Lecture #2 Design Guide to Superconducting Magnet
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1 Lecture #2 Design Guide to Superconducting Magnet Yukikazu Iwasa Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA CEA Saclay June 21, 2016 CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 1/26
2 Design Block Diagram for a Superconducting Magnet Magnet Specifications Magnet Design Parameters Design & Operation Issues Materials Properties Data CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 2
3 Design Block Diagram for a Superconducting Magnet Magnet Specifications Magnet Design Parameters Design & Operation Issues Materials Properties Data CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 3
4 Magnet Specifications: Center field vector: strength; direction selected details in Lecture #3 2. Room-temperature bore: orientation; dimensions 3. Field temporal function: driven vs. persistent mode if constant, temporal stability limit 4. Field spatial function: field error limits over, e.g., 10-cm Diameter Spherical Volume (DSV) Topics 3 and 4 discussed a bit more later 5. Fringe field (strength space): shielded vs. unshielded H(t, H(t) x, y, z) CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 4
5 Magnet Specifications: 2 2. Room-temperature (RT) bore; orientation; dimensions! RT bore generally mm greater than the innermost winding diameter cryogenics!! " 50 mm for! 4.2- K operation!! " 20 mm for >> 4.2-K operation! Field orientation Vertical: Most research and NMR magnets Horizontal: Most MRI magnets!! Mechanical and cryogenic issues challenging 930-MHz NMR magnet (NIMS, 2002) RT bore: 54 mm ISEULT MRI magnet (CEA, 2017) CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) RT bore: 900 mm 5
6 Magnet Specifications: 5 5. Fringe field (strength space): shielded vs. unshielded Fringe Field in Unshielded Magnet B > 5 gauss B < 5 gauss B < 5 gauss 5-gauss line 5-gauss line! For safety (people, devices, equipment) & convenience, a 5-gauss line closest to the magnet CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 6
7 Magnet Specifications: 5 5. Fringe field (strength space): shielded vs. unshielded Fringe Field in Passively Shield Magnet! Steel annulus an effective for passive shielding B > 5 gauss! One ad often overlooked: it shields the magnet center from external magnet signals! Big negative: can be very massive!!iseult would have required a steel mass of 2000 tons [Thierry Schild, CEA] Steel annulus surrounding the magnet CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 7
8 Magnet Specifications: 5 5. Fringe field (strength space): shielded vs. unshielded Fringe Field in Actively-Shield Coil! Generally of superconducting! Less massive than steel counterpart B > 5 gauss Negatives! Subtract field from the center field! Large interaction forces! Enlarges the system overall size ISEULT active-shield coil pair [Alain Payn, CEA] Active-Shield Coil CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 8
9 Magnet Specifications: 5 Bruker NMR Magnet 5-Gauss Lines R = 6.1 m R = 4.3 m R = 3.6 m R = 2.8 m 900-MHz Actively-Shielded 100-MHz (1-GHz) Actively-Shielded 1.2-GHz Actively-Shielded 800-MHz Unshielded [Based on Bruker slide] CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 9
10 Design Block Diagram for a Superconducting Magnet Magnet Specifications Magnet Design Parameters Design & Operation Issues Materials Properties Data CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 10/26
11 1. Superconductors (DC Magnets) Magnet Design Parameters: Part 1 NbTi! To ~10 T, 4.2 K: many superconducting magnets: LHC; most MRI magnets! To ~12 T, < 4.2 K: ISEULT NbTi & Nb 3 Sn! To ~18 T, 4.2 K: high-field magnets! To ~24T, < 4.2 K: high-field magnets NbTi, Nb 3 Sn & Bi223 & REBCO! To ~31 T, 4.2 K: high-field magnets Bi223 & REBCO! > 10 K " mostly replacing REBCO! To 100 T, 4.2 K: technically feasible MgB 2! To ~3 T, > 10 K: promising CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 11
12 Magnet Design Parameters: Part 2 2. Number of coils in the magnet; Each coil: winding dimensions and # of turns; matrix metal-sc ratio; conductor length A Typical Superconducting Magnet Here MRI Active shielding (coil pair) Shimming (several coils) Correction (several coils) Main (nested coils) Ferro shims (ferromagnetic tiles)* Copper gradient coils (x-, y-, z-) Cryostat (LHe container) Cryostat (RT housing) Patient * Often placed within the cryostat CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 1 2
13 Magnet Design Parameters: Part 3a 3a. Winding options: layer vs. pancake; epoxy-impregnated vs. none Layer-Wound Coil! Conductor, circular or rectangular sometimes tape, wound one turn a time on a plane (layer), and then to the next layer! Dense winding pack, e.g., close-pack hexagonal formation Negatives! Can require a long continuous length conductor, e.g., up to ~15 km! Entire wire may become useless [Ulf Trociewitz, NHMFL, 2016] Cowindings between turns [Youngjae Kim, NHMFL, 2016] CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 13
14 Magnet Design Parameters: Part 3b 3b. Winding options: layer vs. pancake; epoxy-impregnated vs. none Pancake & Double-Pancake Coil! DP magnet: a stack(s) of DP coils! Modular approach many identical coils!! QC easier: one DP coil at a time!! Mishaps often confined to one DP coil Negatives! Many DP-DP joints 185 turns; ID: 118 mm! Joints take up precious real estate, i.e., radial space, in a magnet of many DP stacks! Epoxy-impregnated vs. none: Discussed in Lecture 4: Stability & Protection CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 14
15 Magnet Design Parameters: Parts 4 5a 4. Adiabatic vs. cryostable winding: Discussed in Lecture #4: Stability & Protection 5a. Operating temperature " cooling: cryogen & cryocooler Cryogens for LTS & HTS magnets 150 H e H 2 Ne N 2 REBCO Bi2212 µohc2 [T] MgB 2 Bi2223 Solid H 2! K Ne! K N 2! K 0 Nb 3 S n NbTi T c [K] CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 15
16 Magnet Design Parameters: Part 5b 5b. Operating temperature " cooling: cryogen & cryocooler Cryocooler (Compressor not shown) Radiation shield (anchored to 1 st stage) 1st stage (~50 K) B z Superconducting Magnet 2nd stage ( K) Thermal Conductor CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 16
17 Magnet Design Parameters: Part 6 6. Operating current " overall & matrix metal Composite Conductor Copper Silver REBCO Buffer Substrate! J c = " (A sc = 0) little impact on J e or!j Current Densities Composite Superconductor Winding Pack Coolant Adiabatic Structure Insulation Current Density Relevance Definition Critical, J c Material development Engineering, J e (= J cd ) Conductor development Matrix, J m Stability & Protection Overall,!J (= J overall ) Magnet efficiency CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 1 7
18 7a. Operating mode: driven vs. persistent " temporal stability Driven: power supply; Persistent: joints, persistent-current switches, their locations Driven-Mode! MRI magnets generally operated in persistent-mode; a prominent exception: ISEULT (CEA) ISEULT Temporal Stabilities Long term (~hours): 0.05 ppm (± gauss) Short term (per scan time, ~30 min): 0.4 ppb ( gauss) Persistent-Mode Magnet Design Parameters: Part 7a! Temporal stability of 0.5 ppb with persistent-mode, corresponding to a decay time constant of ~100,000 yrs! Resistance of each joint typically < ~a few pico-ohms CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 18
19 Magnet Design Parameters: Part 7b 7b. Operating mode: driven vs. persistent " temporal stability Driven: power supply; Persistent: joints, persistent-current switches, their locations Requirements for Persistent-Current Switch (PCS)! I pcs < ~0.1 # I m : less than 10% of magnet current I s through PCS! I pcs = V m / R pcs, where V m =L m! di m /dt " Faster charging rate, greater R pcs! Minimum PCS heater power " All PCS heater power becomes cryogenic load I pcs + V m I m Heater R pcs L m! CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 19
20 8. Stored magnetic energy: inductance matrix! Discussed in Lecture #4: Stability & Protection 9. Protection: active vs. passive Magnet Design Parameters: Parts 8 12 Active Quench detection; discharge voltage; dump resistor; current switching; heater Passive Normal-zone propagation; shunt resistors & locations! Discussed in Lecture #4 10. Magnetic fields: center; peak; spatial field homogeneity " Correction coils & shim coils Fringe fields: Shielded vs. non-shielded " Passive vs. active! Selected topics in Lecture #3: Solenoidal, Dipole, Quadrupoles, Racetrack Coils 11. Magnet support structure, within and outside the windings! Limited discussion in Lecture #5: Mechanical Issues 12. Stresses (within windings) and strains (superconductors) Lecture #5: Mechanical Issues CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 20/26
21 Magnet Design Parameters: Part Time-varying field: AC losses in Type II Superconductors! Hysteresis: manifestation of hysteretic magnetization!! Smaller hysteresis area " smaller loss, i.e., smaller filament size! Coupling among filaments " " " " " " " " " " " "!! Smaller loop size " smaller loss, i.e., shorter twist pitch! Eddy current in matrix metal and other metallic objects Sources of AC Losses! Time-varying magnetic field! Time-varying current! Time-varying field & current AC losses one big obstacles for application of superconductivity to electrical devices CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 21
22 Design Block Diagram for a Superconducting Magnet Magnet Specifications Magnet Design Parameters Design & Operation Issues Materials Properties Data CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 22
23 1.! Critical current densities of superconductors! Nb 3 Sn to ~20 T@ 4.2 K ~25 T@~2 K! NbTi to ~10 K ~12 K! HTS, except MgB 2, $ 25 T, enabling performance, not cost, primary criterion Usable for magnets Critical!Current!Density![A/mm"] 1,000, ,000 10,000! HTS, except MgB 2, < 25 T, replacing, cost, not performance, primary criterion! MgB 2 promising < 3 K Design and Operation Issues: Part 1 1,000 Bi2223 tape B" Bi2223 tape B 100 YBCO B" 1.9 K LHC Nb-Ti MgB 2 film MgB 2 tape At 4.2 K Unless Otherwise Stated YBCO B Nb 3 Al: Bi2212 round wire Nb 3 Sn 1.8 K Nb 3 Sn Nb 3 Sn ITER Internal Sn Applied Field [T] CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 23
24 Design and Operation Issues: Parts 2 & 3 2. Mechanical integrity: axial, hoop, radial stresses strain tolerances of superconductors & other materials; "Gee," vibration; fault-mode forces Selected topics in Lecture #5: Mechanical Issues 3. Stability: cryostable vs. adiabatic Lecture #4: Stability & Protection CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 24
25 Design and Operation Issues: Part 4 4. Cryogenics: cryogen vs. cryocooler; LHe-free superconducting magnets! Driving force on LHe-free magnets: world-wide helium scarcity!! Easier solution: re-condense He vapor with a cryocooler!! More challenging: No LHe bath CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 25
26 Design and Operation Issue: Part 5 5.! Protection: passive vs. active; quench detection; maximum winding temperature Lecture #4: Stability & Protection Joyeux Solstice d été! CEA Saclay (6/21/2016) 26
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