Increasing droplet size in pneumatic cannon type nozzles to reduce spray drift
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1 Increasing droplet size in pneumatic cannon type nozzles to reduce spray drift Paolo Balsari, Antonio Miranda Fuentes, Paolo Marucco, Emilio J. González Sánchez, Emilio Gil, Marco Grella
2 Introduction Pneumatic sprayers use in EU Main advantages for farmers High coverage ( fine to very fine droplets) High field capacity (low volume treatment of 2 rows per single pass)
3 Introduction Principles of pneumatic spraying Spray mix at low pressure is released into the spout Air at low air flow rate but with high speed and pressure (static pressure Liquid inlet transmitted by the centrifugal fan) is able D V S V to transform the liquid in droplets S 1 p 1 D 1 p V (generally of small size) Spray flow rate modified by a regulation element, eg a rotatory disc with S S V calibrated positions S 1
4 Introduction Usual spray parameters in vineyard Sprayer Circuit pressure (bar) Spray volume (L ha 1 ) Droplet size range (µm) Hydraulic sprayer * Pneumatic sprayer < < 100 * Gil et al., Field validation of dosaviña, a decision support system to determine the optimal volume rate for pesticide application in vineyards.
5 Introduction Droplets < 100 µm driftable droplets (van de Zande et al., 2008) Strategies for droplet size increase in pneumatic nozzles The lower the ratio AFR/LFR, the higher the droplet size (Di Prinzio, 2010) Then, we can increase droplet size by Increasing the liquid flow rate X (the volume rate results increased) Decreasing the fan rotation speed X (the spray penetration is modified)
6 Objectives of the work To find suitable solution able to increase the droplet size generated by a pneumatic nozzle without changing the sprayer operative parameters (liquid and air volume)
7 Objectives of the work The lower the air speed, the higher the droplet size (Márquez, 2007) Liquid inlet Liquid inlet D V S V S 1 p V D 1 D 2 p 1 S S1 S2 S D 1 S V S1 S 1 S2
8 Objectives of the work ( Continue) To evaluate the influence of the insertion position of the liquid hose inside the air spout on the droplet size D50, D10 and D90 and homogeneity. To assess the influence of liquid flow rate (LFR) and air speed (AS) on the droplet size and homogeneity. To check the variations achieved in droplet size as a consequence of the liquid hose insertion position as afunctionoflfrandas.
9 Materials and methods The pneumatic nozzle used Pneumatic cannon TC.SAV2C, CIMA SpA
10 Materials and methods Test bench Water tank Membrane pump with electric engine A Centrifugal fan and electric engine Pneumatic nozzle B Fan control box C Malvern droplet size analyzer Data acquisition PC
11 Materials and methods Experimental design Variables examined Airflow rate (m 3 s 1 ) Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) Spout diameter (mm) 50 Conventional Position CP 70 Alternative Position AP
12 Materials and methods Experimental design CP AP 10 cm
13 Materials and methods Experimental design Dependent variables Droplet size Droplet size uniformity D50 D10 Relative SPAN Factor (RSF) D
14 Materials and methods Data importation and analysis Normality assessment Homocedasticity assessment Analysis of variance Tukey post hoc test
15 Results Influence of insertion position D50 D10 D90 RSF CP AP CP AP CP AP CP AP 1.0
16 Results Droplet size Convencional Position = CP Alternative Position= AP Air flow rate (m 3 s 1 ) Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) Significant differences were found for each separate factor, for their 2 by 2 interactions and for the triple interaction
17 Results Droplet size Convencional Position = CP Alternative Position= AP Air flow rate (m 3 s 1 ) D10 mean value D10 mean value Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) Significant differences were found for each separate factor, for their 2 by 2 interactions and for the triple interaction
18 Results Droplet homogeneity Convencional Position = CP Alternative Position = AP Air flow rate (m 3 s 1 ) Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) Significant differences were found for each separate factor, for their 2 by 2 interactions and for the triple interaction
19 Results Droplet size differences Air flow rate (m 3 s 1 ) Difference in D50 (%) Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) 2.67
20 Results Droplet size prediction.... D50 VMD (µm) SD Spout diameter in the insertion point of the liquid hose (mm) LFR Liquid flow rate (L min 1 ) AFR Air flow rate (m 3 s 1 ) p < 10 4 Corrected R 2 = 0.945
21 Conclusions The droplet size can be easily modified through the change of the insertion position of the liquid hose without modifying the sprayer operative parameters (liquid and air volume) It is possible to accurately predict the droplet size in pneumatic cannon nozzle by considering three factors: Spout Diameter, Liquid Flow Rate and AirFlowRate The considerable droplet size increment achieved in this first experiment (an average of 60% as D50) is not yet comparable with that of a hydraulic air induction nozzle Further researches are necessary for different kinds of pneumatic nozzles and for field testing.
22 Increasing droplet size in pneumatic cannon type nozzles to reduce spray drift Work in progress!! Thanks for your attention
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