the DS Region Cryo5collimator! Twin aperture dipole 11.7 T, 11 m long Nb 3 Sn Technology 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 50!
51 The next three years: Facility for Cable Tests FReSCa-II, 13 T, 100 mm bore test facility for cable tests at 1.9 to 4.3 K Nb 3 Sn Technology B nom!=!13!t,!b SS =16!T! 1 ELEMENTS MAT NUM Y Z X 13 T, ix = mm, iy = mm The magnet will incorporate an HTS YBCO insert (13 T + 6 T) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 51!
52 Higher Luminosity! The main ingredient of the HL-LHC upgrade are IR quadrupoles with G T/m and Φ 120 mm! US-LARP is engaged in the production of a model by 2013 (4 6 m length) for the decision on the technology to be used (Nb 3 Sn vs. Nb-Ti)! The quadrupole magnet production (2 IR s, 4 complete triplets plus spares), shall take place by /05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 52!
53 Nb 3 Sn Critical current density ( A/mm 2 ) Based on CERN and EuCARD procurements (4.5 K) NED FReSCa-II DS-MB Strand diameter (mm) Sub-element diameter (µm) Copper:non-Copper (-) J C (12 T, 4.2 K) (A/mm 2 ) J C (15 T, 4.2 K) (A/mm 2 ) n-index (-) RRR (-) Piece length (m) > Magnetic field (T) 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 53!
54 Material Needs: LTS FReSCa-II DS-MB MQXD! Approximately 20 tons of HEP-grade Nb 3 Sn will be needed in the coming 8 years L. Bottura 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 54!
55 Material Needs: HTS Conductor!needs!for!R2E!and!HL5LHC!amount!to!a!length!in! excess!of!2000(km(of(hts(wire!or!tape,!to!be!used!in!cables! rated!at!currents!ranging!from!600!a!to!14000!a! Φ (mm) W (mm) Th (mm) Tmax (K) Ic ( ) (A) ( ) MgB 2 ( wire( 1.1! 5! 5! 25( (400( (((MgB 2 ( tape(( 5! 3.7! 0.67! 25( (400( (((YBCO( tape( 5! 4! 0.1! 35( (400( (((BSCCO(2223( tape( 5! 4! 0.2! 35( (400( NOTES:! ( )! bending!radius!r B!!80!mm!! ( )!at!applied!field!b!!0.5!t! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 55!
56 Conclusions! Superconductivity has played a major role in the evolution of HE accelerators! The work-horse conductor has been up to now Nb-Ti. For many applications Nb-Ti remains the conductor of choice! To go to higher fields, or for specific applications where higher operating temperature is an advantage, A15 type conductor and High Temperature Superconductors are needed. This requirement defines the present and future R&D effort at CERN 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 56!
57 Thanks!for!your!a8en/on!!! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 57!
58 Classical and High Temperature Superconductors: Practical Applications and Perspectives at CERN A. Ballarino, CERN High-energy physics has been a major driving force in the development of applied superconductivity, the two fields becoming an example of unique merging between fundamental physics research and technological development. The continuous quest for higher fields required by high performance magnets for particle accelerators stimulated the development of state-of-the-art conductors suitable for large-scale applications. It is thus that Nb-Ti alloy went through a significant performance improvement and has become a mature industrial conductor, today pushed to its practical limits. The A15 compounds, of which Nb3Sn is the principal example, are presently the conductors of choice for very high field magnets. Due largely to more challenging mechanical characteristics their use to date has been mainly confined to niche applications such as laboratory magnets, but development of conductor suitable for the next generation of accelerator magnets is bearing fruit and the requirements of fusion science is giving impetus to their development on an industrial scale. High-temperature superconductors are more recent innovations for research laboratories. Their unique characteristics have already led to important applications for some auxiliary systems, and thanks to steady progress in performance they may become an attractive alternative to conventional low temperature superconductors for specific types of magnets. An overview of the application of both low temperature and high temperature superconductors to the CERN Large Hadron Collider is presented, together with perspectives on the future needs of the accelerator. 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 58!
59 Dr!Amalia!Ballarino!is!a!scienRst!at!the!European!OrganizaRon!for!Nuclear!Research! (CERN),! Geneva,! Switzerland.! She! has! been! responsible! for! the! development,! design!and!procurement!of!the!several!thousand!of!current!leads!that!today!power! the!superconducrng!magnets!of!the!large!hadron!collider!(lhc)!machine.!for!the! development!of!the!high!temperature!superconducrng!(hts)!current!leads!for!the! LHC,! which! has! been! the! first! large! scale! commercial! applicaron! of! HTS,! she! received! the! award! of! Superconductor! Industry! Person! of! the! Year! 2006.! Aier! having! parrcipated! in! the! commissioning! of! the! LHC! machine,! she! has! been! working!on!the!development!of!a!novel!hts!bus!system!which!is!today!of!interest! for! applicaron! to! the! accelerator! upgrades.! In! the! framework! of! this! acrvity! she! coordinates! a! European! Commission! inirarve! as! Task! Leader! in! the! Seventh! Framework! Programme! (FP7)! Eucard! High! Field! Magnet! Work! Package! (High! Tc! Link),!and!more!recently!she!has!become!Work!Package!Leader!in!a!FP7!Proposal! for!a!high!luminosity!design!study!(cold!powering!system).!dr!ballarino!is!also!a! member! of! the! IEC! TC590! commikee! on! standardizaron! in! the! field! of! superconducrvity.!!!! 13/05/2011,(IASS(Potsdam( A.(Ballarino( 59!
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