Air-Assisted Electrostatic Crop Spraying Halves Pesticide Total Environmental Load
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1 Air-Assisted Electrostatic Crop Spraying Halves Pesticide Total Environmental Load S. Edward Law Applied Electrostatics Laboratory Biological & Agricultural Engineering Dept. TPSA 2010 Annual Conference Savannah, GA Feb. 22 The University of Georgia
2 OVERALL GOAL FOR CROP PEST CONTROL VIA SPRAY-APPLICATION SYSTEMS Provide efficacious/economic pest control By dispensing into the ecosystem the minimum quantity of control-agent active ingredient Efficiently delivered to the intended crop surface Thereon deposited uniformly onto both directly exposed & obscured crop surfaces While minimizing off-target losses of active ingredient to soil, water & atmosphere.
3 OVERALL GOAL FOR CROP PEST CONTROL VIA SPRAY-APPLICATION SYSTEMS Provide efficacious/economic pest control By dispensing into the ecosystem the minimum quantity of control-agent active ingredient Efficiently delivered to the intended crop surface Thereon deposited uniformly onto both directly exposed & obscured crop surfaces While minimizing off-target losses of active ingredient to soil, water & atmosphere.
4 Electrostatic Attraction of Charged Spray
5 ELECTROSTATICS DEFINED Considers Phenomena and Effects due to the Presence of Electric Charges, either Moving or at Rest, for the Case where the Effects of Interest are Solely due to the Magnitudes and Locations of the Charges and Not due to their Motion.
6 LORENTZ FORCE ON CHARGED PARTICULATE F p = q p (E + v p x B)
7 LORENTZ FORCE ON CHARGED PARTICULATE F p = q p E
8 ELECTROSTATICS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL USES Electrostatic Coating Electrostatic Precipitation Electrostatic Separation Electrostatic Flocking Xerography Ink-Jet Printing Nanotechnology Applications
9 EARLY ELECTROSTATIC SUCCESSES HVdc OFF HVdc ON Xerography Electrostatic Precipitation
10 PEST CONTROL FOR CROP PRODUCTION Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Worldwide Usage 2.3B kg (a.i.) / Year $32B Downside Environmental Energy Sequestered (520x10 15 J / Year) Acquired Resistance
11 RATIONALE FOR ELECTRIC FORCE
12 DOMINANCE OF ELECTRIC FORCE VS. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE ON DROPLET Ratio [ F electric / F gravity ]= [ q p E / m p g ] E / d p ] where routinely have q p / m p = 10 mc/kg & E = ½ kv/cm dia. d p = 30 m 100 m 300 m F e / F g =
13 CRITICAL R&D REQUIREMENTS FOR RELIABLE ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING Spray Droplet Charging F p = q p E Airborne Charge Retention Target Electrical Interactions Deposition Field Optimization F p = q p E Implementation and Efficacy
14 ELECTROSTATIC CROP-SPRAYING PROCESS
15 PARTICULATE CHARGING METHODS Ionized-Field Corona q p (K, r p2 ) Contact Electrostatic Induction 10 4 ohm m Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) 10 7 ohm m Triboelectrification
16 PARTICULATE CHARGING METHODS Ionized-Field Corona q p (K, r p2 ) Contact Electrostatic Induction 10 4 ohm m Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) 10 7 ohm m Triboelectrification
17 ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION CHARGING K
18 INDUCTION SPRAY-CHARGING NOZZLE
19 SIMPLIFIED ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE SUPPLY FOR INDUCTION SPRAY-CHARGING NOZZLE Safe Input 9-12 Vdc from battery for kvdc output Low Power / Low Capacitance Typically < 100 mw Compact < 50 grams permits embedding at each nozzle cm Commercial unit Lab built 9 Vdc Spray-charging nozzle
20 DOMAIN OF ELECTROSTATIC-INDUCTION SPRAY CHARGING V o = 1.9 kv H 2 O < 4.5x10 5 ohm m K E j = V/r j ln(r c /r j ) V o = (30r j + 9 r j log(r c /r j )
![)] -1 Bacillus](/docs-images/80/81110517/images/21-3.jpg "subtilis Liquid")
21 INDUCTION SPRAY-CHARGING RESPONSE K = 80 = [n i q i ( a + c )] -1 Bacillus subtilis Liquid Flowrate = 76 ml/min Atom. Air Press. = 207 kpa
22 THEORETICAL MAXIMUM DROPLET CHARGE LIMITS Rayleigh Charge Limit as Based upon Onset of Hydrodynamic Instability of the Spherical Liquid Surface q p = 8 r p 3/2 Ion-Emission Charge Limit as Based upon Dielectric Breakdown of Air Just Off the Droplet s Surface q p = 7.35x10 5 r p r p 3/2 ]
23 CRITICAL R&D REQUIREMENTS FOR RELIABLE ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING Spray Droplet Charging Airborne Charge Retention Target Electrical Interactions Deposition Field Optimization Implementation and Efficacy
24 AIR-ION NEUTRALIZATION OF CHARGED SPRAY CLOUD = n i q i i 200 s L = [4r c s /3n i q i ] 10 km
25 CRITICAL R&D REQUIREMENTS FOR RELIABLE ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING Spray Droplet Charging Airborne Charge Retention Target Electrical Interactions Deposition Field Optimization Implementation and Efficacy
26 DISPLACEMENT CURRENTS IN TARGETS DURING ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING ms spray event
27 DISPLACEMENT CURRENTS MEASURED IN LIVING PLANTS CONCLUSION: Drought stress does not significantly impede the flow of displacement currents in living plants undergoing electrostatic spray applications.
28 RC CIRCUIT MODEL OF PLASTIC-POTTED GREENHOUSE PLANTS C = pf Variable R Leakage Resistance to Earth V 0 = q/c V = V 0 e -t/rc Unimpeded Deposition for RC < 0.1 s
29 EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS OF VARYING GROUNDING RESISTANCE OF TARGETS Spraying Event 500 ms using -4 mc/kg charge-to-mass spray. Set = 500 ms / 5 = 0.1 s = RC. For C = 120 pf, Target R-Value Must Obey R < 8x10 8 ohms. R = 8x10 8 ohm
30 ADEQUACY OF TARGET CONDUCTIVITY TO EARTH: WOODEN-DOWEL EXAMPLE Uncharged Spray Charged Spray
31 CRITICAL R&D REQUIREMENTS FOR RELIABLE ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING Spray Droplet Charging Airborne Charge Retention Target Electrical Interactions Deposition Field Optimization Implementation and Efficacy
32 ELECTRIC FORCE OPTIONS FOR AIRBORNE PARTICULATE CONTROL
33 ELECTRIC FORCE OPTIONS FOR AIRBORNE PARTICULATE CONTROL Space Charge Electric Field E s
34 ELECTRODEPOSITION ENHANCEMENT BY PRECHARGING DIELECTRIC BOUNDARY Film Precharging plant << film Charged-Spray Application (-4 mc/kg) plant film Earth
35 CRITICAL R&D REQUIREMENTS FOR RELIABLE ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING Spray Droplet Charging Airborne Charge Retention Target Electrical Interactions Deposition Field Optimization Implementation and Efficacy
36 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR ELECTROSTATIC FIELD SPRAYERS Georgia Zambia California Chilean Grapes Calif. Strawberries Zambian Coffee CALIF. STRAWBERRIES: ES Foliar Dep.using Half-Rate a.i. = Conv. Dep. using Full-Rate.
37 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR ELECTROSTATIC GREENHOUSE SPRAYERS 27% 50% 59% 16% (Giles) (Giles) Greenhouse Foliage Results: ES Dep. = 3.7X Conv.
38 ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY APPLICATIONS TO THE HUMAN BODY Ave. 2.1-Fold Electrodeposition Benefit Bioterrorism Countermeasure UV-Free Tanning
39 ADDITIONAL ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYS CFU of Bacillus subtilis per stigma ( 10 4 ) Bacterial Spray for Plant Disease Control ES Dep.= 4.5X Conv. Hydraulic ES-uncharged ES-charged Carpet Fiber Tracer Deposition Density, (ng /cm 2 ) Metal Targets: Charged Spray Uncharged Spray Crown Side Peel Under Tip Inside Neck
40 TYPICAL REDUCTION IN TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD OF PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENT CFU of Bacillus subtilis per stigma ( 10 4 ) ES Dep.= 4.5X Conv. Hydraulic ES-uncharged ES-charged CFU of Bacillus subtilis per stigma ( 10 4 ) Serenade Biofungicide on Blueberry Plants 1/8 th Rate Electrostatic = Full-rate Conv Relative rate of Serenade (%)
41 ELECTROSTATIC DEPOSITION OF ANTIMICROBIAL SPRAYS FOR SURFACE DISINFECTION Salmonella enterica E. coli O157:H7 Listeria monocytogenes H1N1 SARS MRSA Shawn Lyons MS FS&T
42 CRITICAL R&D REQUIREMENTS FOR RELIABLE ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING Spray Droplet Charging Airborne Charge Retention Target Electrical Interactions Deposition Field Optimization Implementation and Efficacy
43 Electrostatic Attraction of Charged Spray
44 IMPEDIMENTS TO IMPLEMENTATION OF IMPROVED SPRAY-APPLICATION TECHNOLOGIES Well intentioned efforts to address the off-target spraydrift problem of conventional hydraulic-nozzle technology by promulgating broad-brush standards (e.g., ASABE, ISO) & pesticide-drift labels (e.g., EPA-OPP-PRN ) which specify minimum values for: Spray-volume dispensed per acre Droplet diameter (e.g., 90 m VMD) While giving no credit for reducing (e.g., halving) the amount of pesticide a.i. dispensed into the ecosystem as have UK drift regulations (LERAP) since 2001.
45 Additional Information Academic: ElectrostaticSprayingBlueberry.mpg Commercial:
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