NPL s progress towards absorbed dose standards for proton beams
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1 NPL s rogress towards absorbed dose standards for roton beams H. Palmans 1 R. Thomas 1 D. Shiley 1 A. Kacerek 2 1 National Physical Laboratory Teddington United Kingdom 2 Clatterbridge Centre of Oncology Wirral United Kingdom hugo.almans@nl.co.uk Presented at the Worksho on Absorbed Dose and Air Kerma Standards Paris 9-11 May 2007
2 Overview Proton theray and to a lesser extent ion theray are treatment modalities of increasing imortance Dosimetry has not been as well established as in highenergy x-ray beams NPL s activities in imroving roton and ion dosimetry: SR roject Grahite calorimetry Interaction data Alanine dosimetry Monte Carlo simulation of erturbation correction factors
3 Toics discussed in this talk Calorimetry - Grahite calorimetry in CCO beam - Develoment of a rimary standard level grahite calorimeter for lightions Interaction/basic data -(w ) value - Stoing owers - Non-elastic nuclear interaction cross sections Correction factors for ionization chambers related to: - Recombination - Dose gradients - Secondary electrons - Non-elastic nuclear interactions
4 Why rotons?
5 Grahite calorimetry for rotons CCO (Palmans et al 2004 Phys Med Biol 49: ) 30 mm T (ºC) time (s)
6 Grahite calorimetry for rotons CCO (Palmans et al 2004 Phys Med Biol 49: ) Heat transfer: FE (Comsol) Volume/ga effects: MC (McPTRAN.RZ) Δ T (K) measurement simulation t (s) k volunmodulated deth (cm grahite) k volmodulated
7 Grahite to water conversion 1: interaction cross sections (ICRU-49 and ICRU-63) 1.15 (a) 1.00 (b) s wg [σnucl/a] wg E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 Energy (MeV) Energy (MeV)
8 Grahite to water conversion 2: dose conversion (ICRU-49 and ICRU-63) D w = D g x conversion stoing ower ratio only stoing ower ratio and nuclear interactions 1% 0.5% Water equivalent deth (cm)
9 Grahite to water conversion 3: fluence correction Fluence correction factor GEANT4 MCNPX McPTRAN.MEDIA Exeriment in hantom (relimin) Exeriment FC (relimin) Water equivalent deth (cm)
10 Grahite calorimetry results CCO 1.02 modulated beam non-modulated beam 1.04 Jun Jun Jun Jun Dcal/Dion 0.99 Jun Jun NE2561 (Co-60) 0.97 NACP02 (Co-60) Markus (Co-60) NACP02 (e-19) Jun Markus (e-19) 0.98
11 Uncertainty
12 New standard level grahite calorimeter for light-ion beams (cfr Mark Bailey / this worksho) Either calibrate ionization chambers or measure k Q data Large enough for scatter build-u Light enough to be ortable Robustness vacuum oeration core size erturbation alignment and beam monitoring considerations
13 Derivation of (w ) from calorimeter measurements c c w c w s W s w ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( c D w cal w c D w D w Q N M D N N k = = w c D w c c w c cal w s N s W D w = ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( M
14 Imortance: new recommendation on roton dosimetry by ICRU/IAEA 370 New ICRU/IAEA Jones 2006 (Rad Phys Chem 75:541-50) 360 (w ) (J/C) IAEA TRS398 New ICRU/IAEA Medin et al 2006 (Phys Med Biol 51: ) E (MeV)
15 Faraday cu measurements for range and attenuation measurements Proton beam Monitor chamber 9.0 Plates Faraday cu Guard 8.0 Charge (nc) Measured data oints Attenuation fit Tangent at 50% range Distal edge fit To electrometer Grahite thickness (cm)
16 Range results
17 Nuclear attenuation results Factor 2 to 3 higher than exected from ICRU 63 tables: not as yet understood. Hyothesis: wide angle secondary rotons: Faraday cu Plates Guard
18 Correction factors for ionization chambers: recombination (Palmans et al 2006 Phys Med Biol 51:903-17) BEAM IC1 IC2 PHANTOM Dose rate (Gy s -1 ) z = 23 mm z = 20 mm z = 10 mm surface 0.1 IC AIR CAVITIES Time (in 1/8 revolutions) (d) ion I V /I V/n I V or I Veff (na) Equation (1) Pulsed (Boag) Markus 1 Markus 2
19 Perturbation correction factors for ionization chambers rotons Dwater = D S ρ SA water cav wall cel dis For high-energy x-rays: tyical corrections of level 1% alied since 1970 s For rotons: not alied in any recommendation
20 dis : Monte Carlo - McPTRAN.CAVITY (Palmans 2006 Phys Med Biol 51: ) Proton beam dϕ /de E Secondary electrons: 2 3 Geometry interrogation region EGSnrc + variance reduction techniques (Verhaegen&Palmans 2001 Med. Phys. 28:2088) 1 D in cavities ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Histories resumed Chamber comlete New deth ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Variance reduction Lateral range rejection History slitting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PDD IC comared with PDD in homogeneous water
21 dis : analytical model Integrating the deth dose curve (Palmans 2006 Phys Med Biol 51: ) x R sleeve R wa Rll ca v R c el Proton I water O PQ S T U sleeve wall c.e. z z 0
22 dis : comarison with exeriment PDD s (Palmans 2006 Phys Med Biol 51: ) Mobit et al Med. Phys. 27: MeV rotons Jäkel et al Phys. Med. Biol. 45: GeV 12 C normalised dose (a.u.) Attix Caintec PR06 Reconstructed relative dose Reference PTW Markus Reconstructed deth (mm) deth (mm)
23 cave : SA cavity theory due to secondary electrons rotons δ-electrons D med = = D S ρ SA med med S D cave ρ cav e = S ρ SA med S ρ med
24 walle : SA cavity theory rotons δ-electrons D med = D S ρ SA med wall S ρ med wall = med SA S D walle ρ = walle S ρ med wall SA S ρ wall SA S ρ med
25 cave & walle : SA cavity theory for FWT-IC18 tye chamber FWT-IC cave.walle PCAV*PWALL_P_TEP_E_TEE 50 MeV 150 MeV 250 MeV R res
26 cave & walle : Monte Carlo versus SA cavity theory (sher r = 0.25cm Δ = 13.2 kev) cave.walle A150 C PMMA water E eff (MeV)
27 Chamber # cave & walle : comarison with exeriment Nylon66-Al PMMA-Al &PTW30001 ExrT2 D wne2571 /D wch C-C &PTW30002 A150-Al &NE2581 IC
28 walln : (simlistic) analytical model for slowing down sectra secondary & α (NE MeV) due to secondaries from nonelastic nuclear interactions : α: water bulk 5.0E E E E-06 φ E ( cm-2mev-1) 3.0E E-04 φ E ( cm-2mev-1) 6.0E E E E E E (MeV) 0.0E+00 water wall grahite wall E (MeV)
29 walln : secondary & α erturbation (NE2571) erturbation factor α E (MeV) BUT: ICRU 63 data (u C ~ 30-40%) Crude model MC study needed
30 Summary Grahite calorimetry Many oeration characteristics erturbation factors and heat transfer henomena are similar as for hotons Primary standard level calorimeter is being built Conversion to dose to water is a serious issue Interaction/basic data: Substantial contribution to (w ) value Range and attenuation measurements Ionization chambers Corrections for recombination gradients and secondary electrons Further work: non-elastic nuclear interactions
31 Acknowledgments Simon Duane Thomas Russell David Shiley Mark Bailey Alan DuSautoy Andrzej Kacerek (CCO) Frank Verhaegen Jan Seuntjens and
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