The Large Hadron Collider Performance, technology & future upgrades

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1 The Large Hadron Collider Performance, technology & future upgrades Philippe Lebrun CERN retired & European Scientific Institute, Archamps Technopole, France Joint US-CERN-Japan-Russia International Accelerator School 2017 Shonan Village, Kanagawa, Japan October 2017

2 Contents The LHC in a nutshell Performance challenges Energy Luminosity Limitations Technology challenges RF cavities Superconducting magnets Powering and protection Cryogenics Vacuum Future upgrades Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

3 The largest scientific instrument in the world Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

4 Colliding counter-rotating beams of hadrons at the center of four large particle detectors Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

5 A new territory in energy and luminosity 1.E+35 1.E+34 x 7 LHC Luminosity [cm -2.s -1 ] 1.E+33 1.E+32 1.E+31 ISR LEP2 LEP1 HERA SppS TeVatron x E Center-of-mass energy [GeV] Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

6 Advanced technology at work 23 km of superconducting magnets in superfluid helium at 1.9 K Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

7 Main design parameters of LHC (p-p) Circumference 26.7 km Beam energy at collision 7 TeV Beam energy at injection 0.45 TeV Dipole field at 7 TeV 8.33 T Luminosity cm -2.s -1 Beam current 0.58 A Protons per bunch 1.15 x Number of bunches 2808 Nominal bunch spacing ns Normalized emittance 3.75 m.rad Total crossing angle 285 rad Energy loss per turn 6.7 kev Critical synchrotron energy 44.1 ev Radiated power per beam 3.9 kw Stored energy per beam 362 MJ Stored energy in magnets 11 GJ Operating temperature 1.9 K Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

8 Contents The LHC in a nutshell Performance challenges Energy Luminosity Limitations Technology challenges RF cavities Superconducting magnets Powering and protection Cryogenics Vacuum Future upgrades Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

9 Towards higher energy in hadron colliders Superconductivity has become a key technology 10 Bending field [T] Normal conducting Superconducting RHIC HERA proton ring Tevatron Stronger magnetic field LHC 2 1 ISR SppS Limit of NC magnets Larger diameter Circumference [km] Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

field Engineering Critical Current Density

10 Superfluid helium cooling Enhances performance of Nb-Ti superconductor at high field Engineering Critical Current Density (A/mm², 4.2 K) Normalconducting magnets Nb-Ti TeVatron RHIC HERA LHC FCC Nb₃Sn: Internal Sn RRP Nb₃Sn: High Sn Bronze Nb Ti: LHC 1.9 K Nb Ti: LHC 4.2 K Nb Ti: Iseult/INUMAC MRI 4.22 K Bronze Nb 33 Sn High-J c Nb 3 Sn Magnetic Field (T) Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

11 Luminosity with colliding beams Number of particles per bunch L Number of bunches 2 Nb nb frev * 4 n Revolution frequency F Relativistic factor Geometric factor linked to crossing angle Normalized emittance Beta function at collision point To maximize luminosity increase bunch number, bunch population reduce emittance, beta function at collision point cross at small angle limits? Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

12 Performance limit: beam stored energy Energy stored in circulating beam E beam m 0 c 2 N b n b With 2808 bunches of protons at 7 TeV, E beam = 362 MJ, equivalent to 80 kg TNT! Set by injector chain Set by collision optics L N f 1 N b F F E f 2 rev * 4 m m c b rev 2 * beam 0 c n 4 0 n E beam Set by machine circumference Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

13 Performance limit: beam-beam effects Particle trajectories in one beam perturbed by e-m field of the other Head-on crossing Excites betatron resonances Generates tune spread tune footprint must not cross Long-range low-order resonances Additional non-linear tune spread Minimum crossing angle > beam divergence at collision point Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

14 Head-on beam-beam tune shift Number of collision points ~ 0.01 total k N b 4 r n p F max Should not exceed (empirical limit) Strategy to maximize luminosity Operate at beam-beam limit Maximize number of bunches, bunch population Decrease beta at collision point L total Nb k r p nb f * rev Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

15 Beam-beam tune footprint Long-range Unperturbed Head-on Long-range Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

16 Beam-beam experimental results Bunch-by-bunch loss as function of crossing angle in IP1. Numbers show percentage of full crossing angle Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

17 Layout of high-luminosity collision region Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

18 Performance limit: luminosity lifetime Luminosity will decay with time due to degradation of beam intensity and emittance, by several processes intra-beam scattering, i.e. multiple Coulomb scattering between particles in the same bunch nuclear scattering of particles by residual gas molecules the collisions themselves Overall ~ 15 h, at least one fill per day ~ 45 hours initially, 29 h as N total and L decay 1 L 1 ~ 80 h IBS 2 gas 1 nuclear nuclear ~ 100 h, must be large w.r. to other processes k Ntotal L total ~ 29 h Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Performance limitation: beam impedance Transverse impedance Z T ( ) ~ R / b 3 wall electrical resistivity R average machine radius b half-aperture of beam pipe Transverse resistive-wall instability

19 Performance limitation: beam impedance Transverse impedance Z T ( ) ~ R / b 3 wall electrical resistivity R average machine radius b half-aperture of beam pipe Transverse resistive-wall instability dominant in large machines with small aperture compensated by beam feedback, provided growth is slow enough (~ 100 turns) maximize growth time ~ 1/Z T ( ) i.e. reduce Z T ( ) low, i.e. low-temperature wall coated with >0.05 mm copper 75 m copper colaminated on 1mm stainless steel, operated < 20 K Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Performance limit: synchrotron radiation Charged particle beams bent in a magnetic field undergo centripetal acceleration and emit e-m radiation When beams are relativistic, radiation is emitted

20 Performance limit: synchrotron radiation Charged particle beams bent in a magnetic field undergo centripetal acceleration and emit e-m radiation When beams are relativistic, radiation is emitted in a narrow cone Radiated power Critical photon energy Free space impedance P syn Z e 3 c R c 2 R 3 u c N b n Bending radius b f rev ~ beam current Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

21 Synchrotron radiation large at low T UV, easy to screen ~ 0.2 W/m per beam Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

22 COP of cryogenic refrigeration & beam screen Intercepting beam-induced heating at higher temperature 1000 subatmospheric Carnot Real refrigerator 100 COP [W/W] 10 Beam screen Main magnets Refrigeration temperature [K] Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

23 Performance limit: the electron cloud effect Resonant acceleration of electrons extracted from the wall (photo-electrons and secondary electrons), by the electrical field of the successive bunches. Governed by: photon irradiation of the wall low reflectivity surface bunch repetition rate increase bunch spacing secondary electron yield low-sey surface and beam cleaning Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

9 K cryopumping surface from synchrotron radiation (pumping holes) High-conductivity copper lining for

24 The beam screen A multi-function component required by beam physics Interception of beam-induced heat loads at 5-20 K (supercritical helium) Shielding of the 1.9 K cryopumping surface from synchrotron radiation (pumping holes) High-conductivity copper lining for low beam impedance Low-reflectivity sawtooth surface at equator to reduce photoemission and electron cloud Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

25 Observation of electron-cloud in the LHC High * Filling pattern Target b. length 72 bpi 144 bpi 72g72 72g72 (4x36) bpi 1.25 ns 1.3 ns 1.35 ns 1.35 ns G. Iadarola et al. Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

26 Contents The LHC in a nutshell Performance challenges Energy Luminosity Limitations Technology challenges RF cavities Superconducting magnets Powering and protection Cryogenics Vacuum Future upgrades Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

27 RF acceleration cavities Design rationale Limits on longitudinal emittance and bunch length (luminosity in experiments) 16 MV per beam Transient beam loading due to high beam current with long (3 s) abort gap small number of superconducting cavities with wide iris MHz RF system compatible with bunch length for beam capture, acceleration and storage operate in normal helium at 4.5 K Minimal beam handling power for couplers separate cavities for each beam, single-cell cavities individually powered and fed Wide-band HOM couplers as some dangerous modes do not propagate in the beam tube tapers Moderate field requirement 5.5 MV/m allows to use Nb sputtered on copper, technology industrially available and cavities produced in the wake of LEP2 project Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

28 4-cavity cryomodules Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Superconducting accelerator magnets Ideal and real

uniform current density generate uniform dipole and

be approximated by current sheets, leading to block

29 Superconducting accelerator magnets Ideal and real current distributions Two intersecting ellipses with uniform current density generate uniform dipole and quadrupole fields cos geometry In practice, this can be approximated by current sheets, leading to block or layer coil designs Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

30 Field of single-layer dipole coil Average current density in coil B 0 3 j tech w Coil thickness Field does not depend on magnet aperture, only on coil current density and thickness Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

31 Superconducting cos dipoles in Nb-Ti Coil width vs field 80 Coil width [mm] Nb-Ti at 4.2 K Nb-Ti at 1.9 K RHIC TeVatron HERA SSC LHC Short-sample field [T] Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

32 Load lines of LHC main dipole J [A/mm 2 ] Outer Cable Outer Layer Inner Cable Inner Layer Current grading permits the outer cable, which sees a lower field, to operate at higher current density B peak [T] Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

33 Superconducting cable and winding Cable with etched strands showing Nb-Ti filaments Inter-layer cable splice in «graded» coil 15 mm Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Electromagnetic forces High magnetic field acting on high current generates large electromagnetic forces at right angle, which cannot be resisted by the mechanical strength of the conductor:

34 Electromagnetic forces High magnetic field acting on high current generates large electromagnetic forces at right angle, which cannot be resisted by the mechanical strength of the conductor: saddle-shaped coils of accelerator magnets are not self-supporting B = 10 T, I = 10 ka 10 5 N/m per turn! roman arch coil geometry to contain the azimuthal component external support structure against the radial component Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Twin-aperture dipole magnet Limited transverse

within twin magnet yoke magnetically efficient

resting on iron yoke inside preshrunk cylindrical

35 Twin-aperture dipole magnet Limited transverse space in tunnel compact cross-section Flux closure within twin magnet yoke magnetically efficient design, limited stray field Stainless steel collars resting on iron yoke inside preshrunk cylindrical shell rigid structure Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

36 Cryogenic current leads Metals are good electrical AND thermal conductors (Wiedemann-Franz-Lorentz law) Optimal sizing of current lead results from compromise between heat conduction and Joule heating Heat transfer processes at work - Solid conduction - Joule heating - Convective cooling by He vapor Superconductors do not follow WFL law They are perfect electrical conductors with low thermal conductivity They can make excellent current leads up to their transition temperature! niche application for high-temperature superconductors Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

1 W/kA Exergy loss 430 W/kA 150 W/kA Electrical power of refrigerator 1430 W/kA 500 W/kA Sum of currents into LHC ~ 1.7 MA, i.e. need current leads for 3.

37 Current leads using HTS superconductor Resistive (WFL) HTS (4 to 50 K) Resistive (> 50 K) 13 ka HTS current lead for LHC Heat inleak to liquid helium 1.1 W/kA 0.1 W/kA Exergy loss 430 W/kA 150 W/kA Electrical power of refrigerator 1430 W/kA 500 W/kA Sum of currents into LHC ~ 1.7 MA, i.e. need current leads for 3.4 MA total rating (in and out) Economy ~ 3400 W in liquid helium ~ 5000 l/h liquid helium capital: save extra cryoplant operation: save ~ 3.2 MW BSCCO 2223 tapes Nb-Ti wires Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

38 HTS current leads in the LHC tunnel 6 & 13 ka leads on electrical feed-box Water-cooled cables on current lead lugs Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

39 Functions and constraints of LHC cryogenics Functions Constraints Maintain all magnets at operating temperature below 1.9 K Handle dynamic heat loads due to magnet powering and circulation of beams Cooldown/warmup magnets ( tons) from/to room temperature in less than 3 weeks Handle magnet resistive transitions without loss of helium and recover from them in few hours Produce refrigeration in limited number of points (5) around machine circumference Re-use four K refrigerators from LEP2 project Distribute refrigeration in 3.3 km long sectors Tunnel slope 1.4 % leading to elevation differences of 150 m across Minimize power consumption Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

40 Thermophysical properties of superfluid helium and engineering applications Temperature < 2.17 K superconductor performance Low effective viscosity permeation 100 times lower than water at normal boiling point Very high specific heat stabilization 10 5 times that of the conductor by unit mass 2x10 3 times that of conductor by unit volume Very high thermal conductivity heat transport 10 3 times that of OFHC copper Peaking at 1.9 K Still, insufficient for transporting heat over large distances across small temperature gradients Specific heat [J/g.K] Y(T) ± 5% ,1 0,01 0,001 0,0001 0, LHe Cu Temperature [K] 2.4 KT,q q YT 3.4 dt q dx Y(T) 2 q in W / cm T in K X in cm Helium II Copper OFHC T [K] Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October T

41 Transient stability of superconducting cable Helium is an essential element of cable stability Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

42 Cooling LHC magnets with He II p SOLID 1000 SUPER- CRITICAL Pressure [kpa] 100 He II LHC PRESSURIZED He II (Subcooled liquid) He I CRITICAL POINT SATURATED He I 10 VAPOUR SATURATED He II Temperature [K] Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

43 Cooling magnet strings with superfluid helium Getting the best of helium transport properties Fixed temperature Small flow, no pump Monophase Excellent thermal conductivity Good dielectric strength Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

44 Cryogenic operation of LHC sector 3.3 km Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

45 LHC cryostat cross-section Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

9 K 30 layers around thermal shield at 50-75 K Cold surface area in LHC ~ 9 hectares!

46 Thermal insulation techniques Multi-layer reflective insulation 10 layers around cold mass at 1.9 K 30 layers around thermal shield at K Cold surface area in LHC ~ 9 hectares! Thermal radiation from 290 K (black-body) ~ 400 W/m 2 = 4 MW/ha Heat flux from 290 K across 30 layers MLI ~ 1 W/m 2 = 10 kw/ha Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Thermal insulation techniques Low-conduction non-metallic support posts LHC cold mass to be supported = 37 500 tons Conduction length = support height ~ 0.

47 Thermal insulation techniques Low-conduction non-metallic support posts LHC cold mass to be supported = tons Conduction length = support height ~ 0.2 m At a compressive stress of 50 N/mm 2, this requires a total support cross-section of 7.5 m 2, representing a large thermal conduction path k [W/m.K] Stainless steel Titanium G Temperature [K] 1.9 K 5 K cooling line (SC He) 5 K ~ 70 K 290 K 0.2 m Aluminium intercept plates glued to G-10 column Aluminium strips to thermal shield at K Reflecting layer on section exposed to 300 K radiation 100 kn Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

48 Heat inleak measurements on full sectors confirm thermal budget Q m h P, Measured T He property tables LHC sector (3.3 km) Continuous cryostat IT 1 IT [W] DR Meas. DR Meas. DR Meas. DR Meas. DR Meas. On average, measured values 20 % lower than design estimates Sector 1-2 Sector 4-5 Sector 5-6 Sector 6-7 Sector 8-1 Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

49 Layout of the LHC cryogenic system 5 cryogenic islands 8 cryogenic plants, each serving adjacent sector, interconnected when possible Cryogenic distribution line feeding each sector Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

50 K helium refrigerators K to 75 K K to 20 K 41 g/s liquefaction High thermodynamic efficiency COP at 4.5 K: W/W Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

51 Challenges of power refrigeration at 1.8 K SOLID 1000 SUPER- CRITICAL Pressure [kpa] 100 He II PRESSURIZED He II (Subcooled liquid) He I CRITICAL POINT SATURATED He I Compression > VAPOUR SATURATED He II Temperature [K] Large mass flow-rate of low-density He vapor initially at low temperature must be compressed efficiently across high pressure ratio Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

52 Cold versus «warm» (RT) compression Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

magnetic bearings 1.8 K Refrigeration Unit Cycles WC 4.75 bar 0.59 bar WC WC 9.4 bar 0.

53 K refrigeration units Cold hydrodynamic compressors with 3-D impellers Electric drive to rpm, active magnetic bearings 1.8 K Refrigeration Unit Cycles WC 4.75 bar 0.59 bar WC WC 9.4 bar 0.35 bar WC HX HX Adsorber HX Adsorber CC Heat Intercepts T 4.6 bar CC HX T CC CC CC CC T 4 K, 15 mbar 124 g/s 20 K, 1.3 bar 124 g/s CC CC Air Liquide Cycle 4 K, 15 mbar 124 g/s IHI-Linde Cycle 20 K, 1.3 bar 124 g/s Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

54 C.O.P. of LHC cryogenic plants Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

55 Beam vacuum lifetime Dominated by nuclear scattering of protons on residual gas Lifetime of 100 h required to Limit decay of beam intensity Reduce energy deposited by scattered protons to ~ 30 mw/m Scattering cross-section 1 gas 1 N dn dt v i n i i Gas density Proton velocity Sum over gas species Partial pressure P i n i k B T Proportional to temperature for given gas density Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

56 Beam vacuum lifetime Gas species Nuclear scattering cross-section [mbarn] Gas density for 100 h lifetime [m -3 ] Pressure at 5 K for 100 h lifetime [Pa] H E E-8 He E E-8 CH E E-8 H 2 O E E-8 CO E E-9 CO E E-9 Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

57 Vacuum in presence of beam Without beam Dynamic pressure P Q S Outgassing rate Pumping speed Beam With beam Photon/electron/ion desorption yield P Q S Photon/electron/ion flux p Photon Condensed gas molecules Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

58 Cryopumping of beam vacuum at 1.9 K Psat [kpa] 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 1.E-03 1.E-04 1.E-05 1.E-06 1.E-07 1.E-08 1.E-09 1.E-10 1.E-11 He H2 Ne N2 Ar O2 CH4 CO2 H2O 1.E Saturation pressure of all gases T [K] except helium vanish at 1.9 K 100 h lifetime for hydrogen Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

59 Pumping desorbed gas through the beam screen 1.E-09 No holes RGA 3 Partial Pressure Increase (Torr) 8.E-10 6.E-10 4.E-10 2.E-10 ~ 2% holes 0.E E E E E E E+21 Dose (Photons/m) Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

60 Cryosorption of beam vacuum at 4.5 K Psat [kpa] 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 1.E-03 1.E-04 1.E-05 1.E-06 1.E-07 1.E-08 1.E-09 1.E-10 1.E-11 He H2 Ne N2 Ar O2 CH4 CO2 H2O 1.E Cryopumping not sufficient at 4.5 K, T [K] use cryosorption 100 h lifetime for hydrogen Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

61 Cryosorber X 25 X V. Anashin et al. Vacuum 75 (2004) Carbon fiber mesh on the beam screen, to pump hydrogen Capacity sufficient for regeneration only during annual shutdown Capacity Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

62 Beam vacuum in long straight sections at room temperature Cold-to-warm transition NEG-coated copper vacuum chambers Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

63 Contents The LHC in a nutshell Performance challenges Energy Luminosity Limitations Technology challenges RF cavities Superconducting magnets Powering and protection Cryogenics Vacuum Future upgrades Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

64 LHC integrated luminosity Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

65 100 fb-1 since 2010! Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

The HL-LHC project Objectives and contents Determine a hardware configuration and a set of beam parameters that will allow the LHC to reach the following targets: enable a total integrated luminosity

66 The HL-LHC project Objectives and contents Determine a hardware configuration and a set of beam parameters that will allow the LHC to reach the following targets: enable a total integrated luminosity of 3000 fb -1 enable an integrated luminosity of fb -1 per year design for 140 ( 200) (peak luminosity of 5 (7) cm -2 s -1 ) design equipment for ultimate performance of cm -2 s -1 and 4000 fb -1 Major intervention on 1.2 km of LHC ring New IR-quads using Nb 3 Sn superconductor New 11 T Nb 3 Sn (short) dipoles Collimation upgrade Cryogenics upgrade Crab Cavities Cold powering Machine protection Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

67 Paths to high luminosity Increase bunch population Increase F = reduce crossing angle? ; Reduce beta at collision Reduce emittance Beam-beam effect precludes too low crossing angle Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

68 The HL-LHC project From accelerator physics to technology Reduce emittance Increase intensity & brightness of injectors: the LIU project Increase bunch population Reduce beta at collision Limit beam-beam effect Reduce crossing angle Accelerator physics More powerful cryogenics Improved collimation Improved machine protection Stronger R to E relocation New low-beta quadrupoles Crab cavities Accelerator technology Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

69 From Nb-Ti to Nb 3 Sn magnets New technological challenges Wind-and-react C C C Need long, homogeneous-temperature furnace Insulation Mica C-shaped tape Braided fiber glass Impregnation Epoxy resin post thermal treatment Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

70 Development of high-field magnets LARP (USA) long Nb 3 Sn quadrupole 3.3 m coils 90 mm aperture Target: 200 T/m gradient at 1.9 K Reached: 208 T/m at 4.6 K 210 T/m at 1.9 K Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

71 «Crab» RF cavities & cryomodules Double Quarter Wave (DQW) cavity Vertical to be used in Point 1 (ATLAS) RF Dipole (RFD) cavity Horizontal to be used in Point 5 (CMS) Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Prototype RFD crab cavity Excellent test results 1.0E+10 2 K result Q 0 1.0E+09 4.2 K result Design 3.4 MV @ 2 K Quench 1.0E+08 0 5 10 15 20 0.0 1.5 3.

72 Prototype RFD crab cavity Excellent test results 1.0E+10 2 K result Q 0 1.0E K result Design K Quench 1.0E MV with Q > 3 E E T (MV/m) V T (MV) E P (MV/m) B P (mt) J. Delayen Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Development of SC high-current links MgB 2

procurement Cable Diameter 65 mm Flexible

73 Development of SC high-current links MgB 2 wire Diameter 1 mm 37 MgB 2 filaments, twisted Filament eq. diameter 56 m Cu plating Sn coating of Cu surface Ic(25 K, 0.9 T) > 186 A Unit lengths 500 m 80 km under procurement Cable Diameter 65 mm Flexible cryostat envelope of diameter 220 mm Test length 40 m A. Ballarino Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

74 The HL-LHC collaboration Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

75 HL-LHC and beyond Construction Physics Upgr LEP Design Proto Construction Physics LHC Design Construct Physics HL-LHC Future Collider? Design Proto Construction Physics LHC will remain the discovery machine in particle physics for the next decades Operating at full energy and luminosity will require sustained ingenuity and talent Any future circular particle collider will inherit the accelerator science and technology developed and implemented at the LHC Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

76 Some references L. Evans (editor), The Large Hadron Collider, a marvel of technology, EPFL/CRC Press, Lausanne/Boca Raton (2009) LHC Design Report, Volume I, The LHC Main Ring, CERN (2004) L. Evans, LHC accelerator physics and technology challenges, Proc. PAC1999 New York, JACoW (1999) L. Rossi, The Large Hadron Collider and the role of superconductivity in one of the largest scientific enterprises, IEEE Trans. Applied Superconductivity 17 (2007) Ph. Lebrun, Cryogenics for the Large Hadron Collider, IEEE Trans. Applied Superconductivity 10 (2000) J.M. Jiménez, LHC : the world's largest vacuum systems being operated at CERN, Vacuum 84 (2009) Ph. Lebrun, The LHC accelerator: performance and technology challenges, in LHC Physics, Taylor & Francis (2012) Ph. Lebrun JAS17 Shonan October

Much of this material comes from lectures given by Philippe Lebrun (head of CERN's Accelerator Technology Department), at SUSSP, Aug

! " # # $ ' ( # # $ %& ) Much of this material comes from lectures given by Philippe Lebrun (head of CERN's Accelerator Technology Department), at SUSSP, Aug. 2009. http://www.ippp.dur.ac.uk/workshops/09/sussp65/programme/