Wood structure Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Figure courtesy of
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2 Wood structure Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Figure courtesy of Lorna Gibson and Cambridge University Press.
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4 Softwood: Cedar Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Figure courtesy of Lorna Gibson and Cambridge University Press.
5 Hardwood: Oak Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Figure courtesy of Lorna Gibson and Cambridge University Press.
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7 Wood Structure Modified; after Fig in Dinwoodie Van Nostrand Reinhold. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
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9 Stress strain curves Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Figure courtesy of Lorna Gibson and Cambridge University Press.
10 Balsa Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 3: Easterling, K. E., R. Harrysson, et al. "On the Mechanics of Balsa and Other Woods." Proceedings The Royal of Society. A 383, no (1982):
11 Balsa: Tangential Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 4: Easterling, K. E., R. Harrysson, et al. "On the Mechanics of Balsa and Other Woods." Proceedings The Royal of Society. A 383, no (1982):
12 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 7: Easterling, K. E., R. Harrysson, et al. "On the Mechanics of Balsa and Other Woods." Proceedings The Royal of Society. A 383, no (1982):
13 Balsa: Radial Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 5: Easterling, K. E., R. Harrysson, et al. "On the Mechanics of Balsa and Other Woods." Proceedings The Royal of Society. A 383, no (1982):
14 Balsa: Axial Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 6: Easterling, K. E., R. Harrysson, et al. "On the Mechanics of Balsa and Other Woods." Proceedings The Royal of Society. A 383, no (1982):
15 Douglas Fir: Tangential Comp Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Bodig, J., and B. A. Jayne. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
16 Douglas fir: Radial comp. Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Bodig, J., and B. A. Jayne. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
17 Norway spruce: Axial comp Images removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 5.14: Dinwoodie, J. M. Timber: Its Nature and Behaviour. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981.
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19 Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Figure courtesy of Lorna Gibson and Cambridge University Press.
20 Model for wood microstructure Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 2: Easterling, K. E., R. Harrysson, et al. "On the Mechanics of Balsa and Other Woods." Proceedings The Royal of Society. A 383, no (1982):
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23 Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Figure courtesy of Lorna Gibson and Cambridge University Press.
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25 Wood: Honeycomb Models Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. Cellular Materials in Nature and Medicine. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Figure courtesy of Lorna Gibson and Cambridge University Press.
26 Wood: Honeycomb Models Diagram removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 5b: Gibson, L. J. "The Hierarchical Structure and Mechanics of Plant Materials." Journal of the Royal Society Interface 9 (2012):
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28 Wood in Bending: E 1/2 /ρ 1/2 1/2 (E * ) (E s ) " ρ * = % 1/2 s $ * ρ ρ ρ ' s # & Stiffness performance index for wood in bending is similar to that for best engineering composites Modified from Ashby (1992) Butterworth Heinemann. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
29 Wood in Bending: σ 2/3 f /ρ ( * σ ) 2/3 f ρ * ( = σ ) 2/3 ys ρ s # ρ s $ % ρ * & ' ( 1/3 Strength performance index for wood in bending is similar to that for best engng composites Modified from Ashby (1992) Butterworth Heinemann. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
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31 Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. See The international book of wood. Bramwell, M, ed. Artists House, pp
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33 Image of graceful glued-laminated timber arch bridge removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 13: Engineered Wood Products: A Guide for Specifiers, Designers and Users. Smulski, S., ed. PFS Research Foundation, Engineered Wood Products: A Guide for Specifiers, Designers and Users, S. Smulski Ed. PFS Research Foundation, 1997
34 MIT OpenCourseWare / 3.36 Cellular Solids: Structure, Properties and Applications Spring 2015 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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